Search Results (98)

This study examines how beliefs about the causes of climate change relate to emotions, perceptions of its effects, and willingness to engage in collective action among residents of the Valparaíso Region in Chile, a territory particularly vulnerable to this phenomenon. A survey was conducted with 809 individuals using stratified probabilistic sampling. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among those who attribute climate change to human, mixed, or natural causes. The results show that individuals who believe in the anthropogenic origin of climate change report higher levels of negative emotions, anxiety, perceived impacts, and willingness to participate in both direct and institutional collective actions. Moreover, these individuals perceive greater negative effects of climate change on their surroundings and daily lives. In contrast, those who attribute the phenomenon to natural causes show a lower predisposition to act and a lower risk perception. The study concludes that causal attribution of climate change significantly influences people’s emotional and behavioral responses, highlighting the importance of strengthening climate education and communication based on scientific evidence as key tools for fostering civic engagement in the face of the environmental crisis. The findings contribute to sustainability by strengthening environmental education, participatory governance, and collective action in vulnerable contexts. Full article

Climate change presents major challenges to agriculture, especially in economically underdeveloped regions. In these areas, farmers often lack access to resources and timely information, which limits their ability to respond effectively to drought and threatens agricultural sustainability. This study uses survey data from farmers in underdeveloped regions of China to examine the association between their ability to acquire information and their drought response behaviors. The results indicate that better information acquisition ability is significantly correlated with more effective and scientifically informed decision-making in drought adaptation strategies. To explore the underlying mechanism, we introduce value perception—that is, farmers’ beliefs about the usefulness and benefits of drought adaptation strategies—as a mediating variable. A mechanism model is constructed to test how information acquisition ability relates to behavior indirectly through this perception. We apply a threshold regression model to identify potential nonlinear associations, finding that the relationship between information acquisition ability and drought response behaviors becomes stronger once a certain threshold is surpassed. Additionally, we employ the Item Response Theory (IRT) model to measure the intensity and quality of farmers’ adaptation behaviors more accurately. These findings provide theoretical insights and empirical evidence for enhancing agricultural resilience, while acknowledging that causality cannot be definitively established due to the cross-sectional nature of the data. The study also offers useful guidance for policymakers seeking to strengthen farmers’ access to information, improve value recognition of adaptive actions, and promote sustainable agricultural development in underdeveloped areas. Full article

Cicero’s treatise De Fato, written during the political crisis of the Roman Republic, is a fundamental work for understanding the development of philosophical thought on fate and free will in antiquity. Influenced by Academic Skepticism, Cicero aimed to critically examine the positions of the major Greek philosophical schools, such as Stoicism and Epicureanism, regarding causality and the determination of future events. The concept of fate, however, was not only a philosophical matter but also a religious one in antiquity, deeply intertwined with practices such as divination and the belief in the gods’ influence over the cosmos. This study explores the historical and philosophical context in which De Fato emerged, as well as the Greek sources that shaped Cicero’s arguments. It analyzes the debate between the Stoics and Epicureans on fate, highlighting how Cicero adopts, adapts, and critiques their ideas. Additionally, it examines the structure and method of his work, identifying the three main approaches—physical, logical, and ethical—that he employs to address the question of fate. Finally, this study considers how Cicero’s treatment of fate reflects not only philosophical but also religious concerns, especially regarding human freedom and the divine role in shaping the future. The enduring influence of De Fato on philosophical tradition and its relevance to contemporary discussions on human freedom is also considered. Full article

Vietnam’s tourism sector has experienced rapid expansion, yielding significant economic gains, but also escalating environmental and socio-cultural challenges. This necessitates a shift toward sustainable tourism practices. This study develops and tests an integrative model combining the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and Value–Belief–Norm (VBN) theory to investigate the Sustainable Consumption Behavior (SCB) of domestic travelers in Vietnam. Grounded in the country’s collectivist culture—characterized by a strong emphasis on communal values and social harmony—the research examines how rational decision-making and normative pressures jointly drive eco-friendly travel behaviors. Data were collected from 549 Vietnamese tourists through stratified sampling across three major regions, and were analyzed through a robust multi-step methodology, including Exploratory Factor Analysis, Confirmatory Factor Analysis, and structural equation modeling (SEM), supplemented by regression analysis. The SEM results indicate that the proposed model accounts for 60.8% of the variance in SCB, underscoring its explanatory power. Within the TPB framework, Attitude, Subjective Norms, and Perceived Behavioral Control significantly predict Behavioral Intention, which, in turn, mediates their influence on SCB. In the VBN component, Environmental Awareness shapes Altruistic and Biospheric Values, fostering the New Environmental Paradigm and activating Personal Norms, which exert a direct effect on SCB. This direct influence of Personal Norms, bypassing Behavioral Intention, highlights the role of implicit moral obligations in Vietnam’s collectivist cultural context and challenges Western-centric behavioral models. Beyond these frameworks, Destination Attributes and Consumer Innovativeness emerge as critical direct predictors of SCB, with Destination Attributes showing the strongest effect. Mediation analyses confirm Behavioral Intention’s central role, while moderation tests reveal that gender and travel experience modulate TPB-based relationships, suggesting the value of targeted interventions. Theoretically, this study advances TPB–VBN integration by applying it to a collectivist setting, revealing how cultural norms amplify normative influences on sustainable behavior. Practically, it advocates for strategies such as community-driven initiatives leveraging Personal Norms, educational campaigns to enhance Perceived Behavioral Control, and sustainable destination management initiatives in locations like Da Nang and Ha Long Bay. While the cross-sectional design limits causal claims, the findings provide a foundation for future longitudinal studies and cross-cultural comparisons, particularly in other collectivist societies, potentially incorporating digital engagement and policy incentives as novel factors. Full article

