Search Results (478)

In the context of water scarcity and tightening environmental requirements, improving the energy efficiency of biological wastewater treatment processes has become particularly important. The aeration tank is one of the most energy-intensive and dynamically complex units, strongly affected by the variability in influent flow and composition. Conventional PID controllers do not provide predictive disturbance compensation and often result in excessive aeration and increased energy consumption. The study proposes an intelligent control approach based on a digital twin, neural network-based influent flow forecasting, and model predictive control (MPC). The digital twin represents a dynamic model of the biological process incorporating key state variables, including substrate, activated sludge, and dissolved oxygen concentrations. The LSTM neural network model is employed to predict the hydraulic load based on historical plant operation data, as well as to compensate for residual nonlinear dynamics that are not represented by the linearized MPC model. The predicted influent flow values are incorporated into the MPC framework as measured disturbances, enabling the generation of anticipatory control actions for the aeration system. The adequacy of the digital twin was validated using operational data from the wastewater treatment facilities of Semey city and was characterized by RMSE = 0.14 mg/L, MAE = 0.09 mg/L, R² = 0.94, and MAPE = 6.3%. The simulation results demonstrated that, compared with the fuzzy PID controller, the application of MPC reduced the RMSE by 57.1%, decreased the overshoot from 24% to 8%, reduced the integral absolute error (IAE) by 60.9%, and lowered the energy consumption of the aeration system by 21.1%, while maintaining the dissolved oxygen concentration within the permissible operating range. The proposed Advisory MPC architecture is compatible with existing PLC–SCADA systems and can serve as a basis for the gradual digital modernization of wastewater treatment facilities without modifying the existing automation loops. Full article

End-of-life thermoset composite coatings removed from fuel storage infrastructure represent a difficult waste stream because they combine a cross-linked polymer matrix, glass fibre reinforcement, functional layers and possible contamination from long-term contact with petroleum products. This study presents a preliminary assessment of an epoxy-glass laminate removed from the internal surface of a large vertical diesel fuel storage tank. The work combined a simplified numerical analysis of the technical role of the coating with thermogravimetric analysis and microscopic examination of solid residues after thermal conversion. The numerical results confirmed that the coating had a real reinforcing function, reducing the maximum equivalent stress in the corroded steel shell from 228.80 MPa to 191.85 MPa. TG/DTG analysis showed that the main mass loss of the laminate occurred below 500–600 °C, while the residual mass depended strongly on the process atmosphere. The highest residue was obtained after pyrolysis (28.75%), followed by CO₂-assisted conversion (26.17%) and combustion (20.87%). Microscopic observations showed that pyrolysis favoured morphological preservation of the fibrous/mineral fraction, but the glass fibres remained partly associated with carbonised epoxy resin and graphite-containing particles. Combustion removed the organic fraction more completely, but the remaining fibres showed signs of degradation. The results indicate that pyrolysis should be treated as a promising preliminary pretreatment route when morphological preservation of the fibrous/mineral fraction is prioritised, although the retained mechanical performance and phase composition of the fibres were not assessed. The study should be regarded as a thermogravimetric and microscopic screening of a real post-service epoxy-glass coating, supporting preliminary selection of end-of-life management pathways rather than a complete recycling or environmental assessment. By linking the thermal behaviour of a real post-service composite coating with feasible end-of-life pathways, the study contributes to sustainable waste management by supporting more informed decisions on material preservation, energy recovery, industrial co-processing and avoidance of landfilling for difficult thermoset composite wastes. Full article

