Search Results (68)

We examined three decades of changes in the mammal fauna of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania in the context of climate variability, land use transformation, and anthropogenic pressures. We compiled distributional, abundance, and status data from publications, atlases, official game statistics, and long-term monitoring programs, and we evaluated trends using compound annual growth rates or temporal indices. Our review identified losses such as regional extinctions of garden dormice and European mink, declines in small insectivores (e.g., pond bats and shrews) and herbivores (e.g., Microtus voles), and the contraction of boreal specialists (e.g., Siberian flying squirrels). However, we also identified gains, including increases in ungulate numbers (e.g., roe deer, red deer, fallow deer, moose, and wild boars before African swine fewer outbreak) and the recovery of large carnivores (e.g., wolves and lynxes). Invasions by non-native species (e.g., American mink, raccoon dog, and raccoon) and episodic disturbances, such as African swine fever and the “anthropause” caused by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, have further reshaped community composition. The drivers encompass climatic warming, post-socialist forest succession, intensified hunting management, and rewilding policies, with dispersal capacity mediating the responses of species. Our results underscore the dual legacy of historical land use and contemporary climate forcing in structuring the fauna dynamics of Baltic mammal communities in the face of declining specialists and invasive taxa. Full article

Focusing on issues related to SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) and SDG 13 (Climate Action), this study aligns with the framework of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. This study explores the barriers unique to the industry that obstruct the adoption of low-carbon emission solutions in Jordan’s multi-family residential buildings. Multi-family apartments constitute 73% of the total housing stock and account for over 80% of all residential structures. A total of eight main barriers that are preventing the implementation of low-carbon emission techniques were evaluated. The Fuzzy Delphi Method was utilized to gather insights from the Consultancy Council members of the Jordan Housing Investors Association. The results suggest that a major obstacle is the insufficient knowledge among end-users regarding environmental concerns, along with financial limitations, resulting in a lack of enthusiasm for low-carbon multi-family apartments. Moreover, insufficient cooperation between consultants and contractors leads to subpar constructability, which is worsened by the prevailing conventional procurement method that prioritizes cost and schedule above environmental consequences. To further investigate, it is advisable to examine the utilization of contemporary procurement methods, such as Design–Build and Construction Management and modern family contracts such as NEC4 in the housing industry of Jordan. These alternative methods have the potential to solve the current difficulties by promoting more effective and environmentally friendly building practices. Full article

With the widespread adoption of social media worldwide, countries are increasingly using these platforms to manage potential risks and disseminate their content. This study examines the communication effectiveness of six Chinese external media outlets on Facebook during the Winter Olympics, focusing on their COVID-19 coverage. Using structural equation modelling, we analysed how information presentation and dialogue intervention impacted communication effectiveness. The results indicated that scientific risk description, effective risk information dissemination, and heightened risk awareness in information presentation, as well as dialogue expansion in dialogue intervention, significantly enhanced the communication effectiveness of Facebook. However, dialogic contraction had no significant effect. Technical functionality mediated the relationship between information presentation and communication effectiveness but did not show a significant mediating effect for dialogic intervention. Achieving optimal communication outcomes through social media requires a comprehensive consideration of contextual and motivational factors. Full article

The structure of a policy communication network shows the effect of policy communication on social media. Policies need to be dynamically adjusted during the implementation process, which may affect the policy’s interaction on social media. Based on the Policy Network Theory, this study explores the effects of policy communication changes on social media before and after the adjustment of China’s Mass Entrepreneurship and Innovation (MEI) Policy using Exponential Random Graph Models (ERGMs) analysis and community analysis. The study reveals that after the policy adjustment, the communication network structure indicated a significant increase in triangular configurations, yet the formation of edges remained constrained. Meanwhile, cross-community connections in the communication network decreased, with communities exhibiting localized contraction, and emotional polarization becoming more pronounced. These phenomena occurred because policy adjustments have boosted interaction levels through new incentive mechanisms, whereas the content and delivery methods of policy communication remain insufficiently engaging, which constrains relationship-building. Additionally, the policy’s evolution from a mobilization–participation model to a vertical governance paradigm has systematically reconfigured inter-community interaction patterns, resulting in structural transformations in cross-group information flows. To enhance the dissemination of policies on social media, it is recommended to intervene in the policy communication network structure through role embedding, shift from a reactive public sentiment management paradigm to proactive emotional governance, and strengthen policy communication strategies that emphasize emotional resonance. These measures can improve the effectiveness of policy communication and help address the challenges posed by emotional polarization and network fragmentation. Full article

