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15 pages, 6013 KiB  
Article
Urban Air Mobility Vertiport’s Capacity Simulation and Analysis
by Antoni Kopyt and Sebastian Dylicki
Aerospace 2025, 12(6), 560; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12060560 - 19 Jun 2025
Viewed by 661
Abstract
This study shows a comprehensive simulation to assess and enhance the throughput capacity of unmanned air system vertiports, one of the most essential elements of urban air mobility ecosystems. The framework integrates dynamic grid-based spatial management, probabilistic mission duration algorithms, and EASA-compliant operational [...] Read more.
This study shows a comprehensive simulation to assess and enhance the throughput capacity of unmanned air system vertiports, one of the most essential elements of urban air mobility ecosystems. The framework integrates dynamic grid-based spatial management, probabilistic mission duration algorithms, and EASA-compliant operational protocols to address the infrastructural and logistical demands of high-density UAS operations. It was focused on two use cases—high-frequency food delivery utilizing small UASs and extended-range package logistics with larger UASs—and the model incorporates adaptive vertiport zoning strategies, segregating operations into dedicated sectors for battery charging, swapping, and cargo handling to enable parallel processing and mitigate congestion. The simulation evaluates critical variables such as vertiport dimensions, UAS fleet composition, and mission duration ranges while emphasizing scalability, safety, and compliance with evolving regulatory standards. By examining the interplay between infrastructure design, operational workflows, and resource allocation, the research provides a versatile tool for urban planners and policymakers to optimize vertiport layouts and traffic management protocols. Its modular architecture supports future extensions. This work underscores the necessity of adaptive, data-driven planning to harmonize vertiport functionality with the dynamic demands of urban air mobility, ensuring interoperability, safety, and long-term scalability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Operational Requirements for Urban Air Traffic Management)
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22 pages, 9849 KiB  
Article
Design Features of a Removable Module Intended for Securing Containers When Transported in an Open Wagon
by Alyona Lovska, Juraj Gerlici, Ján Dižo, Mykhailo Pavliuchenkov and Pavlo Rukavishnikov
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(11), 6268; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15116268 - 3 Jun 2025
Viewed by 432
Abstract
The design of a removable module is proposed in order to enable the use of open wagons for container transportation. This module secures a container placed on an open wagon considering conditions for its strength under conditions of the operational load. The use [...] Read more.
The design of a removable module is proposed in order to enable the use of open wagons for container transportation. This module secures a container placed on an open wagon considering conditions for its strength under conditions of the operational load. The use of rectangular pipes was proposed as profiles for the removable module. The possibility of optimizing the cross-section parameters of the beams of the removable module frame was investigated. The optimization was carried out according to the criterion of a reduction in the material consumption of the removable module frame. It was established based on the preformed calculations that this optimization contributes to reducing the unit mass of the frame beam by 1.5% compared to using a typical rectangular profile. A spatial model of the removable module was built, and its strength was calculated considering the results of the optimization process. The results of the calculations show that the strength of the removable module is ensured under the considered load schemes. Moreover, within the framework of the research, an experimental study of the hatch cover strength of an open wagon when loaded by the removable module was carried out. At the same time, experimental tests were carried out in laboratory conditions using the method of the electrical strain gage. It was established that the strength of the hatch cover is maintained. The conducted research will contribute to the creation and development of the use of open wagons for container transportation and, accordingly, to increasing the efficiency of containerized cargo transportation, including in international traffic. Full article
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21 pages, 3367 KiB  
Article
Targeting the Cargo Receptor TMED9 as a Therapeutic Strategy Against Brain Tumors
by Alaa Daoud Sarsour, Sara Kinstlinger, Rephael Nizar, Naama Amos, Narkis Arbeli, Gila Kazimirsky, Irena Bronshtein-Berger, Iris Fried, Ron Unger, Chaya Brodie and Moran Dvela-Levitt
Cells 2025, 14(11), 772; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14110772 - 23 May 2025
Viewed by 697
Abstract
Glioblastoma is one of the most aggressive and lethal forms of brain cancer, with limited therapeutic options and poor patient prognosis. Recent research has identified the TMED family of proteins as key regulators of tumor progression and aggressiveness across multiple cancer types. TMED [...] Read more.