Background: ACTA2 encodes smooth muscle alpha-actin and is one of the most common genetic causes of inherited non-syndromic thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection. Although murine models have provided important mechanistic insight, complementary vertebrate systems may enable more rapid in vivo phenotyping and future therapeutic screening. Methods: Utilizing a CRISPR/Cas9-based approach, we developed zebrafish acta2 mutant models and assessed phenotypes at larval and adult stages. At 3 days post-fertilization, larvae were screened by brightfield microscopy for edema, axis defects, hemorrhage, and a composite endpoint (any phenotype) under basal conditions and after exposure to 0.2 mM epinephrine. Phenotype occurrence was summarized as group-specific proportions across a 2 × 2 design defined by genotype (wild-type vs. acta2-deficient mutant) and treatment (DMSO control vs. epinephrine), with prespecified pairwise comparisons using Pearson’s chi-squared tests. Pooled fish-level logistic regression models were also fit for each endpoint. Adult follow-up was performed by genotyping all available acta2 fish at the facility and tracking staggered tank-level cohorts longitudinally. Results: Initial gross morphologic assessment did not reveal overt external phenotypic differences between heterozygous or homozygous acta2 mutant larvae and wild-type controls. In larval analyses, the mutant genotype was associated with a greater burden of adverse phenotypes than treatment exposure. For the composite endpoint, mutant larvae demonstrated higher proportions than normal larvae under both control (28.3% vs. 17.4%, p = 0.007) and epinephrine conditions (26.9% vs. 17.4%, p = 0.023), whereas epinephrine did not significantly alter composite phenotype frequency within either genotype. Similar genotype-associated trends were observed for axis defects and hemorrhage. In pooled logistic regression, acta2 deficiency was associated with increased odds of axis defects (OR 2.64, 95% CI 1.48–4.89, p = 0.001), hemorrhage (OR 2.40, 95% CI 1.09–5.68, p = 0.036), and the composite endpoint (OR 1.88, 95% CI 1.19–3.00, p = 0.008), whereas epinephrine exposure did not demonstrate a consistent independent effect across endpoints. Adult staggered follow-up showed greater attrition in homozygous mutant cohorts than in wild-type or heterozygous cohorts, with aggregated losses of 24%, 12%, and 3%, respectively. Conclusions: This preliminary zebrafish acta2 model demonstrated that acta2 deficiency is associated with increased adverse larval phenotype burden and suggested reduced long-term persistence of homozygous mutant fish in adulthood. The strongest signal in the current study was genotype-associated phenotype burden rather than a robust epinephrine-dependent effect. These findings support the feasibility of zebrafish-based ACTA2 phenotyping while highlighting the need for more specific vascular endpoints, refined longitudinal follow-up, and future variant-specific modeling. Full article

Grape pomace represents the main by-product generated during winemaking and is characterised by its richness in polyphenols, dietary fibre, residual sugars, lipids, and triterpenes. These bioactive compounds derived from grapes are known to positively influence oxidative status, metabolic balance, and animal productivity, positioning grape pomace as a promising, environmentally and economically sustainable alternative feed ingredient for conventional feed components. This research evaluated the effects of incorporating different inclusion rates (0, 6, 12, and 18% DM) of ensiled red grape pomace (RGP) into isoenergetic and isoproteic diets on the nutritional and technological characteristics of goat milk. Seventy-two Murciano-Granadina dairy goats were selected and distributed into eight homogeneous groups (n = 9 per group) based on physiological traits. Each diet was randomly assigned to two groups, and the feeding trial extended over eight weeks. After a two-week adaptation to the experimental diets, four biweekly milk samplings were performed to obtain representative bulk tank samples from each treatment group. Milk samples were analysed for gross composition, pH, mineral profile, fatty acid composition, coagulation properties, colourimetric parameters, and antioxidant capacity. The collected data were analysed using a general linear model, considering the effect of the treatment, sampling days, and their interaction (Proc. GLM, SAS v9.4). Dietary RGP inclusion had no significant effect on milk gross composition or on the antioxidant activity of the milk. However, it led to a significant reduction in milk urea content and somatic cell count, alongside improvements in the lipid profile from a human health perspective. The magnitude of the effects observed in the colourimetric parameters (<0.5 units) fell below the threshold of human visual perception and was therefore not considered relevant. RGP-fed milk also showed increased calcium and potassium concentrations, while RGP_12 milk exhibited the highest phosphorus content. In addition, the lowest RGP levels (RGP_6) reduced the rennet coagulation time while increasing milk curd aggregation rate. Despite these targeted effects, the overall milk composition remained stable, which is critical for maintaining its technological functionality. Full article

