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Intracranial aneurysms are common vascular lesions with a highly variable natural history. While most unruptured intracranial aneurysms remain stable throughout life, a biologically aggressive subset progresses to growth and rupture, resulting in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage with substantial morbidity and mortality. Contemporary evidence demonstrates that aneurysm behavior is dynamic rather than static and reflects the interaction of hemodynamic forces, inflammatory vascular remodeling, genetic susceptibility, and environmental risk factors. Rupture risk is not constant over time and may be highest early after aneurysm formation, followed by a period of relative quiescence in selected lesions. Traditional population-based risk estimates have therefore evolved toward individualized risk stratification incorporating aneurysm size, location, morphology, growth, patient-specific factors, and emerging imaging and computational biomarkers. This chapter reviews the epidemiology, pathobiology, growth patterns, and rupture risk of intracranial aneurysms, integrating foundational observational studies with recent advances in genetics, vessel wall imaging, and predictive modeling. Understanding the natural history of brain aneurysms is essential for balancing the risks of observation against intervention and for guiding future innovations in aneurysm management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Intracranial Aneurysms)

43 pages, 36332 KB

Open AccessArticle

Global Path Planning for UUVs in Nearshore Environments Using an IAPF-RRT* Method

by Xiaojing Fan, Fang Kong, Zhenhao Cui and Yinjing Guo

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2026, 14(9), 851; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14090851 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2026

Abstract

Nearshore environments, characterized by complex obstacle distributions and dynamic disturbances, pose significant challenges to global path planning for unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs). To address these challenges, this paper proposes an improved artificial potential field-guided RRT* (IAPF-RRT*) method for efficient and robust path planning in coastal environments. The proposed approach integrates an improved artificial potential field into the sampling and node expansion processes to enhance goal-directed exploration and obstacle avoidance capability. In addition, a target-biased sampling strategy and an adaptive attraction mechanism are introduced to accelerate convergence, while a NURBS-based refinement scheme is employed to improve trajectory continuity and smoothness. Extensive simulations in representative scenarios demonstrate that the proposed method significantly improves planning efficiency, reducing planning time by up to 80% compared with conventional RRT-based methods, while substantially decreasing redundant node expansion and improving trajectory smoothness. A consistently high success rate is maintained across all scenarios. Field experiments in nearshore environments further validate the robustness and practical applicability of the proposed method. These results indicate that the proposed IAPF-RRT* method achieves a favorable balance between efficiency, robustness, and path quality, making it well-suited for real-world UUV operations in complex nearshore environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)

20 pages, 9838 KB

Open AccessArticle

Optimized Control for Underactuated Surface Vessels Trajectory Tracking: Combining Radial Basis Neural Network with Minimum Learning Parameters and Adaptive Nonlinear Feedback Technique to Address FDIAs

by Yang Liu, Yonghong Zhang, Qiang Zhang and Xiangfei Meng

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2026, 14(9), 850; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14090850 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2026

Abstract

This research examines how false data injection attacks (FDIAs) impact the trajectory tracking control of underactuated surface vessels (USVs). The internal uncertain dynamics of the system are reconstructed using radial basis function neural networks (RBFNNs). In order to avoid the computational pressure of the RBFNNs on the system, the neural network weights, external disturbances, and FDIAs are converted into a single parameter learning form using the minimum learning parameters (MLPs). Next, a nonlinear feedback function is constructed and introduced into the controller design process, thereby avoiding the controller accuracy loss caused by MLPs. Within the backstepping method framework, the adaptive laws leverage deep information robust adaptive technology to estimate the upper limits of the uncertainty term. The closed-loop system is provided with a rigorous theoretical analysis by combining the Lyapunov stability theory. Finally, the effectiveness of the control scheme is verified by simulation. The results show that the proposed controller guarantees boundedness of all closed-loop signals and drives the tracking errors into a small neighborhood of the reference trajectory even under the attack of FDIAs and the influence of internal and external uncertainties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)