Glioblastoma is one of the most aggressive and lethal forms of brain cancer, with limited therapeutic options and poor patient prognosis. Recent research has identified the TMED family of proteins as key regulators of tumor progression and aggressiveness across multiple cancer types. TMED members are cargo receptors expressed within the early secretory pathway and involved in bidirectional traffic of various proteins including EGFR, TGF-ɑ and WNT. In this study, we explored the therapeutic potential of genetic and pharmacologic inhibition of the cargo receptor TMED9 in glial tumor models. Our findings demonstrate that TMED9 expression is upregulated in glioma and that this upregulation is associated with poor patient survival. Using patient-derived glioma tumor cells, we demonstrate that TMED9 is highly expressed in the cancer stem cell population and that this upregulation promotes the cells’ self-renewal and migration. This is the first time, to the best of our knowledge, that TMED9 has been shown to play a major role in the function and tumorigenesis of brain tumor cancer stem cells. BRD4780, a small molecule that targets TMED9, effectively reduced TMED9 abundance, resulting in decreased viability, migration and stemness of patient-derived glioma stem cells. Moreover, BRD4780 mitigated the proliferation and migration of differentiated glioma tumor cells. When applied together with temozolomide, an established glioblastoma treatment, BRD4780 elicited an enhanced anti-tumor response. Lastly, to demonstrate the broad applicability of our findings, we targeted TMED9 in pediatric glioma cells and showed efficient inhibition of various oncogenic functions. Collectively, our study identifies TMED9 inhibition as a promising therapeutic approach that impairs the tumorigenesis and aggressiveness of brain tumors, with high efficacy against the tumor stem cell population. The effectiveness of TMED9 targeting in different tumor cell populations, the potential of combining this strategy with established therapies and the broad applicability of this approach to multiple cancer types highlight the significance of these findings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Cell Proliferation and Division)
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21 pages, 1349 KiB  
Article
Optimizing Metro-Based Logistics Hub Locations for Sustainable Urban Freight Distribution
by Zixi Bai, Haonan Wang and Kai Yang
Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4735; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104735 - 21 May 2025
Viewed by 716
Abstract
The fast growth of global e-commerce has made cargo transportation and package delivery more important in cities. However, the limited resources for urban road traffic have made urban logistics distribution less efficient. The global movement toward green sustainability, energy conservation, and emission reduction [...] Read more.
The fast growth of global e-commerce has made cargo transportation and package delivery more important in cities. However, the limited resources for urban road traffic have made urban logistics distribution less efficient. The global movement toward green sustainability, energy conservation, and emission reduction has heightened awareness of the necessity to enhance urban mobility and transportation. This work further investigates the optimization of distribution hub locations based on subway systems, informed by research on urban distribution modes and the current state of underground logistics. This work presents two unique models: a metro-integrated evaluation model and a distribution hub location model, aimed at identifying the ideal subway logistics station and establishing the distribution center with minimal total logistics costs. A heuristic method, the jellyfish search algorithm (JS) in particular, is carefully explained in order to find a good answer for the model. From an empirical perspective, the district of Chaoyang in Beijing, China, was taken as a case to simulate the progress of identifying an ideal metro station as a city distribution hub, aimed at minimizing total logistical costs. The results indicate that the subway system can be used for city deliveries, and the proposed model and method are very useful for improving the location of delivery hubs in the city. Consequently, when subway facilities allow, we should fully utilize the extensive capacity of the subway transit system to enhance the efficient, environmentally friendly, and sustainable advancement of urban logistics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Transportation)
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30 pages, 20750 KiB  
Article
A Proposal for Alternative Navigation Routes Following the Development of Offshore Wind Farms in the Waters of the Republic of Korea
by Sung-Wook Ohn and Ho Namgung
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(5), 980; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13050980 - 19 May 2025
Viewed by 892
Abstract
In the future, electricity generation through eco-friendly renewable energy will accelerate. Surrounded by sea on three sides, the Republic of Korea is gaining attention for offshore wind power as a future industry, leveraging advantages of its maritime environment. However, maritime navigation remains active [...] Read more.