This paper presents a decentralized adaptive generalized-minimum-variance (GMV) control framework for large-scale stochastic nonlinear systems composed of interconnected multi-input multi-output (MIMO) Hammerstein subsystems with unknown time-varying parameters. Each subsystem consists of a coupled multivariable static nonlinearity represented on a known invertible basis, followed by a matrix-polynomial dynamic block affected by colored noise and delayed input–output interconnections. The proposed scheme estimates only identifiable composite Hammerstein parameters through a decentralized recursive extended least-squares algorithm with forgetting, thereby avoiding the non-unique separation of nonlinear and linear gains. A constructive matrix Diophantine identity is established to derive an optimal multi-step predictor, leading to a GMV control law expressed as a multivariable polynomial equation in the current input. Sufficient conditions for real solvability, mean-square boundedness, and near-optimal adaptive tracking are provided using Hadamard–Lévy global-diffeomorphism, minimum-phase, small-gain, persistent-excitation, strict-positive-realness, and convex-projection arguments, and the implemented controller—inexact Newton solver with fallback and persistent dither—is itself covered by the analysis. The analysis further shows that delayed interconnections become measurable and can be exactly compensated, while robustness to basis under-modeling is explicitly quantified. Simulation results on an interconnected two-subsystem MIMO Hammerstein process with coupled cubic nonlinearities, colored noise, delayed interactions, and time-varying parameters—run in the forgetting-factor regime required by the theory, with measured persistent excitation and complete solver diagnostics—demonstrate operational-noise-floor tracking and a $2.3$-fold mean-RMSE reduction relative to the strongest linear-MIMO surrogate, while a channel-wise SISO Hammerstein design fails structurally and a feedback-linearization controller with exactly known nonlinearity offers no advantage. The study further demonstrates scalability on a chain of four subsystems with size-independent per-subsystem computational cost, validates a physically motivated interconnected coupled-tank network with progressive-valve nonlinearities, and confirms agreement between the observed stability limits and the predicted small-gain boundary. Full article

This cross-sectional study assessed bulk-tank raw milk quality, subclinical mastitis burden, and farmers’ health management practices across 83 sheep and goat farms in the Epirus Region of northwestern Greece (October 2022–April 2023). Bulk-tank milk composition (fat 5.82%, protein 5.35%, lactose 4.82%) was consistent with Mediterranean small-ruminant norms. Mean somatic cell count (SCC) was 1123 ± 913 × 10³ cells/mL (median 883 × 10³); only 10.0% of farms met the healthy threshold (SCC ≤ 200 × 10³ cells/mL) and 26.2% exceeded the EU limit of 1500 × 10³ cells/mL (Regulation EC No 853/2004). SCC correlated positively with total bacterial count (Spearman ρ = 0.549, p < 0.001). Farmers were predominantly middle-aged (50.0 ± 11.8 years), exclusively male, and had low levels of formal education (9.0% university-educated); only 14.3% had regular veterinary support, and 34.9% practised post-milking teat dipping. Despite 51.3% self-reporting mastitis, no management or demographic variable was significantly associated with SCC after Bonferroni correction; education showed the strongest trend (Kruskal–Wallis H = 9.13, p = 0.058). The findings reveal widespread, largely undiagnosed subclinical mastitis driven by structural gaps in veterinary support, education, and hygiene practice, with direct implications for animal health and targeted advisory intervention. Full article

Bile acids are important for lipid digestion and metabolic regulation, but the roles of individual bile acids in crustaceans remain unclear. This study evaluated the effects of six dietary monomeric bile acids on growth and lipid metabolism in juvenile Pacific white shrimp. Juvenile shrimp (2.5 g) were fed a basal diet or the same diet supplemented with 0.04% bile acid (cholic acid, hyodeoxycholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, deoxycholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid, or hyocholic acid) for 8 weeks. Each treatment was assigned to three replicate 100-L tanks, with 30 shrimp per tank. Dietary monomeric bile acids did not significantly affect growth performance, body composition, or muscle fatty acid composition. Compared with the control group, chenodeoxycholic acid, deoxycholic acid, and hyocholic acid significantly reduced the hemolymph triglyceride levels, while cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, and hyocholic acid lowered the hepatopancreatic lipid levels. All bile acid treatments reduced the hepatopancreatic malondialdehyde content compared with the control group. Expression of genes related to bile acid transport, sterol metabolism, and lipid catabolism was generally upregulated by bile acids, indicating enhanced bile acid circulation and lipid turnover. In conclusion, monomeric bile acids mainly regulate lipid metabolism and oxidative status rather than directly promoting growth under the present dietary condition, with chenodeoxycholic acid, cholic acid, and deoxycholic acid showing relatively stronger effects. Full article