Genetic diversity determines evolutionary potential. Without a variable genome, natural selection cannot act. Habitat fragmentation is the single largest threat to global biodiversity, as it reduces or eliminates gene flow among populations, thereby increasing the erosion of genetic diversity through random genetic drift. The loss of adaptive capacity in small, isolated populations is irreversible without gene flow and the ensuing genetic rescue. Without habitat connectivity, populations cannot expand or contract into refugia, an increasingly vital capacity under climate change. Here, I review what we have learned from organisms found in naturally fragmented landscapes. Metapopulation theory has played a seminal role in this goal. However, extending this theory to anthropogenically fragmented habitats has been a challenge. Single-species approaches cannot elucidate the impacts of habitat fragmentation on entire communities, composed of species with diverse interactions—mutualisms, facilitations and predator–prey dynamics—and proper ecosystem functioning. To overcome the limitation of single-species studies, metacommunity and metaecosystem ideas have emerged. The spatial extent and configuration of habitat patches will determine which species remain in altered landscapes. Changes to species interactions, community structure and ecosystem processes will follow. Ecosystem function determines ecosystem viability, and losses of keystone or foundation species will have cascading effects. Genomic tools can track the effect of landscape changes on population and movement dynamics, the maintenance of genetic resources and the persistence probabilities of individual species in the context of the communities in which they are embedded. Landscape genetics combines landscape features and population genetics to quantify how species use diverse landscapes and is now a powerful tool to assess the causes and consequences of habitat fragmentation for interacting species in fragmented ecosystems. Full article

Recurrent flooding near Tempe Lake, Indonesia, exacerbated by climate change, presents significant challenges for rice-farming communities, threatening their livelihoods and food security. This study explores the adaptive strategies employed by farmers to mitigate flood-related risks and evaluates the role of institutional frameworks in risk-sharing mechanisms. Using a mixed-methods approach, we analysed primary survey data from 140 rice farmers and conducted interviews with irrigation pump operators. The study viewed 30 years of historical flood records to identify environmental patterns affecting agricultural practices. The findings indicate that farmers employ various adaptation strategies to enhance resilience, including irrigation technologies, risk-sharing agreements, and livelihood diversification. Informal co-operative structures play a crucial role, with landowners covering 50% of production costs and farmers receiving 60% of profits after deducting operational expenses. However, flood-related income disruptions and shifting environmental conditions threaten long-term sustainability. This study emphasizes the need to formalize risk-sharing agreements, promote flood-resistant crop adoption, and improve water management infrastructure to address these challenges. Additionally, policies should support the development of community-led co-operative models and flexible contract structures, as well as training and access credit to ensure fair compensation for climate-induced losses. Integrating institutional support, technological advancements, and community-driven adaptation strategies can enhance economic stability, strengthen food security, and ensure the long-term viability of rice farming in flood-prone regions. Full article