In the future, electricity generation through eco-friendly renewable energy will accelerate. Surrounded by sea on three sides, the Republic of Korea is gaining attention for offshore wind power as a future industry, leveraging advantages of its maritime environment. However, maritime navigation remains active in waters, with maritime transportation being crucial, as it accounts for over 95% of the country’s cargo volume. Therefore, ensuring the safety of vessel operations is vital when constructing offshore wind farms. This study proposed alternative routes to ensure the safety of vessels and secure existing routes in the waters of the southwestern sea, where intensive development of OWFs is expected. The routes were determined based on the Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses (PIANC) Guidelines and Maritime Traffic Safety Act’s implementation guidelines. Clearance between a maritime route and OWF was set to the rule of 6 L + 0.3 NM + 500 m for safety. The route width was calculated while considering vessel maneuverability, environmental factors, seabed conditions, the depth-to-draft ratio, and two-way traffic. The alternative routes were categorized into four types—maritime highways, maritime provincial routes, approach routes for departure/arrival, and recommended routes based on vessel positions, engine status, and route function. By considering traffic flow and applying international and domestic standards, these routes will ensure safe, efficient, and orderly vessel operations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Maritime Traffic Engineering)
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18 pages, 3794 KiB  
Review
Vertiports: The Infrastructure Backbone of Advanced Air Mobility—A Review
by Paola Di Mascio, Giulia Del Serrone and Laura Moretti
Eng 2025, 6(5), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/eng6050093 - 30 Apr 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2390
Abstract
Technological innovation toward electrification and digitalization is revolutionizing aviation, paving the way for new aeronautical paradigms and novel modes to transport goods and people in urban and regional environments. Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) leverages vertical and digital mobility, driven by safe, quiet, sustainable, [...] Read more.
Technological innovation toward electrification and digitalization is revolutionizing aviation, paving the way for new aeronautical paradigms and novel modes to transport goods and people in urban and regional environments. Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) leverages vertical and digital mobility, driven by safe, quiet, sustainable, and cost-effective electric vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) aircraft. A key enabler of this transformation is the development of vertiports—dedicated infrastructure designed for VTOL operations. Vertiports are pivotal in integrating AAM into multimodal transport networks, ensuring seamless connectivity with existing urban and regional transportation systems. Their design, placement, and operational framework are central to the success of AAM, influencing urban accessibility, safety, and public acceptance. These facilities should accommodate passenger and cargo operations, incorporating charging stations, takeoff and landing areas, and optimized traffic management systems. Public and private sectors are investing in vertiports, shaping the regulatory and technological landscape for widespread adoption. As cities prepare for the future of aerial mobility, vertiports will be the cornerstone of sustainable, efficient, and scalable air transportation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interdisciplinary Insights in Engineering Research)
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19 pages, 2797 KiB  
Review
Decarbonizing Seaport Maritime Traffic: Finding Hope
by Seyed Behbood Issa-Zadeh and Claudia Lizette Garay-Rondero
World 2025, 6(2), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/world6020047 - 8 Apr 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 854
Abstract
The maritime transport industry contributes around 3% to worldwide CO2 emissions, with 2023 emissions projected to be approximately 58 billion tons. Consequently, to attain decarbonization objectives, the implementation of effective reduction measures in maritime operations, especially at seaports as significant contributors, is [...] Read more.
