Search Results (14,789)

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) corrosion affects the integrity of energy and process infrastructure, yet the field has lacked a quantitative description of its own structure and evolution. This study presents a scientometric analysis of CO₂ corrosion research published between 2005 and 2025, based on 8671 documents retrieved from Scopus and Web of Science and processed in VOSviewer for co-authorship, co-citation, and keyword co-occurrence mapping. Annual output rose from low and irregular levels in the early period to sustained growth from approximately 2013 onward, and more than 80% of cumulative citations were recorded after 2016, indicating that the recently published literature constitutes the field’s actively cited base. Ranked by publication volume, China and the United States are the leading contributors across both databases, followed by a stable group of European and other national communities; at the institutional level, energy-focused organizations predominate, and Corrosion Science is the most frequently occurring and most strongly connected source in the co-citation network. Keyword co-occurrence mapping resolves the literature into four thematic clusters: physic-chemical context, degradation quantification, electrochemical and surface-analytical methods, and industrial application. The analysis also indicates that broad CO₂-based queries retrieve substantial adjacent-field literature; corrosion-specific search terms are therefore suggested for delimiting this domain in future bibliometric studies. Full article

Carbonation-induced pH reduction is a key factor triggering steel depassivation and corrosion initiation in reinforced concrete. However, the influence of pore solution chemistry on passive film (PF) stability remains unclear. In this study, ordinary Portland cement simulated pore solution (OPC-SCP) and ferrite-aluminate cement simulated pore solution (FAC-SCP) were used to investigate the evolution of PF formed at pH 12.5 and subsequently exposed to pH 11.0 and 9.5 environments. Electrochemical and microscopic techniques were employed to investigate the degradation behavior of PF under reduced alkalinity. The results show that PF in both systems degraded with decreasing pH, but exhibited markedly different stability. In the OPC-SCP system, the PF resistance decreased slightly from 4.24 × 10⁶ to 2.85 × 10⁵ Ω·cm², indicating that the steel remained in a highly passive state. In contrast, the PF resistance in the FAC-SCP system dropped significantly from 1.13 × 10⁶ to 5.57 × 10³ Ω·cm². AFM and SEM observations further revealed greater surface roughness and more severe local damage in the FAC-SCP system. The superior stability of PF in OPC-SCP may be attributed to the higher Ca²⁺ concentration, which is likely beneficial for the formation of a relatively dense and protective film. Conversely, the higher SO₄²⁻ concentration and lower Ca²⁺ content in FAC-SCP may facilitate defect growth and local dissolution, thereby contributing to depassivation. These findings highlight the critical role of pore solution chemistry in regulating PF stability under reduced alkalinity conditions. Full article

Aging and deterioration of urban underground drainage pipelines frequently trigger road collapses, urban waterlogging and groundwater contamination, posing critical challenges to the operation, maintenance and disaster prevention of urban underground infrastructure. Conventional rehabilitation solutions, including cement-based linings and traditional polymer liners, suffer from inherent limitations such as reduced effective flow cross-sections caused by excessive lining thickness, unsatisfactory corrosion resistance and durability, and high construction disturbance. In this study, a modified polyurea (MPU) material was applied to the trenchless rehabilitation of drainage pipelines via spray-applied pipe lining technology. The mechanical properties and interfacial bonding performance of MPU were systematically characterized at the material scale; full-scale external pressure tests were conducted to investigate the effects of 3–8 mm thick MPU linings on the bearing capacity and failure characteristics of structurally damaged concrete pipes; and the anti-seepage repair performance for local perforation defects was evaluated through void-crossing testing. The results demonstrate that MPU lining can meet the engineering performance requirements for pipeline rehabilitation when applied with matched interfacial primer following standard construction procedures. Even the baseline bond strength tested without primer remains sufficient to ensure stable cooperative load bearing between the lining and the host concrete pipe. The 3–8 mm thick linings increase the cracking load of damaged pipes by 61.7–145.7% and the ultimate load by up to 162.2%, while transforming the failure mode from brittle fracture to ductile failure. For local perforation repair, the 3 mm thick MPU lining achieves a critical hydrostatic failure pressure of 1.23 MPa, maintaining favorable structural integrity and interfacial bonding stability under the test conditions. With a well-balanced combination of thin lining thickness, rapid curing and high structural strengthening efficiency, as well as favorable inherent corrosion resistance, the MPU lining provides novel material alternatives and fundamental experimental evidence for the green trenchless rehabilitation of aged underground pipelines and offers technical support for the safe operation and maintenance of urban underground infrastructure. Full article