This study investigates the impacts of climate variability, particularly La Niña events, on the fish community on the continental shelf of the northern South China Sea, a region highly sensitive to environmental fluctuations. Historical fishery survey data, collected from autumn 2019 to autumn 2022, were used to analyze changes in species composition, diversity indices, and community structure during La Niña and non-La Niña periods. The results show that La Niña significantly altered the fish community dynamics. During La Niña, cold-water conditions expanded the range of suitable habitats for cold-water species, leading to increased dominance of the Japanese scad (Decapterus maruadsi), with its index of relative importance (IRI) reaching 1795.9 and 1320.2 in autumn 2021 and 2022, respectively. In contrast, warm-water species experienced a reduction in suitable habitats. During La Niña, Margalef’s richness index (D’) peaked at 23.18 in autumn 2021 but decreased to 20.69 by spring 2022. The Shannon–Wiener diversity index (H’) dropped from 2.597 during a non-La Niña period (spring 2020) to 2.406 during La Niña (spring 2022); similarly, Pielou’s evenness index fell from 0.4749 to 0.4396, indicating an increase in ecological imbalance. As La Niña conditions weakened, the fish community began to recover. By autumn 2022, D’ had risen to 22.73 and H’ to 2.573, reflecting a gradual return to fish community conditions before the La Niña event. Species distribution models incorporating key environmental variables (i.e., sea surface temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen) demonstrated that the habitat of D. maruadsi expanded significantly during La Niña and contracted during post-event periods. Our findings highlight the ecological sensitivity of fish communities to climate variability and underscore the importance of adaptive resource management strategies to mitigate the impacts of climate change on marine ecosystems. This research provides valuable insights for sustaining regional fishery resources under changing environmental conditions. Full article

Heart failure functions as one of the leading global causes of death because it falls under the cardiovascular disease categories. Cardiac tissue engineering advances by developing new tissues to rebuild heart functions in individuals with damaged heart structures as it gives medical treatment possibilities to patients reaching their final stage. Most of the heart tissue consists of cardiomyocytes which make up between 80 to 90 percent of the total organ space. The cardiomyocytes retain their specialized cell structure which includes elongation, but they align to produce contractions as they span into length. After myocardial infarction, doctors need elastic soft platforms to heal the heart tissue because they mimic its natural attributes. Special consideration must be paid to the material selection for appropriate mechanical properties, given that different substances have separate qualities. Stem cell survival becomes higher, and cell differentiation develops more efficiently when a proper scaffold design is implemented, thus enabling tissue repair. Conductive biomaterials demonstrate the best candidate status for cardiac tissue engineering due to their ability to both convey electrical signals and boost biological actions as well as promote cellular communication. Scientists conduct life science research on stem cells because the cells present unique characteristics. Biomaterials with conductive properties within cardiac tissue engineering help the body recover heart tissue while improving the functionality of damaged structures in the myocardium. This article analyzes various conductive biomaterials used in biomedical practices for cardiac tissue healing applications. Full article

This entry explores the financial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the football industry, highlighting the challenges, adaptations, and long-term implications for clubs across all levels. It examines the industry’s financial fragility, particularly for clubs reliant on matchday revenue, while showcasing adaptive strategies such as digital engagement, government support, and revenue diversification that sustained operations during the crisis. The pandemic exposed structural vulnerabilities within football, from elite clubs to grassroots teams, through revenue shortfalls caused by closed stadiums, cancelled matches, and reduced sponsorships. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the pandemic’s effects on revenue streams, fixed costs, player contracts, and stakeholder roles, offering insights into strategies that promote financial resilience. Case studies illustrate how elite, semi-professional, and grassroots clubs responded to financial and operational challenges, emphasising the importance of diversified income sources, proactive financial planning, and community support. By identifying lessons from the pandemic, the entry underscores the critical need for sustainable practises and resilient models to prepare the football industry for future disruptions. Full article