The maritime transport industry contributes around 3% to worldwide CO2 emissions, with 2023 emissions projected to be approximately 58 billion tons. Consequently, to attain decarbonization objectives, the implementation of effective reduction measures in maritime operations, especially at seaports as significant contributors, is essential. On the other hand, seaport operations are categorized into two main areas: land logistics, encompassing cargo handling, storage, customs processing, and inland transportation, and maritime logistics, which includes vessel traffic management, berth allocation, cargo loading and unloading, and fuel and maintenance services. While land logistics’ decarbonization has been extensively studied, maritime logistics operations, accounting for about 60% of port CO2 emissions, remain underexplored. Their progress relies on regulations, cleaner fuels, and digital solutions; yet high costs and slow adoption pose significant challenges. As a result, this study employed PRISMA-ScR methodology to select relevant research resources and validate global reports from international organizations, enhancing transparency and providing practitioners and experts with a comprehensive analysis of seaport maritime emissions, as well as decarbonization initiatives. This study analyzes the future trajectory of the initiative based on current data, evaluating its potential benefits and systematically reviewing recent literature. It explores decarbonization strategies in maritime operations, emphasizing regulations, cleaner fuels, and digital solutions while highlighting challenges such as high costs and slow adoption. Key issues examined include maritime border delineation, infrastructure constraints, technological advancements, regulatory barriers, and the opportunities that decarbonized seaports offer to ports and their surrounding regions. Full article
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35 pages, 8254 KiB  
Article
Prospective Design and Evaluation of a Renewable Energy Hybrid System to Supply Electrical and Thermal Loads Simultaneously with an Electric Vehicle Charging Station for Different Weather Conditions in Iran
by Hossein Kiani, Behrooz Vahidi, Seyed Hossein Hosseinian, George Cristian Lazaroiu and Pierluigi Siano
Smart Cities 2025, 8(2), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities8020061 - 7 Apr 2025
Viewed by 924
Abstract
The global demand for transportation systems is growing due to the rise in passenger and cargo traffic, predicted to reach twice the current level by 2050. Although this growth signifies social and economic progress, its impact on energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions [...] Read more.
The global demand for transportation systems is growing due to the rise in passenger and cargo traffic, predicted to reach twice the current level by 2050. Although this growth signifies social and economic progress, its impact on energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions cannot be overlooked. Developments in the transportation industry must align with advancements in emerging energy production systems. In this regards, UNSDG 7 advocates for “affordable and clean energy”, leading to a global shift towards the electrification of transport systems, sourcing energy from a mix of renewable and non-renewable resources. This paper proposes an integrated hybrid renewable energy system with grid connectivity to meet the electrical and thermal loads of a tourist complex, including an electric vehicle charging station. The analysis was carried on in nine locations with different weather conditions, with various components such as wind turbines, photovoltaic systems, diesel generators, boilers, converters, thermal load controllers, and battery energy storage systems. The proposed model also considers the effects of seasonal variations on electricity generation and charging connectivity. Sensitivity analysis has been carried on investigating the impact of variables on the techno-economic parameters of the hybrid system. The obtained results led to interesting conclusions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Strategies of Smart Cities)
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18 pages, 12348 KiB  
Article
MESTR: A Multi-Task Enhanced Ship-Type Recognition Model Based on AIS
by Nanyu Chen, Luo Chen, Xinxin Zhang and Ning Jing
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(4), 715; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13040715 - 3 Apr 2025
Viewed by 584
Abstract
With the rapid growth in maritime traffic, navigational safety has become a pressing concern. Some vessels deliberately manipulate their type information to evade regulatory oversight, either to circumvent legal sanctions or engage in illicit activities. Such practices not only undermine the accuracy of [...] Read more.
