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Keywords = botanical herbicide

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16 pages, 4377 KiB  
Article
Biochemical and Physiological Responses of Weeds to the Application of a Botanical Herbicide Based on Cinnamon Essential Oil
by Sofiene Ben Kaab, Juan Antonio Fernández Pierna, Berenice Foncoux, Philippe Compère, Vincent Baeten and M. Haïssam Jijakli
Plants 2024, 13(23), 3432; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13233432 - 6 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1601
Abstract
The use of chemical herbicides induces negative impacts on the environment, animals, and human health. It also leads to the development of herbicide-resistant weeds. In this context, natural and efficacious herbicides are highly sought after. Essential oils are natural compounds with antibacterial, fungicidal, [...] Read more.
The use of chemical herbicides induces negative impacts on the environment, animals, and human health. It also leads to the development of herbicide-resistant weeds. In this context, natural and efficacious herbicides are highly sought after. Essential oils are natural compounds with antibacterial, fungicidal, and phytotoxic properties. For this reason, we studied the post-emergence phytotoxic effect of cinnamon essential oil (cinnamon EO) from Cinnamomum cassia under greenhouse conditions, testing it against Trifolium incarnatum (T. incarnatum) and Lolium perenne (L. perenne). The content of malondialdehyde (MDA), percentage of water loss, electrolyte leakage, and the fluorescence of treated leaves by cinnamon EO were determined in order to understand the physiological and biochemical responses. In addition, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to study the effect of cinnamon EO on cellular organelles in different tissues of T. incarnatum leaves. Results showed that cinnamon EO quickly induced oxidative stress in treated leaves by increasing MDA content, impacting membrane integrity and causing water loss. TEM observations confirmed the cell desiccation by cellular plasmolysis and showed an alteration of the membrane integrity and chloroplast damages. Moreover, Raman analysis confirms the disturbance of the plant metabolism by the disappearance of some scattering bands which correspond to primary metabolites. Through our finding, we confirm that cinnamon essential oil (EO) could be proposed in the future as a potential bioherbicide and a suitable source of natural phytotoxic compounds with a multisite action on weeds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biopesticides for Plant Protection)
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16 pages, 9255 KiB  
Article
Weed Species Identification: Acquisition, Feature Analysis, and Evaluation of a Hyperspectral and RGB Dataset with Labeled Data
by Inbal Ronay, Ran Nisim Lati and Fadi Kizel
Remote Sens. 2024, 16(15), 2808; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16152808 - 31 Jul 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1876
Abstract
Site-specific weed management employs image data to generate maps through various methodologies that classify pixels corresponding to crop, soil, and weed. Further, many studies have focused on identifying specific weed species using spectral data. Nonetheless, the availability of open-access weed datasets remains limited. [...] Read more.
Site-specific weed management employs image data to generate maps through various methodologies that classify pixels corresponding to crop, soil, and weed. Further, many studies have focused on identifying specific weed species using spectral data. Nonetheless, the availability of open-access weed datasets remains limited. Remarkably, despite the extensive research employing hyperspectral imaging data to classify species under varying conditions, to the best of our knowledge, there are no open-access hyperspectral weed datasets. Consequently, accessible spectral weed datasets are primarily RGB or multispectral and mostly lack the temporal aspect, i.e., they contain a single measurement day. This paper introduces an open dataset for training and evaluating machine-learning methods and spectral features to classify weeds based on various biological traits. The dataset comprises 30 hyperspectral images, each containing thousands of pixels with 204 unique visible and near-infrared bands captured in a controlled environment. In addition, each scene includes a corresponding RGB image with a higher spatial resolution. We included three weed species in this dataset, representing different botanical groups and photosynthetic mechanisms. In addition, the dataset contains meticulously sampled labeled data for training and testing. The images represent a time series of the weed’s growth along its early stages, critical for precise herbicide application. We conducted an experimental evaluation to test the performance of a machine-learning approach, a deep-learning approach, and Spectral Mixture Analysis (SMA) to identify the different weed traits. In addition, we analyzed the importance of features using the random forest algorithm and evaluated the performance of the selected algorithms while using different sets of features. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing Data Sets II)
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11 pages, 1134 KiB  
Article
Evaluating Different Methods to Establish Biodiverse Swards of Native Grasses and Wildflowers for Pasturelands
by Jonathan O. C. Kubesch, Scott P. Greiner, Gabriel J. Pent, J. Leighton Reid and Benjamin F. Tracy
Agronomy 2024, 14(5), 1041; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14051041 - 14 May 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1397
Abstract
Many cool-season pastures in the southeastern U.S. are dominated by a competitive cool-season grass, tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus), and lack substantial plant diversity. Planting native warm-season grasses (NWSGs) and wildflowers (WFs) into these pastures could provide summer forage for cattle and [...] Read more.