Academic integrity is a cornerstone of education systems, yet the rise of contract cheating poses significant challenges for higher education institutions. Current approaches to managing contract cheating often lack the comprehensive structure needed to address the complexities of modern cheating methods. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed Three-Tier Framework (TTF), designed in our previous study to combat contract cheating. The proposed framework comprises three tiers: awareness, monitoring, and evaluation. It engages stakeholders within the system and encourages a proactive and collaborative stance against contract cheating while reinforcing a culture of academic honesty. The evaluation focuses on three key aspects: the clarity of the framework’s functions and objectives, the potential challenges in implementing the proposed monitoring process, and the perceived limitations in detecting and mitigating contract cheating through this framework. Supervised and unsupervised assignments are considered, excluding the option of e-proctoring, as some students encountered difficulties setting up necessary tools and software for online exams. Survey results reveal a broad consensus among respondents, who expressed strong confidence in the clarity and effectiveness of the framework and its monitoring procedures. These positive perceptions were consistent across respondents, regardless of their prior experience or familiarity with contract cheating. Although the overall feedback was positive, concerns were raised regarding implementing the framework in current educational settings. Specific challenges cited include tight timelines and the increased workload associated with the new procedures, emphasising a need for additional guidance, training, and institutional support to ensure effective adoption. The proposed framework incorporates an instructor dashboard designed to streamline academic workflow and simplify the monitoring process introduced in this framework. The survey results confirm that the framework can be adopted to address the unique needs of academics and diverse educational environments; however further research is needed to explore its applicability across the broader higher education community. Full article

Background/Objectivses: Antibiotic consumption patterns in remote urban areas of the Amazon region are poorly understood. This study aimed to analyze antibiotic use in the adult population of Coari, a municipality in Amazonas, Brazil. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between October and November 2021 in the urban area of Coari. 394 adults were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Data on antibiotic use, sociodemographic factors, health service access, and self-reported illnesses were collected. Poisson regression was used to estimate prevalence ratios and identify factors associated with antibiotic use. Results: The prevalence of antibiotic use was 14.7% (n = 58). The most frequently used antibiotics were azithromycin (26.9%), cefalexin (20.9%), amoxicillin (19.4%), and ciprofloxacin (13.9%). Up to 34.5% of antibiotic use was conducted without a prescription, especially among adults aged 18 to 39 (59.1%). The main health problems that led to self-medication were COVID-19 (28.6%), urinary infection (14.3%), sore throat (37.5%), and intestinal infection (60.0%). Factors associated with antibiotic use included age 18 to 39 (adjusted PR = 3.73; CI = 1.37–10.09), having a family member hospitalized (adjusted PR = 2.61; CI = 1.39–4.89), having contracted COVID-19 (adjusted PR = 2.41; CI = 1.40–4.15), and frequency of visits by the community health agent to the home (adjusted PR = 0.35 CI = 0.15–0.81). Conclusions: The high use of broad-spectrum antibiotics (Watch), particularly azithromycin, for potentially inappropriate indications highlights the need to improve the management of antibiotic use in remote regions of Brazil. Community health agents, as key professionals between health services and the community, can play a key role in promoting the rational use of antibiotics and combating antimicrobial resistance in the Brazilian Amazon context. Full article

Background/Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Communication Skills Scale (CSS) among Peruvian nurses, as well as the factors associated with job insecurity during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: We explored five models of confirmatory factor analysis for the CSS and its four subscales and assessed the convergent validity and criterion validity of the scale by analyzing its connection with job insecurity through stepwise multiple regression. We used insights from a focus group for the cultural adaptation of the scale. In the psychometric phase, 225 nurses participated through a virtual survey. Results: The psychometric analysis revealed that the CSS and its subscales have a robust internal structure—similar to the original questionnaire—and are optimally reliable in the Peruvian population. Furthermore, the results show that job insecurity was associated with contract type, communication skills, empathy, and job satisfaction. Conclusions: The CSS and its subscales are valid and reliable to be applied to Peruvian nurses. Initiatives should be undertaken to strengthen communication skills and increase job satisfaction among nursing professionals by improving their working conditions, especially in times of crisis, to reduce job insecurity and promote well-being. Full article