33 pages, 19640 KB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Context-Driven Thermal Erosion and Urban Forest Cooling Gradients: A Multi-Scenario Simulation of Ecological Networks

by Rong Xia, Yuechu Shi, Haiyan Xia, Hao Yuan, Haolin Zhao and Paolo Vincenzo Genovese

Forests 2026, 17(5), 558; https://doi.org/10.3390/f17050558 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2026

Abstract

Urban forest fragmentation can weaken ecological connectivity and reduce the spatial continuity of cooling benefits, highlighting the need for structure-function integrated planning. Using 2020 as the baseline year, this study combined the Markov Chain-Future Land Use Simulation model, Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis, the Minimum Cumulative Resistance model, and Kernel Density Estimation to simulate the evolution of Hangzhou’s forest-dominated ecological network under Business-as-Usual, Economic Development, and Ecological Conservation scenarios for 2030. A Random Forest model with Shapley Additive Explanations was further used to quantify the nonlinear relationship between landscape spatial context and land surface temperature. The results show that the Economic Development and Business-as-Usual scenarios intensify forest fragmentation and weaken the structural integrity of potential ecological corridors, whereas the Ecological Conservation scenario improves network stability through patch amalgamation, core area expansion, and reduced breakpoint density. Land surface temperature was strongly associated with built-up land adjacency. Built-up areas near forest patches showed a maximum relative cooling benefit of 8.04 degrees Celsius, and corridor cooling effects were most pronounced within 300 m, remaining detectable up to about 900 m under the Ecological Conservation scenario. These findings support structure-oriented planning for urban forest conservation and heat mitigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecological Functions of Urban Green Spaces)

23 pages, 1639 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Omics Identification of Biomarkers for High-Altitude Pulmonary Hypertension

by Zhe Chen, Linhong Pang, Yidan Zheng, Li Xu, Mingjing Tang, Ziwen Zhao, Tianyu Wang, Jin Li, Yunfei Zhou, Lin Duo, Wenlong Zhu, Zhiling Luo, Fei Li and Da Zhu

J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2026, 13(5), 195; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd13050195 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2026

Abstract

(1) Aim: The incidence of high-altitude pulmonary hypertension (HAPH) has risen in recent years and is expected to continue increasing; however, its diagnosis remains challenging. In this study, we employed proteomics and metabolomics to identify the proteins and metabolic biomarkers that contribute to the development of HAPH. (2) Methods: We applied integrated proteomics and metabolomics to match blood samples from 40 HAPH patients and 40 healthy controls in Yunnan’s high-altitude regions to characterize molecular profiles, identify biomarkers, and develop a predictive model. (3) Results: Proteomic analysis identified four proteins (A2IPH7, K1C14, PSME2, SERPINE2) commonly dysregulated in HAPH patients from two high-altitude regions. SERPINE2 was notably downregulated and showed a negative correlation with clinical severity, which was further validated in HAPH rat lung tissues and supported by UK Biobank data for idiopathic PAH. Concurrent metabolomics uncovered 11 shared metabolites, largely acyl fatty acids, enriched in pathways such as unsaturated fatty acid synthesis. Integration of these multi-omics data enabled the development of a robust predictive model. (4) Conclusion: Our study identified key protein and metabolic biomarkers involved in HAPH development, which were validated in animal models. Based on these findings, a predictive model was developed, highlighting SERPINE2 and 11 metabolites as promising targets for the prediction and prevention of HAPH. Full article

17 pages, 12685 KB

Open AccessArticle

Preliminary Technical Feasibility of Integrating Auxetic Foam into Foot Orthoses for Diverse Neuropathic Etiologies: A Small-Scale Pilot Observation

by LaBreesha Batey, Enrique Jackson, Changchun Zeng and Selvum Pillay

Bioengineering 2026, 13(5), 530; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering13050530 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2026