With the rapid growth in maritime traffic, navigational safety has become a pressing concern. Some vessels deliberately manipulate their type information to evade regulatory oversight, either to circumvent legal sanctions or engage in illicit activities. Such practices not only undermine the accuracy of maritime supervision but also pose significant risks to maritime traffic management and safety. Therefore, accurately identifying vessel types is essential for effective maritime traffic regulation, combating maritime crimes, and ensuring safe maritime transportation. However, the existing methods fail to fully exploit the long-term sequential dependencies and intricate mobility patterns embedded in vessel trajectory data, leading to suboptimal identification accuracy and reliability. To address these limitations, we propose MESTR, a Multi-Task Enhanced Ship-Type Recognition model based on Automatic Identification System (AIS) data. MESTR leverages a Transformer-based deep learning framework with a motion-pattern-aware trajectory segment masking strategy. By jointly optimizing two learning tasks—trajectory segment masking prediction and ship-type prediction—MESTR effectively captures deep spatiotemporal features of various vessel types. This approach enables the accurate classification of six common vessel categories: tug, sailing, fishing, passenger, tanker, and cargo. Experimental evaluations on real-world maritime datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of MESTR, achieving an average accuracy improvement of 12.04% over the existing methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)
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20 pages, 2038 KiB  
Article
Assessment of the Risks Associated with the Handling and Transportation of Air Shipments Containing Lithium-Ion Batteries
by Anna Kwasiborska and Sylwia Ścigaj
Energies 2025, 18(6), 1538; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18061538 - 20 Mar 2025
Viewed by 669
Abstract
Air transport, in addition to passenger transport, also transports air shipments containing hazardous materials. Hazardous materials include lithium-ion batteries, which can be carried both by passengers and by cargo aircraft. Due to the dynamic development of lithium-ion power supply technology, many devices are [...] Read more.
Air transport, in addition to passenger transport, also transports air shipments containing hazardous materials. Hazardous materials include lithium-ion batteries, which can be carried both by passengers and by cargo aircraft. Due to the dynamic development of lithium-ion power supply technology, many devices are equipped with batteries that threaten air traffic safety. The article presents the results of research based on FAA reports of incidents involving lithium-ion batteries. The article aims to present a risk assessment for transporting lithium-ion batteries. Due to the emergence of new devices containing batteries, it is essential to analyze their transport to minimize threats and eliminate aviation incidents. The observations and the analysis of FAA reports showed possible threats from the transport of lithium-ion batteries on board aircraft. The matrix method used indicated the level of risk of transporting lithium-ion batteries. The risk assessment showed the need to monitor or implement corrective actions while transporting flight-ion batteries. Possible solutions were also presented to increase the safety level of transporting lithium-ion batteries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section D: Energy Storage and Application)
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24 pages, 17505 KiB  
Article
Bayesian Updating of Fatigue Crack Growth Parameters for Failure Prognosis of Miter Gates
by Anita Brown, Brian Eick, Travis Fillmore and Hai Nguyen
Materials 2025, 18(5), 1172; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18051172 - 6 Mar 2025
Viewed by 898
Abstract
Navigable waterways play a vital role in the efficient transportation of millions of tons of cargo annually. Inland traffic must pass through a lock, which consists of miter gates. Failures and closures of these gates can significantly disrupt waterborne commerce. Miter gates often [...] Read more.
Navigable waterways play a vital role in the efficient transportation of millions of tons of cargo annually. Inland traffic must pass through a lock, which consists of miter gates. Failures and closures of these gates can significantly disrupt waterborne commerce. Miter gates often experience fatigue cracking due to their loading and welded connections. Repairing every crack can lead to excessive miter gate downtime and serious economic impacts. However, if the rate of crack growth is shown to be sufficiently slow, e.g., using Paris’ law, immediate repairs may be deemed unnecessary, and this downtime can be avoided. Paris’ law is often obtained from laboratory testing with detailed crack measurements of specimens with relatively simple geometry. However, Paris’ law parameters for an in situ structure will likely deviate from those predicted from physical testing due to variations in loading and materials and a far more complicated geometry. To improve Paris’ law parameter prediction, this research proposes a framework that utilizes (1) convenient vision-based tracking of crack evolution both in the laboratory and the field and (2) numerical model estimation of stress intensity factors (SIFs). This study’s methodology provides an efficient tool for Paris’ law parameter prediction that can be updated as more data become available through vision-based monitoring and provide actionable information about the criticality of existing cracks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evaluation of Fatigue and Creep-Fatigue Damage of Steel)
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12 pages, 4207 KiB  
Article
Influence of Bottom Chloride-Induced Corrosion on Truck Collision Response and Damage of Coastal Reinforced Concrete Bridge Piers
by Yu Liu and Yun Zhou
Corros. Mater. Degrad. 2025, 6(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd6010011 - 26 Feb 2025
Viewed by 843
Abstract
Coastal reinforced concrete (RC) bridge piers are often subjected to seawater splash and tidal action, leading to bottom corrosion of the steel reinforcement and thereby producing the corrosion–induced cracks of concrete. The increased risk of vehicle collisions to piers poses significant threats to [...] Read more.