Many cool-season pastures in the southeastern U.S. are dominated by a competitive cool-season grass, tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus), and lack substantial plant diversity. Planting native warm-season grasses (NWSGs) and wildflowers (WFs) into these pastures could provide summer forage for cattle and more floral resources for pollinators. This paper summarizes field experiments designed to evaluate different spatiotemporal planting arrangements of NWSGs and WFs to improve their establishment success. The study was conducted from April 2021 to October 2023 in central Virginia (USA). Planting treatments included NWSG and WF mixtures planted: (1) together in the same space, (2) spatially separated in space (i.e., side by side), or (3) temporally separated where NWSGs and WFs were planted in difference sequences. Results showed few differences in forage mass, floral production, and botanical composition as well as stand density in 2021 and 2022. In 2023, NWSG abundance was greater where grasses were planted first or mixed with WFs. Similarly, the WF component was favored when they were planted before NWSGs. Overall, planting NWSG and WF mixes separately, either spatially or temporally, favors successful establishment and could offer more flexibility for using selective herbicides to suppress the heavy weed pressure that often accompanies these plantings. Full article
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40 pages, 1185 KiB  
Review
Mediterranean Plants as Potential Source of Biopesticides: An Overview of Current Research and Future Trends
by Regina Fragkouli, Maria Antonopoulou, Elias Asimakis, Alexandra Spyrou, Chariklia Kosma, Anastasios Zotos, George Tsiamis, Angelos Patakas and Vassilios Triantafyllidis
Metabolites 2023, 13(9), 967; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13090967 - 22 Aug 2023
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3300
Abstract
The development and implementation of safe natural alternatives to synthetic pesticides are urgent needs that will provide ecological solutions for the control of plant diseases, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, pests, and weeds to ensure the economic stability of farmers and food security, as well [...] Read more.
The development and implementation of safe natural alternatives to synthetic pesticides are urgent needs that will provide ecological solutions for the control of plant diseases, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, pests, and weeds to ensure the economic stability of farmers and food security, as well as protection of the environment and human health. Unambiguously, production of botanical pesticides will allow for the sustainable and efficient use of natural resources and finally decrease the use of chemical inputs and burden. This is further underlined by the strict regulations on pesticide residues in agricultural products and is in harmony with the Farm to Fork strategy, which aims to reduce pesticide use by 50% by 2030. Thus, the present work aims to compile the scientific knowledge of the last 5 years (2017–February 2023) regarding the Mediterranean plants that present biopesticidal effects. The literature review revealed 40 families of Mediterranean plants with at least one species that have been investigated as potential biopesticides. However, only six families had the highest number of species, and they were reviewed comprehensively in this study. Following a systematic approach, the extraction methods, chemical composition, biopesticidal activity, and commonly used assays for evaluating the antimicrobial, pesticidal, repellant, and herbicidal activity of plant extracts, as well as the toxicological and safety aspects of biopesticide formulation, are discussed in detail. Finally, the aspects that have not yet been investigated or are under-investigated and future perspectives are highlighted. Full article
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16 pages, 3374 KiB  
Article
Assessing Herbicide Efficacy of Pelargonic Acid on Several Weed Species
by Donato Loddo, Kishore Kumar Jagarapu, Elisa Strati, Giacomo Trespidi, Nebojša Nikolić, Roberta Masin, Antonio Berti and Stefan Otto
Agronomy 2023, 13(6), 1511; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13061511 - 30 May 2023
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5537
Abstract
Pelargonic acid is the most successful natural herbicide and can contribute to reducing synthetic herbicides, but information on its efficacy is contrasting. Given its high cost, a reduction of the rate could facilitate the spread of the use of this herbicide. Two greenhouse [...] Read more.