A six-week feeding experiment was carried out to investigate the suitability of wasted tofu meal (WTM) as a substitute protein source for fish meal (FM) in diets for juvenile yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata). A diet containing FM as the principal protein source served as the control (C), while WTM was incorporated to replace 20%, 35%, and 50% of the FM protein in the experimental diets, referred to as T20, T35, and T50, respectively. Juvenile fish with an initial average body weight of approximately 30.99 g were randomly distributed into 500-L tanks at a density of 20 fish per tank, with triplicate groups assigned to each dietary treatment. At the end of the feeding trial, fish fed the T20 diet showed no significant differences from the control group in final body weight, specific growth rate, daily feed intake, feed efficiency, or survival. However, fish receiving the T35 and T50 diets exhibited significant reductions in most growth performance indices compared with those fed the control diet. Although nutrient retention efficiency and plasma biochemical indicators associated with fish health were not significantly influenced by dietary treatment, alterations were observed in whole-body lipid composition and fatty acid profiles, including reductions in EPA, DHA, total n-3 fatty acids, and the n-3/n-6 fatty acid ratio with increasing WTM inclusion. Overall, the findings suggest that, under the dietary formulations tested, WTM can replace up to 20% of FM protein in diets for juvenile yellowtail without negatively affecting growth performance or physiological health; however, supplementation with n-3 HUFA-rich lipid sources may be required to maintain optimal whole-body fatty acid composition and product nutritional quality. Full article

This study evaluated the effects of graded dietary protein levels on growth performance, feed utilization, physiological responses, and antioxidant status in grow-out-stage hybrid grouper (Epinephelus akaara ♀ × E. lanceolatus ♂) under practical formulation conditions. A total of 450 fish (initial body weight 240 ± 1 g) were randomly assigned to 18 tanks and fed six practical near-isocaloric diets formulated to provide graded crude protein levels of 40% (P40), 45% (P45), 50% (P50), 55% (P55), 60% (P60), or 65% (P65) for 11 weeks. Growth performance indices, including final body weight (FBW), weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), and feed efficiency (FE), increased from P40 to P60, with the highest values observed in the P60 group. A decline in these indices at P65 indicated reduced nutrient utilization at excessive dietary protein levels within the present diet series. Broken-line regression analysis, using weight gain as the response variable, suggested an apparent optimum around 58–59% crude protein within the present high-fish meal practical formulation matrix, with relatively wide confidence intervals around the breakpoint estimate. Hematological and plasma biochemical parameters, including hematocrit (Hct), hemoglobin (Hb), glucose (GLU), total protein (TP), total cholesterol (TCHO), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), were not significantly affected by dietary protein level, suggesting stable physiological status across treatments. Dorsal muscle proximate composition and amino acid profiles were similarly unaffected. Antioxidant responses showed moderate variation, with plasma catalase (CAT) activity highest in the P55 group, while plasma glutathione (GSH) levels remained stable across treatments. These findings suggest that, under the present high fish meal practical formulation conditions, an apparent dietary crude protein level of approximately 58–59% may improve growth and feed utilization in grow-out-stage hybrid grouper without markedly altering physiological and antioxidant status. Full article

During fast-fill, large type IV polymer composite hydrogen storage tanks experience significant temperature gradients associated with both the compression of the gas and a Joule–Thomson effect that can compromise vessel integrity, significantly affecting overall safety. In order to remedy this concern, the current work proposes a novel active mixing approach in which the tank rotates, which leads to enhanced internal convective heat transfer and consequently minimizes temperature gradients. Transient CF simulations were performed using the Redlich–Kwong real-gas equation of state, capturing the high-pressure thermodynamic behavior of hydrogen precisely. The study, based on the 1000 s fast-refueling of a tank of 20.56 m³ internal volume, was carried out to assess the tangential speeds of rotation at 10, 30, and 50 rad/s, respectively. Results also show that thermal performance has a strongly nonlinear dependence on rotational speed. At 10 rad/s, a reasonably even temperature profile develops with a much lower energy cost. The most significant suppression of peak temperatures, and therefore the most efficient cooling, is seen at 30 rad/s. Nevertheless, when the rotation speed further elevates to 50 rad/s, abundant viscous dissipation heating results in an unwanted secondary temperature increase while partially counteracting the benefits brought about by improved mixing. On the whole, the results indicate that an ideal operating window more closely correlated with 30 rads/s is seen to provide the most beneficial compromise between temperature uniformity, maximum temperature limitation, and energy consumption for rapid refueling of large composite hydrogen storage systems. Full article