The growing adoption of additive manufacturing (AM) has increased the demand for efficient and sustainable powder management, particularly for aluminum alloys used in lightweight and high-performance applications. Despite their attractive strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and recyclability, aluminum powders are highly sensitive to degradation during repeated reuse. This review examines the main physical and chemical changes occurring in aluminum alloy powders during AM, including oxidation, morphological evolution, agglomeration, moisture uptake, contamination, and porosity-related effects. Their influence on powder flowability, spreadability, packing behavior, laser absorption, and final part quality is critically discussed. The study also reviews current and emerging powder recycling and reconditioning strategies, including sieving, top-up blending, Hydride–Dehydride processing, plasma spheroidization, annealing, and chemical surface treatments. In addition, best practices for powder handling, storage, and quality assessment are summarized to support reliable reuse. Particular attention is given to aluminum powders used in laser powder bed fusion. Unlike earlier reviews that address powder degradation, recycling, or aluminum AM separately, this review provides an integrated framework connecting degradation mechanisms, reconditioning strategies, and qualification methods for reused aluminum powders. It also highlights key knowledge gaps and future directions for developing more reliable and sustainable powder lifecycle management in aluminum-based AM. Full article

Bioinspired superhydrophobic surfaces (SHS) have been proven to afford high corrosion inhibition to the underlying metal. Targeting brass metal, this paper presents a biomimetic mineralization route for obtaining SHS. Calcium carbonate is first synthesized in an ethanol solution containing an organic curing agent through CO₂ gas introduction, resulting in colloidal material. Subsequent modification with stearic acid yields the SHS. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) experiments reveal that the biomimetic calcium carbonate cluster coating significantly improves the corrosion inhibition performance. After the coverage of the CaCO₃ SHS, the low-frequency impedance modulus value increases to 4.6 × 10⁵ Ω cm², which is enhanced compared with the bare brass with 3.2 × 10³ Ω cm². Meanwhile, the corrosion current density value decreases substantially from 2.31 × 10⁻⁶ mA/cm² for bare metal to 1.30 × 10⁻⁸ mA/cm² for the SHS surface. This demonstrates its high anti-corrosion properties. Acid-base corrosion tests further confirm the good resistance of the coating to an alkaline environment. Moreover, the coating exhibits anti-freezing adhesion and self-cleaning properties, surpassing the bare brass. The combined characteristics of the biomimetic calcium carbonate SHS coating highlight the promising potential in corrosion protection applications. Full article