Pelargonic acid is the most successful natural herbicide and can contribute to reducing synthetic herbicides, but information on its efficacy is contrasting. Given its high cost, a reduction of the rate could facilitate the spread of the use of this herbicide. Two greenhouse and three field experiments were conducted to evaluate the herbicidal efficacy of different doses of pelargonic acid on several weeds (Abutilon theophrasti, Alopecurus myosuroides, Conyza sumatrensis, Lolium rigidum, Persicaria maculosa, Setaria pumila, Solanum nigrum). Results show that the efficacy of pelargonic acid is partial both in the greenhouse and field since the sensitivity of weed species is very variable, yet significant weed biomass reduction was observed in field application. Grass weeds, in particular A. myosuroides and L. rigidum, were less sensitive to pelargonic acid, with reduced and transient symptoms even at the highest doses. A large difference in sensitivity was also observed between dicots weeds, with P. oleracea, P. maculosa and A. theophrasti being less sensitive than C. sumatrensis and S. nigrum. The efficacy of pelargonic acid in field conditions depends on the botanical composition of weed flora and environmental conditions. Hot and dry conditions can promote leaf traits that decrease weed sensitivity by reducing herbicide penetration inside leaves. Despite its high cost, pelargonic acid can be a useful tool in an integrated multi-tactic strategy for sustainable weed management, while its use as a stand-alone tactic is less recommendable. Full article
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15 pages, 2162 KiB  
Article
Interference of Dihydrocoumarin with Hormone Transduction and Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis Inhibits Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) Root Growth
by Haona Yang, Shangfeng Zhou, Lamei Wu and Lifeng Wang
Plants 2022, 11(19), 2505; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11192505 - 26 Sep 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2258
Abstract
Botanical compounds with herbicidal activity exhibit safety, low toxicity, and low chances of herbicide resistance development in plants. They have widespread applications in green agricultural production and the development of organic agriculture. In the present study, dihydrocoumarin showed potential as a botanical herbicide, [...] Read more.
Botanical compounds with herbicidal activity exhibit safety, low toxicity, and low chances of herbicide resistance development in plants. They have widespread applications in green agricultural production and the development of organic agriculture. In the present study, dihydrocoumarin showed potential as a botanical herbicide, and its phenotypic characteristics and mechanism of action were studied in barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv.] seedlings. The results indicated that dihydrocoumarin inhibited the growth of barnyardgrass without causing significant inhibition of rice seedling growth at concentrations ranging between 0.5 and 1.0 g/L. Additionally, dihydrocoumarin treatment could cause oxidative stress in barnyardgrass, disrupt the cell membrane, and reduce the root cell activity, resulting in root cell death. Transcriptomic analyses revealed that dihydrocoumarin could inhibit barnyardgrass normal growth by affecting the signal transduction of plant hormones. The results showed significant differential expression of plant hormone signal transduction genes in barnyardgrass. Additionally, dihydrocoumarin interfered with the expression of numerous phenylpropanoid biosynthesis genes in barnyardgrass that affect the production of various vital metabolites. We speculate that the barnyardgrass growth was suppressed by the interaction among hormones and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis genes, indicating that dihydrocoumarin can be applied as a bioherbicide to control barnyardgrass growth in rice transplanting fields. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioherbicide Development for Weed Control)
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13 pages, 4634 KiB  
Article
Pasture Management to Reduce the Risk of Acer pseudoplatanus Poisoning While Preserving Ecological Sustainability
by Barbara Ghislain, Arnaud Farinelle, Benoît Renaud, Anne-Christine François, Clovis P. Wouters and Dominique-Marie Votion
Land 2022, 11(8), 1345; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11081345 - 18 Aug 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2804
Abstract
In spring, grazing equids may suffer from a severe rhabdomyolysis syndrome named atypical myopathy. This environmental intoxication results from ingestion of toxins contained in Acer pseudoplatanus seedlings. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of herbicide spraying and mowing to [...] Read more.