Abstract

Research into auxetic foams—materials with a negative Poisson’s ratio— is expanding, yet their integration into orthotics for diverse neuropathic conditions remains largely unexplored. This pilot study evaluates the feasibility of fabricating custom auxetic foam insoles and characterizing vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) trends across a heterogeneous cohort. In collaboration with the NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center, six participants, including five representing varied neuropathic etiologies and one healthy control, performed randomized walking trials under three conditions: barefoot, over-the-counter (OTC) insoles, and custom auxetic prototypes. The healthy control was retained in the cohort-level analysis to preserve methodological symmetry across experimental conditions. To maintain physical rigor, vGRF data were mass-normalized (N/kg). A Friedman test (n = 6) evaluated global differences, supplemented by a dual-bootstrap analysis (1000 resamples) to quantify effect magnitudes (r) and numerical uncertainty. Although the Friedman test revealed no statistically significant global differences (Q = 0.333, df = 2, p = 0.846), a descriptively large effect size (r = 0.58) was observed for the auxetic material versus barefoot walking. However, wide 95% bootstrap confidence intervals prevent population-level inference, reinforcing the exploratory nature of these findings. Subject-specific observations showed descriptive differences in vGRF in three participants (0.17 to 1.18 N/kg), while increases in others occurred alongside confounding factors such as self-selected walking velocity. This work demonstrates the mechanical application of auxetic insole prototypes, providing a foundational rationale for future trials utilizing standardized walking velocity to isolate material performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanical Assessment in Rehabilitation and Performance)

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25 pages, 2035 KB

Open AccessArticle

Plasma-Activated Water as a Novel Irrigation Strategy for Seawater-Immersed Burn Wounds: Antibacterial Activity and Healing Promotion in Rats

by Shanshan Wei, Ru Yang, Tian Fang, Zhuo Dai, Xinyu Wang, Yajun Zhao, Sen Wang and Lin Sun

Biomedicines 2026, 14(5), 1027; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14051027 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2026

Abstract

Objectives: Seawater-immersed burn wounds are highly susceptible to contamination, persistent inflammation, oxidative stress, and delayed healing, while current irrigation solutions remain suboptimal for such acute injuries. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy and underlying mechanisms of plasma-activated water (PAW) as a novel irrigation strategy for these complex wounds. Methods: The antibacterial efficacy of PAW against marine pathogens was first evaluated in vitro. Subsequently, a rat model of seawater-immersed burn injury was established in male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats to assess the therapeutic effects of PAW irrigation on wound healing, infection control, and underlying biological mechanisms. Results: In vitro, PAW significantly eradicated two major marine pathogens, Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus (p < 0.001). In vivo, PAW markedly accelerated wound closure, achieving complete healing in 23.60 ± 6.50 days vs. 38.67 ± 2.08 days (Normal saline group) and 58.33 ± 10.97 days (Model group) (p < 0.05). PAW significantly reduced bacterial burden, modulated inflammation by decreasing interleukin-6 and increasing interleukin-10, and alleviated oxidative stress, as evidenced by reduced malondialdehyde levels and enhanced superoxide dismutase activity. Histological evaluation demonstrated enhanced re-epithelialization, collagen deposition, and increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1. No adverse effects on serum biochemistry or major organ histopathology were observed. Conclusions: PAW may be a safe, promising, and multifunctional irrigation strategy that promotes seawater-immersed burn healing through coordinated antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and pro-angiogenic effects, highlighting its strong potential for clinical translation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wound Healing)

18 pages, 6304 KB

Open AccessArticle

Vegetation-Cover Change Trends Across Different Lengths of Time Series Using NDVI: Contrasting Theil–Sen and Mann–Kendall with Piece-Wise Regression

by Min Wu, Ziheng Huang, Shuang Liu, Zhilong Wu, Tao Hong and Xisheng Hu

Forests 2026, 17(5), 557; https://doi.org/10.3390/f17050557 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2026