Efficient melting of direct reduced iron (DRI) is essential for improving the stability and productivity of low-carbon steelmaking processes. In this study, the effect of FeO content on DRI melting behavior and coupled interfacial reactions in slag–refractory systems was investigated. Synthetic slags containing 10, 20, and 28 wt.% FeO were prepared, and hot-state melting experiments, viscosity measurements, FactSage calculations, and SEM/EDS analyses were conducted to clarify the relationship among slag properties, DRI melting, and interfacial evolution. The results showed that increasing FeO content significantly accelerated DRI melting and reduced the overall melting time. This improvement was mainly attributed to the enhanced fluidity and heat-transfer capability of the slag. Temperature-centered Arrhenius fitting showed that the apparent viscous-flow activation energies varied only within a limited range when fitting uncertainties were considered, indicating that the decrease in viscosity with increasing FeO content should not be attributed solely to a reduction in activation energy. Instead, the change in slag fluidity is associated with the combined effects of FeO on melt structure, pre-exponential fitting parameters, and temperature-dependent flow behavior. Meanwhile, the calculated thermal conductivity increased with FeO content, further promoting heat transfer from the molten slag to the DRI surface. Microstructural observations revealed that, under low-FeO conditions, a relatively continuous aluminosilicate-rich reaction layer formed at the DRI–slag interface, which hindered slag penetration and delayed melting. In contrast, high-FeO slag exhibited stronger wettability and penetration ability, allowing slag to infiltrate deeply into the porous DRI structure and form an extensive slag–iron mixed reaction zone. At the slag–MgO refractory interface, FeO promoted Fe²⁺/Mg²⁺ interdiffusion and the formation of a dense magnesiowüstite, (Mg,Fe)O, reaction layer. However, excessive FeO also intensified slag penetration and refractory corrosion. These results demonstrate that FeO plays a dual role in DRI melting systems by enhancing DRI melting efficiency while simultaneously aggravating refractory degradation, highlighting the need to balance melting performance and refractory stability in FeO-containing slag design. Full article

In this study, the microstructure, mechanical properties, and corrosion behavior of extruded Mg-Y-0.5Zn alloys with varying Y contents (0.5~3.0 wt%) were systematically investigated. The results demonstrate that by increasing the Y content from 0.5% to 3.0%, the grain sizes of four alloys are 11.27 μm, 11.90 μm, 15.26 μm, and 13.65 μm. The secondary phases of all four alloys consist of granular Mg₂₄Y₅ and fine Mg₁₂YZn, and the total volume fraction of these precipitates increased. Correspondingly, both microhardness and strength are enhanced, while ductility decreases. The microhardness increases from 57.1 HV to 61.7 HV, the tensile yield strength (TYS) improves from 103.8 MPa to 155.4 MPa, and the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) rises from 211.4 MPa to 235.9 MPa. Regarding corrosion performance, the extruded Mg-1Y-0.5Zn alloy exhibits the best corrosion resistance based on both in vitro immersion tests and electrochemical measurements. A uniform and dense corrosion product layer is observed on the surface of Mg-1Y-0.5Zn alloy, leading to the lowest corrosion rate of 0.36 mm/y, while loose and micro-cracked corrosion product layers are formed on other alloys. In addition, cytotoxicity test shows that the relative cell proliferation rates of the four extruded alloys were 121.41%, 123.7%, 117.96%, and 112.86%, indicating good biocompatibility. Full article

Rechargeable zinc–air batteries (ZABs) are attractive energy storage systems owing to their high theoretical energy density, intrinsic safety, and low cost. Yet, their practical deployment is hindered by parasitic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), zinc corrosion, and poor interfacial stability in alkaline electrolytes. Herein, biomass-derived carbon quantum dots (CQDs) synthesised from lemon peel waste via a hydrothermal route were employed as multifunctional electrolyte additives to regulate the zinc/electrolyte interface and mitigate these challenges. The CQDs exhibited oxygen-rich surface functionalities and quasi-spherical nanoscale morphology, enabling stable dispersion in 6 M KOH. Electrolyte modification with CQDs significantly altered the physicochemical properties of the electrolyte, increasing the zeta potential from −28.2 to +48.5 mV while maintaining high ionic conductivity. Electrochemical studies demonstrated progressive suppression of HER, evidenced by a shift in HER onset potential from 146 to 291 mV, an increase in overpotential at 10 mA cm⁻² from 398 to 477 mV, and an increase in Tafel slope from 82 to 130 mV dec⁻¹. Corrosion studies revealed enhanced zinc stability, with the charge transfer resistance increasing from 1.35 to 3.80 Ω and a maximum corrosion inhibition efficiency of 64.47% achieved at an optimal CQD loading of 1.0 mg. Furthermore, the CQD-modified electrolyte improved the average operating power density of the ZAB from approximately 4.5 to 5.5 mW cm⁻² and reduced charge–discharge polarisation during cycling. The enhanced performance is attributed to a combination of surface-controlled and transport-related processes, whereby oxygen-functionalized CQDs modify the electrical double layer, retard HER kinetics, and inhibit zinc corrosion. This work demonstrates a sustainable electrolyte engineering strategy for improving the durability and electrochemical performance of ZABs using biomass-derived carbon quantum dots. Full article