In spring, grazing equids may suffer from a severe rhabdomyolysis syndrome named atypical myopathy. This environmental intoxication results from ingestion of toxins contained in Acer pseudoplatanus seedlings. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of herbicide spraying and mowing to reduce the toxic pressure of sycamore seedlings. In a first experiment, the efficacy of three herbicides to eradicate seedlings was compared to mowing. In a second experiment, the influence of the mowing timing on pasture productivity was determined. In both experiments, sycamore seedling counting, grass height and botanical composition were determined. In experiment 2, the final harvest biomass and its nutritional value were also determined. Herbicides and mowing both reduced the number of seedlings, which nevertheless disappear naturally over time without intervention (i.e., in control areas). As opposed to mowing, herbicide spraying altered the composition of the pasture flora. Both sprayed and mowed seedlings remain toxic until full decomposition. Early mowing (i.e., early April) did not affect the harvest yield. Late mowing (i.e., end of April) reduced the harvest yield but its nutritional value fitted the horses’ need. In conclusion, mowing is the best strategy to reduce the risk of Acer pseudoplatanus poisoning in grazing equids while preserving ecological sustainability and nutritional value of pastures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Management of Natural Resources in Livestock System)
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30 pages, 5314 KiB  
Review
Status and Prospects of Botanical Biopesticides in Europe and Mediterranean Countries
by Fatma Acheuk, Shereen Basiouni, Awad A. Shehata, Katie Dick, Haifa Hajri, Salma Lasram, Mete Yilmaz, Mevlüt Emekci, George Tsiamis, Marina Spona-Friedl, Helen May-Simera, Wolfgang Eisenreich and Spyridon Ntougias
Biomolecules 2022, 12(2), 311; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12020311 - 15 Feb 2022
Cited by 77 | Viewed by 11850
Abstract
Concerning human and environmental health, safe alternatives to synthetic pesticides are urgently needed. Many of the currently used synthetic pesticides are not authorized for application in organic agriculture. In addition, the developed resistances of various pests against classical pesticides necessitate the urgent demand [...] Read more.
Concerning human and environmental health, safe alternatives to synthetic pesticides are urgently needed. Many of the currently used synthetic pesticides are not authorized for application in organic agriculture. In addition, the developed resistances of various pests against classical pesticides necessitate the urgent demand for efficient and safe products with novel modes of action. Botanical pesticides are assumed to be effective against various crop pests, and they are easily biodegradable and available in high quantities and at a reasonable cost. Many of them may act by diverse yet unexplored mechanisms of action. It is therefore surprising that only few plant species have been developed for commercial usage as biopesticides. This article reviews the status of botanical pesticides, especially in Europe and Mediterranean countries, deepening their active principles and mechanisms of action. Moreover, some constraints and challenges in the development of novel biopesticides are highlighted. Full article
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19 pages, 644 KiB  
Review
Phytochemical Properties and Diverse Beneficial Roles of Eucalyptus globulus Labill.: A Review
by Awad Y. Shala and Mayank Anand Gururani
Horticulturae 2021, 7(11), 450; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7110450 - 2 Nov 2021
Cited by 40 | Viewed by 10480
Abstract
Eucalyptus globulus Labill. is one of the most widely utilized medicinal plants throughout the world due to its wide spectrum of interesting biological activities that are mainly attributed to the diversity of phytochemical constituents in the plant parts. The emerging crisis of pathogen [...] Read more.