Abstract

Quantifying vegetation dynamics has become a critical scientific imperative in the context of global ecosystem restoration initiatives targeting degraded forests. Previous studies have explored vegetation-cover change trends at different spatial scales worldwide using the Theil–Sen (TS) estimator and Mann–Kendall (MK) test, yet few have accounted for the uncertainty in resulting trends across time-series datasets of varying lengths. Taking the coastal zone of Fujian Province in Southeast China as a case study, we investigated the uncertainty of vegetation-cover change trends using normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) datasets of different lengths (e.g., 20-year, 15-year, and 10-year) via the TS estimator and MK test. Additionally, piece-wise regression was employed to detect turning points and shifts in vegetation trends between 2001 and 2020. The results indicate significant discrepancies in trend estimation across datasets of different lengths, with consistency ratios ranging from 46.1% to 64.7% among the 20-year, 15-year, and 10-year series. The MK test is more sensitive to time-series length than the TS estimator, with areas of significant change decreasing by over 50% when transitioning from a 20-year to a 10-year dataset. The spatial distribution of trend shifts exhibits a distinct “coastal–inland” polarization pattern, with 2010 as the turning point. Eight modes of vegetation trend shifts were identified based on pre- and post-turning point dynamics. Furthermore, piece-wise regression improved trend accuracy by approximately 15%. This research advances the mechanistic understanding of spatiotemporal vegetation dynamics and supports adaptive ecosystem management strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Forest Inventory, Modeling and Remote Sensing)

22 pages, 1330 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Differential Impact of PM_2.5 on the Health of Vulnerable Groups in the Context of Rapid Urbanization: An Empirical Analysis Based on Jiangsu Province (2010–2020)

by Hui Wang, Ziyu Zhang, Zhouzhou Qiu, Shuyuan Ma, Wei Zhou, Zhitao Tong, Chun Yin and Dong Liu

Atmosphere 2026, 17(5), 469; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos17050469 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2026

Abstract

The impact of PM_2.5 pollution on the health inequality of vulnerable groups is a core issue in environmental justice research. However, existing studies in China mostly focus on severely polluted areas in northern China. They lack comparative cases in economically developed eastern regions. They also rarely consider changes in the impact of air pollution on residents’ health amid rapid urbanization. Based on multi-source data, this study employed spatial visualization, spatial autocorrelation analysis and spatial regression models. It investigated the impact of PM_2.5 pollution on the health inequality of vulnerable elderly groups in 92 districts and counties of Jiangsu Province from 2010 to 2020. The results show that: first, the regional pattern of health inequality between PM_2.5 pollution and vulnerable elderly groups in Jiangsu has continuously evolved, with a “lower in the south and higher in the north” pollution pattern and high overlap between high-pollution areas and high elderly health risk areas in northern Jiangsu. Second, the spatial coupling between PM_2.5 and elderly health risks has gradually strengthened, showing significant positive spatial agglomeration in 2020, confirming obvious spatial agglomeration characteristics of air pollution’s health impact. Third, the adverse health impact of PM_2.5 on vulnerable elderly groups became significant in 2020, exhibiting cumulative and lagged characteristics; urbanization and regional coordinated development have played a positive role in alleviating regional health inequality, while a lagging energy structure further exacerbates the health vulnerability of the elderly. This study fills the gap of insufficient research on economically developed eastern regions and provides targeted empirical references for urban refined governance and precise prevention and control of environmental health inequality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geospatial Analytics for Healthy Cities: Exploring Air Pollution and Socio-Spatial Inequality in Urban Environments)

19 pages, 622 KB

Open AccessArticle

Harmonizing Perspectives on MPS II Care in Türkiye: A Delphi Study Towards Treatment Management Consensus

by Neslihan Onenli Mungan, Leyla Tumer, Serap Sivri, Nur Arslan, Sema Kalkan Ucar, Berna Seker Yilmaz and Gulden Gokcay