To meet the combined requirements of high strength, intrinsic corrosion protection, and cost effectiveness for bridge cable wires, 316L/SWRH82B stainless-steel/high-carbon-steel clad wire rods were manufactured under industrial hot rolling conditions. Three initial rolling temperatures of 1000, 1024, and 1047 °C were investigated through metallographic observation, quantitative image analysis, EPMA characterization, SEM fractography, and tensile testing, with 15 specimens tested for each temperature group. The EPMA results, together with the metallographic observations, were used to evaluate carbon diffusion, interfacial elemental redistribution, and decarburization. As the initial rolling temperature increased from 1000 to 1024 and 1047 °C, the decarburized-layer thickness on the SWRH82B side increased from 7.42 ± 1.28 µm to 11.31 ± 1.74 µm and 18.15 ± 1.76 µm, respectively, whereas the carburization-affected-zone thickness on the 316L side increased from 48.36 ± 2.73 µm to 63.04 ± 3.06 µm and 68.73 ± 3.65 µm, respectively, demonstrating pronounced asymmetric interfacial reaction–diffusion. The average tensile strengths of the three groups were 1120.07, 1146.27, and 1152.28 MPa, with corresponding standard deviations of 14.83, 4.55, and 13.34 MPa and coefficients of variation of 1.32%, 0.40%, and 1.16%, respectively. Among the tested conditions, the 1024 °C group exhibited the lowest tensile-strength standard deviation and coefficient of variation, indicating the best tensile stability and mechanical consistency. Although the 1047 °C group achieved the highest average tensile strength, it also exhibited reduced cladding thickness uniformity and renewed mechanical scatter. All 45 tensile specimens were fractured on the SWRH82B side without obvious macroscopic interfacial delamination, indicating that the interface was not the preferential macroscopic fracture path under the present uniaxial tensile-loading condition. However, the intrinsic interfacial bonding strength was not directly quantified in this work. Therefore, 1024 °C is identified as the preferred initial rolling temperature for the specific billet geometry and industrial rolling conditions examined in this work, rather than a universally applicable value. The present study is limited to as-hot-rolled clad wire rods; corrosion performance, multi-pass cold drawability, and the final performance of bridge cable wires after drawing remain to be experimentally validated. Full article

6061 aluminum alloy is lightweight and has good thermal conductivity, while 304 stainless steel possesses excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance; both have broad application prospects in cooling circuits. Propylene glycol coolant shows great potential in liquid cooling systems due to its low toxicity and good antifreeze properties. However, during operation, galvanic corrosion may occur when the two metals come into direct contact within the coolant, thereby threatening system safety and service life. This study focuses on 6061 aluminum alloy, 304 stainless steel, and their galvanic couples. Electrochemical testing, SEM, 3D confocal microscopy, and XPS were used to systematically investigate their self-corrosion and galvanic corrosion behavior in propylene glycol coolant at pH values of 4.8, 6.8, and 8.8. The results indicate that 6061 aluminum alloy is more sensitive to pH changes; its corrosion resistance first increases and then decreases as pH rises, with the least corrosion occurring at pH = 6.8 and the most severe at pH = 4.8. 304 stainless steel exhibited lower corrosion rates at pH 6.8 and 8.8, but corrosion significantly worsened at pH 4.8. For the 6061 aluminum alloy/304 stainless steel couple, the galvanic current first decreased and then increased with rising pH, while the galvanic potential first increased and then decreased. The 6061 aluminum alloy consistently acted as the anode, and the 304 stainless steel consistently acted as the cathode, with the highest sensitivity to galvanic corrosion observed at pH 4.8. XPS analysis shows that under different pH conditions, the corrosion products of 6061 aluminum alloy are Al(OH)₃ and Al₂O₃, while the main components of the passivation film on 304 stainless steel remain unchanged. Full article