Eucalyptus globulus Labill. is one of the most widely utilized medicinal plants throughout the world due to its wide spectrum of interesting biological activities that are mainly attributed to the diversity of phytochemical constituents in the plant parts. The emerging crisis of pathogen resistance for conventional antibiotics is considered a global concern for the diminishing effectiveness of antibiotics; hence, there is an urgent need to explore new antimicrobial ingredients from botanical sources, among which the most promising sources are medicinal plants. Moreover, the growing limitation toward synthetic antioxidants motivated the scientific community all over the world to identify plant-acquired antioxidants and antimicrobials. This is a huge global challenge, because of the increasing public health awareness and reliance on natural compounds, as these compounds are safer alternatives. Moreover, the undesirable impacts of synthetic pharmaceuticals can be avoided. Furthermore, plant extracts and their oil could be used as eco-friendly plant-based products for insects, weeds, and plant pathogen control, which will diminish the dependence on synthetic chemicals. Thus, this review is to highlight the richness of the E. globulus plant, with precious bioactive constituents, antioxidants, antimicrobials, and phytoremediation, and herbicidal activities, which will pave the way to the development of new pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals, as well as food preservatives. They may also provide potential commercial applications to counteract the limitations of synthetic antioxidants. Full article
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23 pages, 1668 KiB  
Review
Crop Allelopathy for Sustainable Weed Management in Agroecosystems: Knowing the Present with a View to the Future
by Aurelio Scavo and Giovanni Mauromicale
Agronomy 2021, 11(11), 2104; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11112104 - 20 Oct 2021
Cited by 127 | Viewed by 18922
Abstract
In the face of yield losses caused by weeds, especially in low-input agricultural systems, and environmental pollution due to the excessive use of synthetic herbicides, sustainable weed management has become mandatory. To address these issues, allelopathy, i.e., the biochemical phenomenon of chemical interactions [...] Read more.
In the face of yield losses caused by weeds, especially in low-input agricultural systems, and environmental pollution due to the excessive use of synthetic herbicides, sustainable weed management has become mandatory. To address these issues, allelopathy, i.e., the biochemical phenomenon of chemical interactions between plants through the release of secondary metabolites into the environment, is gaining popularity. Although many important crops are known for their allelopathic potential, farmers are still reluctant to use such knowledge practically. It is therefore important to assist advisors and farmers in assessing whether allelopathy can be effectively implemented into an eco-friendly weed management strategy. Here, we aim to give a comprehensive and updated review on the herbicidal potential of allelopathy. The major findings are the following: (1) Crops from different botanical families show allelopathic properties and can be cultivated alone or in combination with other non-allelopathic crops. (2) Many allelopathic tools can be adopted (crop rotation, intercropping, cover cropping as living or dead mulches, green manuring, use of allelochemical-based bioherbicides). (3) These methods are highly flexible and feature increased efficiency when combined into an integrated weed management strategy. (4) Recent advances in the chemistry of allelopathy are facilitating the use of allelochemicals for bioherbicide production. (5) Several biotechnologies, such as stress induction and genetic engineering techniques, can enhance the allelopathic potential of crops or introduce allelopathic traits de novo. This review shows how important the role of allelopathy for sustainable weed management is and, at the same time, indicates the need for field experiments, mainly under an integrated approach. Finally, we recommend the combination of transgenic allelopathy with the aforementioned allelopathic tools to increase the weed-suppressive efficacy of allelopathy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cropping Systems and Agronomic Management Practices of Field Crops)
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13 pages, 490 KiB  
Article
Microencapsulated Caraway Essential Oil Affects Initial Growth of Maize Cultivars
by Katarzyna Możdżeń, Agnieszka Krajewska, Jan Bocianowski, Beata Jop and Agnieszka Synowiec
Molecules 2021, 26(16), 5059; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26165059 - 20 Aug 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2311
Abstract
Caraway (Carum carvi L.) essential oil is a candidate for botanical herbicides. A hypothesis was formulated that the sand-applied maltodextrin-coated caraway oil (MCEO) does not affect the growth of maize (Zea mays L.). In the pot experiment, pre-emergence application of five [...] Read more.