Coastal reinforced concrete (RC) bridge piers are often subjected to seawater splash and tidal action, leading to bottom corrosion of the steel reinforcement and thereby producing the corrosion–induced cracks of concrete. The increased risk of vehicle collisions to piers poses significant threats to bridge and traffic disruption, potentially causing severe pier damage or even bridge collapse. Many studies have investigated the dynamic responses of bridge piers to vehicle collisions, but no study of the effect of the corrosion degradation of piers on vehicle collision response and damage has been reported yet. This study numerically investigates the influence of bottom chloride-induced corrosion on the truck collision response and damage of coastal RC bridge piers by using LS-DYNA. The results reveal that localized damage occurs in the impact zone for both intact and corroded piers. For the corroded pier, punching shear failure becomes the dominant failure mode and the pier is more vulnerable to collapse at lower truck velocities. Corrosion degradation influences the dynamic response, increasing the lateral displacement of the pier while reducing the impact force, particularly during the engine and cargo impact stages of truck collisions. The impulses in 500 ms collision time show reductions of 1.1% and 4.3% for piers with 45-year and 90-year corrosion, respectively. Notably, the lateral displacement at the bottom corrosion zone shows no oscillations due to the punching shear failure. Full article
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33 pages, 3153 KiB  
Article
Optimizing African Port Hinterland Connectivity Using Markov Processes, Max-Flow, and Traffic Flow Models: A Case Study of Dar es Salaam Port
by Majid Mohammed Kunambi and Hongxing Zheng
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(4), 1966; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15041966 - 13 Feb 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1431
Abstract
Dar es Salaam Port, a crucial logistical hub in East Africa, faces significant challenges related to cargo handling efficiency, road congestion, and capacity constraints. The port’s performance is pivotal for regional trade, necessitating a comprehensive analysis to identify and address operational inefficiencies. This [...] Read more.
Dar es Salaam Port, a crucial logistical hub in East Africa, faces significant challenges related to cargo handling efficiency, road congestion, and capacity constraints. The port’s performance is pivotal for regional trade, necessitating a comprehensive analysis to identify and address operational inefficiencies. This study employed Markov processes to evaluate cargo handling and delivery times, cellular automata for simulating road traffic dynamics, and max-flow models to optimize cargo flow from the port to hinterland destinations. The analysis incorporated factors such as road and rail capacities, traffic conditions, and environmental impacts. The Markov process model indicated that cargo spends 15% of its time waiting at the port, 50% in transit, and 10% delayed, with only 25% successfully delivered. The Cellular Automata simulation revealed severe congestion for heavy trucks due to poor road conditions, with an additional 10 min delay during the rainy season. The max-flow model highlighted that while the road and rail networks generally meet demand, significant bottlenecks exist, particularly for Lubumbashi, which faces a capacity shortfall of 500 t/day. The findings offer actionable insights for stakeholders. Logistics operators can leverage the framework to predict delays, optimize resource allocation, and improve delivery reliability. Policymakers can prioritize strategic investments in infrastructure upgrades, traffic management, and road maintenance to reduce delays and congestion. Scholars can adopt the integrated methodology to analyze similar systems. Together, these efforts can enhance Dar es Salaam Port’s operational efficiency, reduce transit times, and support regional trade development.. Full article
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19 pages, 9637 KiB  
Article
Analyzing Travel and Emission Characteristics of Hazardous Material Transportation Trucks Using BeiDou Satellite Navigation System Data
by Yajie Zou, Qirui Hu, Wanbing Han, Siyang Zhang and Yubin Chen
Remote Sens. 2025, 17(3), 423; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17030423 - 26 Jan 2025
Viewed by 698
Abstract
Road hazardous material transportation plays a critical role in road traffic management. Due to the dangerous nature of the cargo, hazardous material transportation trucks (HMTTs) have different route selection and driving characteristics compared to traditional freight trucks. These differences lead to unique travel [...] Read more.