Amino alcohols are a class of compounds bearing both amino and hydroxyl groups, ubiquitous in natural products and extensively utilized as key structural motifs in pharmaceuticals and functional materials. Owing to their structural diversity, inherent chirality, and high reactivity, they exhibit significant application value in the pharmaceutical field, materials industry, and organic synthesis. Compared with chemical synthesis, which suffers from limitations such as insufficient enantioselectivity, dependence on precious metal catalysts, and environmental concerns, biosynthesis offers core advantages of high stereoselectivity, mild reaction conditions, and environmental sustainability. This review systematically delineates the diverse applications of amino alcohols in the pharmaceutical field (e.g., anti-HIV, antimalarial, and antitumor drugs), materials industry (e.g., polymer modification and metal corrosion protection), and organic synthesis (e.g., chiral ligands and catalysts). Particular emphasis is placed on the biosynthetic strategies and pathways of representative amino alcohols, including ethanolamine, (2S,3R)-2-amino-1,3,4-butanetriol, (R)-3-amino-1-butanol, sphingosine, and metaraminol, as well as the metabolic engineering design principles and downstream processing technologies for amino alcohol biosynthesis. Although current biosynthetic approaches still face bottlenecks in enzyme catalytic efficiency, substrate tolerance, cofactor regeneration, product toxicity, and thermodynamic equilibrium, substantial improvements in synthetic efficiency and stereoselectivity have been achieved through protein engineering, metabolic engineering, in situ product removal, and multi-enzyme cascade optimization. This review aims to provide systematic theoretical references and technical insights for the green and efficient biomanufacturing of amino alcohols. Full article

Extreme wind events, particularly tropical cyclones, pose the most severe safety threat to aging lattice steel space-truss structures in coastal regions, including transmission towers, communication and observation towers, and lattice supports of building-integrated wind-energy facilities. Such structures suffer progressive capacity degradation through multiple concurrent mechanisms, yet their actual residual safety margin under extreme wind loading remains poorly quantified. Current assessment practices rely on code-prescribed simplified wind speeds that ignore terrain-induced local amplification, and assume an intact structural condition that neglects in-service deterioration. This paper proposes a Risk-Based Safety Assessment Framework (RBSAF) that addresses both deficiencies through a five-step pipeline: (i) multi-scale wind field downscaling that resolves terrain-amplified wind profiles at individual structure sites; (ii) independent degradation models for atmospheric corrosion, bolt loosening, fatigue accumulation, and pitting corrosion; (iii) a multi-degradation coupling aggregation method that yields a unified Structural Health Index (SHI) capturing nonlinear interaction effects; (iv) code-based multi-scenario safety margin scanning with automatic identification of weak components; and (v) a risk-informed reinforcement priority mapping strategy. A representative 220 kV angle-steel lattice tower in a coastal mountainous corridor of Southeastern China is employed as the case study. Results show that after 30 years of service in an ISO 9223 C4 corrosive environment, the structure-level SHI decreases from 1.47 (intact, code wind) to 1.00 under the proposed coupled assessment with code-prescribed wind, and further to 0.76 when terrain amplification (15% speed-up) is considered, with the failure probability rising from 3.6% to 24.1%. Multi-degradation coupling causes an additional 28% capacity loss relative to single-factor assessment and substantially alters the weak-component ranking. Reinforcing the five most critical members restores the SHI to 1.25 with only a 2.8% steel-weight increase. The framework provides a systematic, quantitative tool for safety evaluation and maintenance prioritization of aging lattice steel structures in wind-prone built environments. Full article