Probiotics are widely studied as antibiotic alternatives in commercial aquaculture, yet their effects on fish maintained under long-term aquarium conditions remain poorly understood. This study addressed this gap by evaluating dietary Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) supplementation on gut microbiota and inflammatory cytokine expression in hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀ × E. lanceolatus♂) from a recirculating aquarium system. In this study, hybrid grouper were maintained in triplicate tanks under long-term aquarium environments, and fed a basal diet with 1 × 10⁸ CFU/g EcN (SS group) or a control diet (CS group) for 28 consecutive days. Based on 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing and qPCR, the intestinal microbiota and expression levels of IL-4, TNF-α, and IL-1β were measured. At the phylum level, the relative abundance of Firmicutes increased from 15.63% (CS) to 66.70% (SS), while Proteobacteria decreased from 76.77% to 30.61%. At the genus level, Exiguobacterium became the dominant taxon in the SS group. Furthermore, EcN supplementation significantly upregulated IL-4 expression and downregulated TNF-α and IL-1β expression. EcN supplementation significantly altered gut microbiota composition, with marked changes in community structure and notable shifts in dominant taxa. Thus, this study provides one of the investigations into EcN-mediated restructuring of intestinal bacterial communities and modulation of host immune transcriptional responses in hybrid grouper maintained under controlled aquarium settings. These findings offer a foundation for designing microbiome-targeted interventions in captive marine fish systems. Full article

Background: Dietary protein optimization is an important nutritional strategy for improving growth and physiological responses, and antioxidant homeostasis in fish. Methods: In this study, 540 black carp (initial body weight: 10.50 ± 1.00 g) were randomly assigned into recirculating tanks (500 L) fed with six dietary protein levels (30–44% crude protein) for an 8-week feeding trial with triplicates per treatment and 30 fish per replicate. After the trial, fish body, blood, hepatopancreas, and intestinal samples were collected for body composition, serum biochemical parameters, metabolism, and antioxidant indices’ analyses. Results: Results showed fish fed 38% protein (PT38) exhibited the highest weight gain (p < 0.05), with no further improvement at higher protein levels. Compared with PT30 group, PT38 group significantly promoted protein deposition by upregulating transcript levels of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) via activating mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. PT38 could improve fatty acid oxidation by heightening levels of carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1α (CPT1α), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and PPARδ. Meanwhile, PT38-PT41 significantly inhibit expression of fatty acid synthesis and lipid droplet deposition-related genes, including acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and perilipin 2 (p < 0.05). PT38 significantly enhanced antioxidant homeostasis by increasing levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) via activating nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway. Conclusions: Overall, Under the current experimental conditions, 38% dietary protein is suitable for promoting growth performance, improving protein and lipid metabolism, and enhancing antioxidant homeostasis in black carp. Full article

High-velocity multi-projectile impacts from accidental external debris (e.g., uncontained engine debris or runway stones) on the liquid-filled fuel tanks of modern unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) induce complex Fluid–Structure Interaction (FSI) and Hydrodynamic Ram (HRAM) effects, resulting in highly complex dynamic response mechanisms. This study combines high-velocity impact tests with Three-Dimensional Digital Image Correlation (3D-DIC) technology and employs FSI finite element simulations based on the Structured Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (S-ALE) algorithm to thoroughly investigate the dynamic response mechanisms of liquid-filled containers penetrated by dual projectiles under different spatial spacings and temporal intervals. The results indicate that variations in the spatiotemporal parameters of dual projectiles significantly reconstruct the fluid load field: small spacing and short temporal intervals induce strong wave interference and superposition, generating an amplified composite loading effect that causes a sharp increase in target plate impulse and deformation energy. Conversely, small spacing and long temporal intervals trigger a significant “cavity shielding” phenomenon, causing the subsequent projectile to travel through the existing cavity, which massively suppresses the effective generation of its load and energy transfer. Furthermore, fluid displacement induced by cavity intersection generates secondary pressure waves; the petal hole evolution of the rear plate is dictated by the formation of plastic hinge lines, presenting four typical deformation modes—oblique cross, normal cross, asymmetric pentagon, and hexagon—depending on the degree of spatiotemporal coupling. This study reveals the laws governing the enhanced HRAM effect of dual projectiles, providing key theoretical support for the lightweight protection design and crashworthiness evaluation of long-endurance commercial UAV fuel tanks. Full article