Healthcare 2026, 14(9), 1214; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare14091214 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2026

Abstract

Background: Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II; Hunter syndrome) is a rare X-linked lysosomal storage disorder caused by pathogenic variants in the iduronate-2-sulfatase gene, leading to progressive multisystem involvement. Although international management guidelines exist, challenges in their implementation across different healthcare systems remain insufficiently addressed. This study aimed to establish a national expert consensus in Türkiye on the treatment and management of MPS II, aligning local practice with international standards. Methods: A modified Delphi methodology was conducted using two rounds of online surveys supported by three steering committee meetings. The process involved 10 experienced clinicians and a scientific committee of six professors. Based on international guidelines and country-specific clinical challenges, 72 consensus statements and 84 exploratory questions were developed. Statements achieving ≥ 80% agreement were accepted as consensus. Results: Consensus supported initiating enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) in both severe and attenuated MPS II, guided by functional and cognitive status. Severe cognitive impairment was not considered an exclusion criterion for ERT, given its somatic benefits. Experts agreed on continuing ERT into adulthood with individualized discontinuation decisions. Routine evaluations every 6–12 months, including respiratory, cardiac, and neurocognitive assessments, were recommended. Additional consensus areas included individualized premedication strategies, structured transition to adult care, selective home infusion, annual patient-reported outcome assessments, and the establishment of a national MPS II registry. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation was not endorsed. Conclusions: This Delphi study demonstrates strong expert consensus on MPS II management in Türkiye, providing a practical framework to guide clinical practice, support alignment with international recommendations, and inform future policy and research priorities. Full article

20 pages, 30829 KB

Open AccessArticle

Crop-IRM: An Intelligent Recognition and Management System for Organ Characteristics of Crop Germplasm Resources

by Jie Zhang, Chenyao Yang, Hailin Peng, Xintong Wei, Jiaqi Zou, Shiyu Wang, Zhaohong Lu, Xianming Tan and Feng Yang

Agriculture 2026, 16(9), 996; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16090996 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2026

Abstract

The traditional methods of field-based phenotypic data collection for crop germplasm resources are often inefficient and highly subjective. As the foundation for breeding innovation, these resources require precise identification of phenotypic traits for effective evaluation and utilization. Therefore, efficient and standardized management of germplasm data is critical during the breeding process. To address this, we have developed an intelligent recognition and management system focused on the crop’s organ characteristics. The system consists of a web client for overall project management and data download, and a WeChat Mini Program for data collection and uploading. Both components are integrated with image analysis models. Using a soybean variety screening experiment as a case study, we have constructed multiple high-definition datasets for soybean phenotypic traits, and employed YOLOv11 series models for object detection, image classification, instance segmentation, and pose estimation to build analytical models for each of these traits. All models achieved a mean average precision (mAP@0.5) exceeding 94%, along with a top1_accuracy of 0.999. In practical evaluations, all models took between 0.71 and 3.03 s to make predictions for 100 images, achieving an accuracy rate of over 98%. This system delivers a comprehensive solution for field phenotypic identification of crop germplasm resources, substantially enhancing the efficiency and objectivity of data collection and analysis. It serves as a valuable decision-support tool for precision breeding and digital agriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Artificial Intelligence and Digital Agriculture)

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30 pages, 1279 KB

Open AccessArticle

Environmental and Energy Performance of Rice Straw-Based Energy Pathways in Egypt: Life Cycle Assessment and Supply Chain Optimization

by Noha Said, Mahmoud M. Abdel-Daiem, Yasser A. Almoshawah, Amany A. Metwally and Noha A. Mostafa

Sustainability 2026, 18(9), 4426; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18094426 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2026