In this paper, I argue that information is nothing more than an abstract object; therefore, it does not exist fundamentally. It is neither a concrete physical entity nor a form of “stuff” that “flows” through communication channels or that is “carried” by vehicles or that is stored in memories, messages, books, or brains—these are misleading metaphors. To support this thesis, I adopt three different approaches. First, I present a series of concrete cases that challenge our commonsensical belief that information is a real entity. Second, I apply Eleaticism (the principle that entities lacking causal efficacy do not exist). Finally, I provide a mathematical derivation showing that information reduces to probability and is therefore unnecessary both ontologically and epistemically. In conclusion, I maintain that information is a causally redundant epistemic construct that does not exist fundamentally, regardless of its remarkable epistemic convenience. What, then, is information? It is merely a very efficient way of describing reality—a manner of speaking, nothing more. Full article

This article explores people’s karma belief on the subjective probabilities of future chance events and how perceived life variability influences the expectations of behavior–outcome relationships through three studies. Study 1 used two experiments (Study 1a and 1b) and found that individuals believed that there is a causal association between moral actions and future experiences. People tended to make karmic forecasts that predicted a luckier future (reflected in probability judgments of lucky and unfortunate chance events) for a person who behaved morally than for one who behaved immorally. Finally, we found that individuals rely more heavily on belief in karma (i.e., stronger beliefs about the valence consistency of behaviors and outcomes) when they perceive greater life variability in their lives (Study 2), suggesting that the perceived life variability is a factor in using karma to make predictions. Full article

Offering learning opportunities for developing digital competencies in pre-service teacher education remains challenging despite its growing importance in preparing future educators. This study investigates the effectiveness of integrative learning opportunities, called “digitally enhanced courses”, which combine subject-specific and digital learning objectives. Implemented at a German university (2019–2023). These courses aimed to promote digital competencies required for technology-supported teaching. Using survey data from 312 pre-service teachers, the research examined students’ self-assessed digital competencies, technology acceptance, and value–cost assessments through multiple measurement instruments, including TPACK scales, the Technology Acceptance Model, and Expectancy–Value beliefs. Results revealed significantly higher self-assessed digital competencies in private contexts compared to teaching situations. While mere course participation showed no significant impact, both the frequency and number of attended courses positively correlated with higher self-assessed digital skills across all TPACK dimensions. Additionally, increased technology acceptance and higher success expectations were associated with enhanced teaching-related digital competencies. The findings emphasize that the effectiveness of digitally enhanced courses is contingent upon systematic implementation and student engagement, highlighting the need for structured curricular integration of digital competency development in teacher education through comprehensive, spiral-curriculum approaches rather than isolated interventions. However, this study’s reliance on self-reported data may introduce social desirability and subjective estimation bias, and its cross-sectional design limits causal interpretations. Future research should employ longitudinal approaches to examine competency development over time, incorporate objective performance-based assessments, and explore how instructional design and curricular integration influence digital competency acquisition. Full article