This study evaluated the effects of dietary host-derived Bacillus strains combined with fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, basal physiological status, intestinal morphology, and thermal stress responses in juvenile olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). A total of 486 fish with an initial body weight of 7.26 ± 0.04 g were randomly distributed into 27 tanks and fed nine experimental diets for nine weeks. The diets consisted of a basal control, an FOS-only diet, three single-strain synbiotic diets containing FOS and one host-derived Bacillus strain (B. sonorensis, B. subtilis, or B. velezensis), and four multi-strain synbiotic diets containing FOS and combinations of two or three strains. Probiotics were included at 1 × 10⁷ CFU g⁻¹ diet, and FOS was supplemented at 5 g kg⁻¹ diet. After the feeding trial, no significant dietary effects were observed on growth performance, somatic indices, whole-body proximate composition, plasma biochemical parameters, antioxidant enzyme activities, immune-related indicators, stress-related biomarkers, or intestinal morphology. Fish were subsequently subjected to lethal and acute high-temperature challenges to evaluate thermal stress tolerance and associated physiological responses. In the lethal temperature challenge, fish fed the multi-strain diets FOS + B. sonorensis + B. velezensis and FOS + B. sonorensis + B. subtilis + B. velezensis showed numerically higher survival than the other groups; however, these differences were not statistically significant. Following acute heat exposure, dietary treatments did not significantly affect plasma metabolites, and most heat-shock- and energy-metabolism-related genes were not differentially expressed among treatments. Hepatic AMPKβ expression showed a significant dietary treatment effect, with higher expression in the BCF and ACF groups than in the ABF group. Overall, host-derived synbiotic supplementation did not significantly enhance growth performance or basal physiological responses under the present experimental conditions. However, some multi-strain combinations showed a non-significant tendency toward higher survival under lethal thermal stress. Further studies incorporating gut microbiome profiling, metabolomic analysis, and alternative dietary conditions are required to clarify whether host-derived Bacillus–FOS synbiotic formulations can influence thermal stress resilience in olive flounder. Full article

This paper explores the internal rock plugging rules induced by oily sludge profile control systems in oilfields. Three typical sludges including wastewater tank bottom sludge (WTBS), crude oil tank bottom sludge (CTBS) and floating scum sludge (FSS) are adopted. Combined with micro-CT scanning and digital core technology, this paper systematically investigates the pore–throat structure evolution and damage mechanism before and after sludge injection into rock cores. Key parameters such as plugging rate, average pore radius, throat radius, coordination number, shape factor, pore–throat ratio and pore–throat volume are quantitatively characterized macroscopically and microscopically, which reveal diverse damage modes and plugging mechanisms of the three sludges. The results indicate that pores of 10–50 μm are preferentially blocked by all sludges. CTBS causes the severest core damage with an average plugging rate of 79.67%, and the average coordination number decreases from 4 to 1, governed by the mechanism of adsorption diameter reduction and structural destruction. WTBS leads to uniform jamming of fine particles. Its average parameters change slightly, yet permeability declines due to broken critical throats. It follows the mechanism of uniform filling and weak adsorption with an average plugging rate of 56.75%, showing mild reservoir modification capacity. FSS causes moderate damage. Retained emulsion droplets trigger uniform slight shrinkage of pore throats under partial and overall selective filling mechanism, with an average plugging rate of 63.36% and favorable selective plugging performance. This study clarifies the inherent correlation between macroscopic damage and microscopic behaviors of oily sludge, offering microscopic theoretical references for differentiated management of sludge reinjection and oil displacement with composite sludge profile control agents. Full article