Abstract

This study investigates the environmental and energy performance of rice straw-based energy pathways in Egypt, combining life cycle assessment (LCA) with supply chain optimization to improve system efficiency. The analysis covers thirteen governorates producing over 4.45 million tons of rice straw annually. It examines the whole supply chain from paddy farming, straw collection, and transport to electricity generation and ash disposal. Total energy consumption was 11,287 TJ, dominated by farming (5673 TJ) and transport (5490 TJ). Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were estimated at 12,007.5 million kg CO₂-eq, with significant contributions from farming (5158 million), combustion (3630 million), and natural gas use (3039 million). Gross electricity output was 5525 GWh, yielding a net of 4973 GWh, equivalent to 1116.5 kWh per ton of straw. Scenario analysis highlighted that the optimized multi-hub system, prioritizing Cluster 1 in the Nile Delta, which contributes over 92% of straw production and 4607 GWh of net electricity, achieved a reduction of more than 25% in transport distances and an 18% decrease in diesel consumption and related emissions. Sensitivity analysis further indicated that delivered electricity and GHG intensity are more sensitive to conversion efficiency and transmission and distribution losses than to moderate changes in transport assumptions. In addition to environmental improvements, the optimized scenario indicates potential social co-benefits, including rural employment generation, additional income opportunities for farmers, and improved air quality associated with reduced open-field burning. These outcomes are presented as indicative qualitative insights. Findings confirm rice straw as a strategic, scalable, and sustainable energy resource aligned with Egypt’s Vision 2030 and the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Development and Innovation in Green Supply Chains)

26 pages, 20731 KB

Open AccessArticle

Quzhou Aurantii Fructus Extract Attenuates Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis by Regulating Nrf2/HO-1 Axis

by Li Yu, Lixia Wang, Jinyao Zhang, Ruimin Sun, Siming Zhang, Ping Yin, Ying Chen, Guocan Chen, Yiping Ye, Haitong Wan, Yu He, Yunxiang Chen and Lijiang Zhang

Biology 2026, 15(9), 716; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15090716 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2026

Abstract

Recently, Quzhou Aurantii Fructus Extract (QAFE) was reported to exert anti-inflammatory effects on different types of respiratory diseases; however, it is yet to be determined whether it is effective in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). The purpose of this study is to explore the capacity of QAFE to fight fibrotic disease, in particular how it works in relation to the regulation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) pathway. QAFE was made with Quzhou Fructus Aurantii (QAF), and the content of four flavonoids in the samples prepared was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The therapeutic effect of QAFE was experimented by establishing IPF models in mice and in cells. Identification of the mechanism of QAFE in IPF through knockout or knockdown of the Nrf2 gene. The experiments suggest that QAFE has the potential to prevent IPF-induced inflammation, collagen deposition, oxidative stress, and apoptosis of cells. Silencing Nrf2 by knockdown or knockout is enough to prevent the capacity of QAFE to inhibit the process of inflammation, oxidative stress, and collagen deposition to cause more serious lung injury and HO-1 expression downregulation. QAFE is a potential new antifibrotic drug in IPF with an effect on the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway that reduces inflammation and oxidative stress. Full article

19 pages, 2507 KB

Open AccessArticle

Metal-Phenolic Networks Delay the Oxidation of Alkaline High-Protein Gel Foods: Improving the Quality of Coated Tofu

by Jian Zeng, Xiaohu Zhou, Yang Liu, Bing Wei, Xinrui Diao, Jie Chen, Saihua Sun, Xiangjun Li, Xuejiao Zhang, Xiaojie Zhou, Hao Chen, Zhanrui Huang, Liangzhong Zhao, Dajun Yang and Xiangle Huang

Gels 2026, 12(5), 383; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels12050383 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2026