Green hydrogen production via water electrolysis is a cornerstone of the sustainable energy transition. However, the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) remains the kinetic bottleneck, limiting overall efficiency. Nickel–iron (NiFe)-based catalysts are among the most promising nonprecious materials for the OER in alkaline media, offering high activity and low cost. Nevertheless, their practical application at industrially relevant current densities (>100 mA cm⁻²) is hindered by several challenges: structural degradation, uncontrolled surface reconstruction, metal dissolution (corrosion), particularly Fe leaching, and the ambiguous role of the fundamental mechanisms. This review critically discusses the current understanding of these degradation pathways, the influence of preparation methods, the interplay between Ni and Fe redox chemistry, and strategies for enhancing long-term stability. Future directions for designing durable NiFe OER electrocatalysts are also outlined. The paper also considers a strategy for investigating new catalysts using electrochemical and non-electrochemical techniques, devoted to young scientists interested in this field. In the Outlook and Perspective section, the key drawback is presented, and a possible strategy for improvement is discussed. Full article

The corrosion behavior of ferritic–martensitic 17Cr stainless steel in CO₂-saturated brine was investigated using static autoclave immersion tests in 4.12 wt% NaCl solution at 230 °C under CO₂ partial pressures of 6.36, 18.28, and 24.57 MPa. The calculated in situ pH values obtained using the OLI System were 3.79, 3.55, and 3.49, respectively. Corrosion morphology, microstructural evolution, and corrosion products were characterized by SEM, EDS, EBSD, and Raman spectroscopy. The average mass-loss corrosion rate increased from 0.138 ± 0.0221 mm/year at 6.36 MPa pCO₂ to 0.326 ± 0.0142 mm/year at 24.57 MPa pCO₂. Although the specimens did not show severe macroscopic pitting, localized attack preferentially occurred in fine-grained martensitic banded regions. EBSD analysis revealed that these regions exhibited higher local misorientation and defect density, which may reduce the stability of Cr-rich surface films. Raman spectra identified Cr(OH)₃ in the corrosion products, and the Cr(OH)₃ signal became more evident with increasing CO₂ partial pressure. The results indicate that, under fixed temperature and salinity, the corrosion behavior of 17Cr stainless steel is governed by CO₂ partial pressure and microstructural heterogeneity. Full article

Magnesium alloys are considered to be the third generation of biomaterials used in biomedical applications to promote bone tissue regeneration. Due to their Young’s modulus being similar to that of human bone and their release of magnesium ions that are antimicrobial and osteoinductive, these biomaterials not only promote bone regeneration, minimize the effects of stress shielding and reduce the risk of infection, but also their exceptional biocompatibility and bioresorbability eliminate the need for a second surgery to remove the implant. However, because magnesium has poor corrosion resistance, without different coatings and surface treatments, the implant can be compromised before the bone is fully healed. With additive manufacturing (AM) as a revolutionary technology, the one-size-fits-all approach can be replaced by fully personalized medicine, in which complex shapes can be created, designed, and processed with unique parameters for each patient. However, 3D printing of Mg-based devices remains particularly challenging due to magnesium’s high chemical reactivity, combustion risk, and low vaporization temperature, challenges that are further compounded when alloying elements are introduced. This review addresses this gap by critically examining the properties, corrosion behavior, and bio-medical performance of Mg and its alloys, with a focused analysis of selective laser melting (SLM) and wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) as key fabrication methods. The influence of processing parameters, microstructural defects, and alloy composition on the final properties of AM-fabricated Mg components is systematically discussed, alongside current limitations and prospective strategies toward their clinical translation. Full article