Road hazardous material transportation plays a critical role in road traffic management. Due to the dangerous nature of the cargo, hazardous material transportation trucks (HMTTs) have different route selection and driving characteristics compared to traditional freight trucks. These differences lead to unique travel and emission patterns, which in turn affect traffic management strategies and emission control measures. However, existing research predominantly focuses on safety aspects related to individual vehicle behavior, with limited exploration of the broader travel and emission characteristics of HMTTs. To bridge this gap, this study develops a comprehensive framework for analyzing the travel patterns and emissions of HMTTs. The methodology begins by applying a Gaussian mixture distribution model to identify vehicle stop points, eliminating biases associated with subjective settings. Origin–destination (OD) pairs are then determined through stop time clustering, followed by the extraction of travel characteristics using non-negative matrix factorization. Emissions are subsequently calculated based on the identified trip data. The relationship between emissions and land use characteristics is further analyzed using geographically weighted regression (GWR). Crucially, this study leverages data from the BeiDou Satellite Navigation System, focusing on HMTTs operating within Shanghai. The processed data reveal three distinct travel modes of HMTTs, categorized by spatiotemporal patterns: Daytime—Surrounding cities, Early morning—In-city, and Midnight—Scattered. Moreover, unlike other road vehicles, HMTT emissions are heavily influenced by industrial and company-related points of interest (POIs). These findings highlight the significant role of BeiDou Satellite Navigation System data in optimizing HMTT management strategies to reduce emissions and improve overall safety. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing in Urban Areas)
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10 pages, 1728 KiB  
Article
Simulation Analysis of the Semi-Trailer Steered Wheels Control Algorithm
by Michał Abramowski, Piotr Fundowicz, Hubert Sar, Andrzej Reński and Mateusz Brukalski
Sensors 2025, 25(3), 626; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25030626 - 22 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1389
Abstract
As part of improving road safety around trucks, a solution was proposed to reduce the swept path width of a moving tractor–semi-trailer. This article presents a mathematical analysis of the movement of a tractor unit with a traditional semi-trailer with fixed axles and [...] Read more.
As part of improving road safety around trucks, a solution was proposed to reduce the swept path width of a moving tractor–semi-trailer. This article presents a mathematical analysis of the movement of a tractor unit with a traditional semi-trailer with fixed axles and steered wheels. A simulation analysis of both presented vehicles was carried out. The core of the algorithm controlling the steering angle of the semi-trailer wheels is presented. The influence of controlling the semi-trailer’s swivel wheels on the swept path width of a tractor–trailer with a semi-trailer equipped with swivel wheels is discussed. The assumptions for building the control algorithm are presented. The article presents the advantages of the solution used along with the control algorithm. Measurable benefits resulting from the use of the presented solution are presented, such as increasing cargo space, reducing cargo transport costs, and reducing aerodynamic resistance and fuel consumption. It is worth emphasizing that reducing fuel consumption is very important because it reduces the emission of harmful exhaust gases into the atmosphere. The swept path width is important especially in the case of vehicles moving in a limited area, for example in the parking lots of transhipment and logistics centers, between urban buildings. Vehicles admitted to traffic meet the minimum conditions imposed by homologation regulations, but reducing the swept path width allows for improving the operational properties of the tractor–semi-trailer. The use of the proposed control algorithm to control the turn of the semi-trailer’s steered wheels brings tangible benefits both in improving road safety and in reducing the emission of harmful substances into the environment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors and Systems for Automotive and Road Safety (Volume 2))
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