Background/Objectives: Hypercholesterolemia is commonly viewed as a risk factor for coronary heart disease; however, several studies have reported an inverse relationship between cholesterol levels and cardiovascular mortality, particularly in older adults. This “cholesterol paradox” challenges the conventional understanding of lipid metabolism. Despite often being dismissed as a result of reverse causality, the precise causes of this paradox remain poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the potential existence of the cholesterol paradox in a long-lived population from central Sardinia, Italy. Methods: We recruited 168 baseline nonagenarians (81 males, 87 females) from the longevity Blue Zone area in 2018 and followed them until December 2024. The lipid profile was determined for all participants according to current guidelines, and its impact on survival was analyzed with Kaplan–Meier curves and Cox proportional hazards regression models. Results: The median total cholesterol was 199.5 (range 89–314) mg/dL in males and 202.5 (range 89–324) mg/dL in females. Survival time was significantly longer in participants with LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) above 130 mg/dL compared to that in nonagenarians with LDL-C lower than 130 mg/dL (3.82 ± 1.88 years vs. 2.79 ± 1.56 years, p < 0.0001). Cox regression analysis revealed a significant reduction in the hazard ratio (HR) for mortality in participants with mild hypercholesterolemia (LDL-C ≥ 130 mg/dL) compared to that in those with normal cholesterol (OR 0.600, 95%CI 0.405–0.891). Conclusions: In the long-lived population examined, the cholesterol paradox was unlikely to be a reflection of reverse causality. Our results challenge the common view that longevity is invariably associated with low cholesterol levels. Furthermore, moderate hypercholesterolemia does not preclude the oldest adult from attaining advanced ages, contrary to common belief. Full article

Allostatic self-efficacy (ASE) represents a computational theory of fatigue and depression. In brief, it postulates that (i) fatigue is a feeling state triggered by a metacognitive diagnosis of loss of control over bodily states (persistently elevated interoceptive surprise); and that (ii) generalization of low self-efficacy beliefs beyond bodily control induces depression. Here, we converted ASE theory into a structural causal model (SCM). This allowed identification of empirically testable hypotheses regarding causal relationships between the variables of interest. Applying conditional independence tests to questionnaire data from healthy volunteers, we sought to identify contradictions to the proposed SCM. Moreover, we estimated two causal effects proposed by ASE theory using three different methods. Our analyses identified specific aspects of the proposed SCM that were inconsistent with the available data. This enabled formulation of an updated SCM that can be tested against future data. Second, we confirmed the predicted negative average causal effect from metacognition of allostatic control to fatigue across all three different methods of estimation. Our study represents an initial attempt to refine and formalize ASE theory using methods from causal inference. Our results confirm key predictions from ASE theory but also suggest revisions which require empirical verification in future studies. Full article

The stable operation of aerospace equipment is important for space safety, and the fault diagnosis of aerospace equipment is of practical significance. A fault diagnosis system needs to establish clear causal relationships and provide interpretable determination results. Fuzzy fault tree analysis (FFTA) is a flexible and powerful fault diagnosis method, which can deeply understand causes and fault mechanisms. The interval belief rule base (IBRB) can describe uncertainty. In this paper, an interpretable fault diagnosis model (FFDI) for aerospace equipment based on FFTA and the IBRB is presented for the first time. Firstly, the initial FFDI is constructed with the assistance of FFTA. Second, a model inference is implemented based on an evidential reasoning (ER) parsing algorithm. Then, a projection covariance matrix adaptive evolutionary strategy algorithm with an interpretability constraints (IP-CMA-ES) optimization algorithm is used for optimization. Finally, the effectiveness of the FFDI is verified by a flywheel dataset. This method ensures the completeness of the rule base and the interpretability of the model, avoids the problem of exploding certain combinations of rules, and is suitable for the fault diagnosis of aerospace equipment. Full article

Adoption of diverse weed management practices is viewed as essential for slowing the spread of herbicide-resistant (HR) weeds. Yet, adoption of diverse tactics has remained low, while there has been explosive growth of resistant weeds. This study analyzes U.S.-farm-level data to identify factors affecting adoption of diverse weed management practices. This study uses directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) to consider how practice adoption is influenced by different causal pathways between farmer and farm characteristics and farmer awareness of and concern over HR weeds. This study then uses multiple regression analysis to estimate the direct and indirect pathways that influence practice adoption. Respondents relied more heavily on herbicide-based weed control methods than on mechanical or cultural methods. Concern over herbicide resistance increased the number of practices farmers adopted and the percentage of acres where farmers implemented these practices. Practice adoption was negatively associated with increasing levels of farmer risk aversion. Technological optimism—belief that new herbicides would soon be developed to counter HR weeds—discouraged diverse herbicide use practices that combat resistance, but encouraged use of some non-chemical weed control methods. Perceived weed dispersal externalities (from weed mobility) led to more diverse weed management, running counter to hypotheses that greater mobility reduces incentives for individual resistance management. Full article

The shift toward modernity has come with many changes that affect religion. This article investigates some of those changes with the aim of showing how Korean Buddhism is adjusting to contemporary spirituality. The article begins with a consideration of the term ‘spiritual, but not religious’ (SBNR), a relatively new designation that indicates the shift a growing number of people are taking away from organized religious institutes towards beliefs and practices that they find more relevant and meaningful. To better understand SBNRs, the research of Mercadante is emphasized. The second half of this article aims to consider Korean Buddhism in the context of modern spirituality. Using Mercadante’s framework, which distinguishes between five types of SBNRs (dissenters, causals, explorers, seekers, and immigrants), an inquiry is carried out into each of these categories to show some of the ways in which Korean Buddhism is engaging with the spiritual and emotional concerns of modern, secular society. Thus, this work aims to show the direction Korean Buddhism is headed in and how it is relevant to modern, spiritual inclinations. Full article