Abstract

Under alkaline conditions, most commonly used preservatives exhibit limited efficacy and fail to meet the preservation requirements of coated tofu. This study aims to investigate the effects of metal-phenolic networks (MPNs) on quality deterioration, protein oxidation, conformation, and gel microstructure of coated tofu during cold storage (4 °C and 10 °C). The results showed that, compared with the untreated control group, MPNs treatment effectively inhibited protein oxidation, alleviated quality deterioration, delayed the degradation of color and texture, and reduced protein degradation, as evidenced by soluble protein contents that were 63.55% (4 °C) and 66.65% (10 °C) lower than those of the control group after 20 days of storage. MPNs treatment also improved the orderliness and stability of the protein secondary structure. In addition, electrophoretic analysis showed that MPNs markedly retarded the decline in band optical density of the 11S protein A subunit by 96.19% and 97.28% at 4 °C and 10 °C, respectively, and suppressed the increase in the B subunit by 13.28% and 73.20%, respectively. Moreover, MPNs treatment helped maintain a more compact gel network. Based on physicochemical characterization and Pearson correlation analysis, the preservative effect of MPNs on coated tofu under alkaline conditions was elucidated, revealing the internal correlation between the inhibition of quality deterioration and the regulation of protein oxidation. Specifically, MPNs mitigate protein disulfide bond loss, increase the β-sheet content, preserve the natural protein conformation and the relative proportion of 11S subunits, stabilize the gel microstructure, and thereby achieve quality preservation. These findings provide theoretical support and strategic reference for the development of preservation technologies for alkaline high-protein gel foods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gels for Plant-Based Food Applications (2nd Edition))

17 pages, 6348 KB

Open AccessArticle

Geochemistry of Metal Sulfides from the Duolong Porphyry Cu-Au Deposit, Tibet: Implications for the Mineralization Process

by Qi Zhang, Huanhuan Yang, She Li, Qin Wang, Yujie Dong, Hongwei Li, Chao Yang, Changyun Gan, Rongkun Zhang, Xuelian Fu and Xinjuan Liang

Minerals 2026, 16(5), 478; https://doi.org/10.3390/min16050478 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2026

Abstract

The Duolong porphyry copper–gold district, located in the northwestern segment of the Bangongco–Nujiang metallogenic belt on the southern margin of the South Qiangtang terrane (Tibet), hosts typical porphyry-style Cu-Au mineralization with well-defined alteration zoning from potassic through chlorite–sericite to propylitic assemblages. Based on integrated in situ major/trace element and sulfur isotope analyses of pyrite and chalcopyrite from different alteration zones, we identify two discrete episodes of magmatic-hydrothermal activity that exerted distinct controls on metal endowment. Sulfur isotope signatures define a systematic evolution from the earliest, high-temperature potassic stage (δ³⁴S: Py-Ⅰ –3.70 to –1.16‰, mean –2.14‰; Cp-Ⅰ –4.92 to –0.90‰, mean –2.54‰) through propylitic alteration (Py-Ⅱ: 1.20–5.16‰, mean 3.06‰) to the later chlorite–sericite stage (Py-Ⅲ: –2.00 to 1.86‰, mean 0.06‰; Cp-Ⅱ: –2.50 to 0.58‰, mean –0.77‰), tracking progressive fluid cooling and changing fluid sources. Trace element systematics further discriminate these episodes: sulfides from potassic and chlorite–sericite zones are enriched in trace elements, whereas propylitic pyrite is depleted, with potassic pyrite recording the highest Cu concentrations (559–7256 ppm, mean 2302 ppm) and chlorite–sericite pyrite containing the lowest Au contents (0.01–0.59 ppm, mean 0.10 ppm). Gold mineralization occurs as native gold exsolved from chalcopyrite, and the markedly low Au concentrations in chlorite–sericite pyrite (0.01–0.59 ppm, mean 0.10 ppm) demonstrate that gold exsolution was largely completed during the first, high-temperature magmatic-hydrothermal stage. Collectively, these results establish a detailed geochemical framework linking sulfide composition to specific hydrothermal stages, providing new constraints on the processes of porphyry copper–gold mineralization in a collisional setting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal History and Preservation Mechanisms of Porphyry-Cu Deposits: Evidence from Thermochronology, Mineral and Isotopic Geochemistry)

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