The transition from a perennial to an intermittent regime in newly intermittent rivers (nIRs) negatively affects both taxonomic and functional diversity, with significant repercussions on freshwater ecosystem processes and services. However, to better understand how changes in the natural flow regime may influence the structure and functioning of freshwater ecosystems, it is fundamental to assess variations in abiotic and biotic parameters throughout the hydrological phases characterizing nIRs. For these reasons, we evaluated the temporal changes in community structure and composition during the drying phase of a Central Apennines stream (Italy) over two consecutive drought years. We demonstrated that the different hydrological regime of the pre-drought phase profoundly affected the structure and composition of freshwater communities. The reduced discharge during the low-flow conditions of 2024 led to a transition from insect- to non-insect-dominated communities, with small-sized, lentic-adapted and generalist taxa replacing rheophile and more sensitive insect taxa. We also found marked interannual differences in temporal beta diversity. However, in both years, taxa richness did not exhibit a negative stepped response pattern during the sequence of channel contraction, flow cessation and pools formation. Consequently, we can assume that in newly intermittent Apennine rivers, the response of freshwater communities to drying is strictly dependent on the local and interannual variable hydrological context. This study emphasizes the need for further investigation to better understand the ecological impacts of increasing intermittence in formerly perennial streams and rivers. Full article

The determination of the capital structure is a critical component of a company’s financial decision-making process. The question of how to optimize a firm’s capital structure to increase its value has been a significant topic of interest within the financial community. The employee stock ownership plan (ESOP) has developed rapidly in China’s capital market over the past decade, providing a suitable context for studying the impact of employee equity incentives on capital structure decisions. This paper employs cross-sectional ordinary least squares regression models and unbalanced panel fixed effect models to investigate the impact of employee stock ownership plans (ESOPs) on firms’ capital structure decisions. The analysis is conducted on a sample of Chinese A-share listed companies on the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges. The research considers both static capital structure choice and dynamic capital structure adjustment. We find that the implementation of an ESOP reduces the level of corporate debt and accelerates the dynamic adjustment of capital structure, suggesting that employee equity incentives play a role in optimizing firms’ capital structure decisions. We also find that the impact of ESOPs on the dynamic adjustment of capital structure is asymmetric. Specifically, the implementation of ESOPs markedly accelerates the downward adjustment of capital structure, yet has no impact on the upward adjustment of capital structure. Further analysis demonstrates that the impact of ESOPs on capital structure decisions is contingent upon the macroeconomic environment, industry characteristics, corporate governance, and ESOP contract designs. First, the optimization of ESOPs on capital structure decisions is more pronounced in an economic boom environment, in a poor market climate, or in competitive industries. Second, the reduction effect of ESOPs on corporate debt is more pronounced in non-state-owned companies, high-tech companies and those with lower ownership concentration. In contrast, the acceleration effect of ESOPs on capital structure adjustment is more pronounced in state-owned companies, non-high-tech companies and those with higher ownership concentration. Ultimately, ESOPs financed by loans from a firm’s major shareholders—or with a longer lock-up period, smaller shareholding size or executive subscription ratio—demonstrate a more pronounced optimization effect on capital structure decisions. This paper not only contributes to the existing literature on the relationship between equity incentives and capital structure decisions, but also provides guidance for listed companies on the reasonable design of their ESOPs and the optimization of their capital structure decisions. Full article

In China, an emerging social issue involves a subset of rural women who, because of family and culture, become inadvertently matched up with and married to closeted men who have sex with men (MSM). These women—referred to as Tongqi—often discover they are in a loveless marriage, but any effort to change their situation results in intense backlash, discrimination, and stigma from families, village communities, and even government and healthcare institutions. This study explores the experiences of Tongqi, examining the influence of social interaction, community relationships, and macrostructural factors that coalesce to create an environment of chronic enacted stigma. In-depth interviews were conducted with 59 rural Tongqi, 11 of whom contracted human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) from their spouses. The findings reveal the significant role of extended kinship networks and macrostructural elements, such as hukou (household registration) and government officers, as well as village-level lineage structures. Informant data highlights how lineage relationships, interwoven with gender practices, contribute to the enacted stigma impacting the physical and psychological health of Tongqi. Tongqi report psychological effects such as an array of symptoms reflecting post-traumatic stress, chronic depression, and attempted suicide. Tongqi also report adverse physical health concerns involving reproductive health, unwanted pregnancies, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and pregnancy complications. These findings helped produce possible policy recommendations to address the most pressing issues faced by Tongqi. Full article