Workplace energy conservation is vital for sustainability, as it reduces environmental harm, lowers greenhouse gas emissions, and conserves natural resources. Such procedures lead to significant financial savings, adherence to environmental standards, enhanced corporate social responsibility, and improved organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). This study investigated the impact of organizational culture (OCULT) on OCB, with environmental knowledge (EK) and attitude toward energy savings (ATES) as mediating factors. Components of the theories of planned behavior and value-belief-norm were evaluated through a structural equation model, showing that OCULT influences OCB through EK and ATES, suggesting OCULT’s direct and indirect effects on OCB. The degree to which EK and ATES mediate these effects varies, emphasizing the importance of a strong OCULT in fostering an environmentally conscious workplace. Specifically, the findings reveal that OCULT is responsible for positively impacting ATES and EK, with path coefficients of 0.587 and 0.661, respectively. OCB is positively influenced by it (coefficient of 0.228). The research indicates that knowledge is vital in improving organizational behaviors, with a significant correlation between EK and OCB (coefficient of 0.675). Mediation analysis indicates that EK mediates the relationship between OCULT and OCB (standardized estimate of 0.344), and that ATES and EK together can enhance OCB (standardized estimate of 0.078), demonstrating a robust and meaningful causal effect mediating this link. This outcome is the product of the mutually beneficial interaction among various variables. This study highlights the importance of integrating cultural considerations into knowledge management to foster a more engaged and proactive workforce, which will enhance organizational performance. As a practical implication, managers should promote energy-saving behaviors and nurture a supportive OCULT to enhance OCB. Incorporating sustainability into core organizational strategies will result in a dedicated workforce actively participating in OCB and energy-saving initiatives. Full article

Cognitive behavioral therapy is based on the view that maladaptive thinking is the causal mechanism of mental disorders. While this view is supported by extensive evidence, very limited work has addressed the factors that contribute to the development of maladaptive thinking. The present study aimed to uncover interactions between childhood maltreatment and multiple genetic differences in irrational beliefs. Childhood maltreatment and irrational beliefs were assessed using multiple self-report instruments in a sample of healthy volunteers (N = 452). Eighteen single-nucleotide polymorphisms were genotyped in six candidate genes related to neurotransmitter function (COMT; SLC6A4; OXTR), neurotrophic factors (BDNF), and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (NR3C1; CRHR1). Gene–environment interactions (G×E) were first explored in models that employed one measure of childhood maltreatment and one measure of irrational beliefs. These effects were then followed up in models in which either the childhood maltreatment measure, the irrational belief measure, or both were substituted by parallel measures. Consistent results across models indicated that childhood maltreatment was positively associated with irrational beliefs, and these relations were significantly influenced by COMT rs165774 and OXTR rs53576. These results remain preliminary until independent replication, but they represent the best available evidence to date on G×E in a fundamental mechanism of psychopathology. Full article

Background: Current reports suggest a positive association between spirituality and quality of life (QoL) in elders. While most studies are qualitative studies and there has been little validation in quantitative studies using scales to measure spirituality. Hence, we aimed to study the effect of spirituality on mental health and QoL in older people residing in Kumejima Town in Japan. Methods: An interview-based survey was conducted between September 2010 and 2011 on residents of Kumejima Town aged 65 years or older. This survey-based study employed the Spirituality Health Scale for the Elderly (SP Health Scale) alongside assessments of basic attributes (e.g., age, sex); physical, mental, social health, spirituality, and QoL. We conducted a causal structure model to explore causal relationships between these factors. Results: Our study included 338 participants, including 72.5% female with an average age and standard deviation of 77.2 ± 6.4 years. Our analysis revealed a significant association between spiritual health and QoL even after accounting for the impact of physical and mental health, which challenged the conventional belief that QoL inevitably diminishes with age and declining health. These results suggest that enhancing spirituality may offer a means to prevent declines in QoL, fostering a positive outlook on life as individuals age. Conclusion: Our study suggests that improving spiritual health can enhance QoL, even in the presence of health challenges and aging. This novel perspective opens doors to redefining health as a state that coexists with illness, with spirituality serving as an integral component. A shift in our understanding of health that prioritizes spirituality, could benefit people of all ages, offering a more holistic approach to well-being that aligns with new medical technologies and evolving perceptions of health. Full article