Caraway (Carum carvi L.) essential oil is a candidate for botanical herbicides. A hypothesis was formulated that the sand-applied maltodextrin-coated caraway oil (MCEO) does not affect the growth of maize (Zea mays L.). In the pot experiment, pre-emergence application of five doses of MCEO was tested on four maize cultivars up to the three-leaf growth stage. The morphological analyses were supported by the measurements of relative chlorophyll content (SPAD), two parameters of chlorophyll a fluorescence, e.g., Fv/Fm and Fv/F0, and fluorescence emission spectra. The analyzed MCEO contained 6.5% caraway EO with carvone and limonene as the main compounds, constituting 95% of the oil. The MCEO caused 7-day delays in maize emergence from the dose of 0.9 g per pot (equal to 96 g m−2). Maize development at the three-leaf growth stage, i.e., length of roots, length of leaves, and biomass of shoots and leaves, was significantly impaired already at the lowest dose of MCEO: 0.4 g per pot, equal to 44 g m−2. A significant drop of both chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters was noted, on average, from the dose of 0.7 g per pot, equal to 69 g m−2. Among the tested cultivars, cv. Rywal and Pomerania were less susceptible to the MCEO compared to the cv. Kurant and Podole. In summary, maize is susceptible to the pre-emergence, sand-applied MCEO from the dose of 44 g m−2. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Essential Oils in Weed Control and Food Preservation II)
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16 pages, 3417 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Long-Term Different Crop Rotations and Monoculture on Weed Prevalence and Weed Seed Content in the Soil
by Lina Marija Butkevičienė, Lina Skinulienė, Ingė Auželienė, Vaclovas Bogužas, Rita Pupalienė and Vaida Steponavičienė
Agronomy 2021, 11(7), 1367; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11071367 - 5 Jul 2021
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4034
Abstract
Equally effective way to achieve sustainable farming and the challenge set by the European Commission on 20 May 2020: proper crop rotation and thus reduction of the quantity of on-farm chemicals. Long-term stationary field experiments were established in 1966 at Vytautas Magnus University [...] Read more.
Equally effective way to achieve sustainable farming and the challenge set by the European Commission on 20 May 2020: proper crop rotation and thus reduction of the quantity of on-farm chemicals. Long-term stationary field experiments were established in 1966 at Vytautas Magnus University Experimental Station (54°53′ N, 23°50′ E). The study was conducted with intensive, three-course, field rotation with row crops, for green manure crop rotations, and rye monoculture as well during the last 5-year period of a 50-year investigation to determine the effect of crop rotation combinations and rye monoculture on weed density and seed bank and grain yield. In cereal crops, weed counting was performed twice: weed density was determined before the application of herbicides, and weed counting was done before the harvest. Weed seedlings were counted, their botanical species were determined, annual and perennial weed number was estimated. Weed seed bank was established before primary tillage in soil. The results obtained confirmed the hypothesis that with climate change and intensive farming, long-term crop rotations are likely to increase crop productivity, reduce weeds and weed seed banks in the soil, and thus contribute to maintaining agroecosystem sustainability. The winter rye 1000 grain weight and yield decreases as weed mass increases showing strong negative correlations: y = 475.56 − 11.93x, r = −0.91, p ≤ 0.05; y = 82.97 −14.82x, r = −0.97, p ≤ 0.01. Reseeding of rye crops leads to a growing prevalence of weeds such as Equisetum arvense L. and Mentha arvensis. Crop structures these days are dominated by cereals, which inevitably increase the spread of weeds, and therefore, the importance of crop rotations increases in the context of intensive farming. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Conservation Agriculture and Agroecological Weed Management)
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5 pages, 512 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Phytotoxic Effect of Caraway Essential Oil and Its Main Compounds against Germination of Spring Wheat, Wild Oat and Chamomile
by Beata Jop, Anna Wajs-Bonikowska and Agnieszka Synowiec
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2021, 3(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/IECAG2021-09713 - 1 May 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1400
Abstract
Caraway oil is a promising botanical herbicide. This study tested the phytotoxic potential of caraway oil, carvone and d-limonene on germination and seedlings’ growth of spring wheat, wild oat and chamomile. As a result, an inhibiting effect of caraway oil and carvone on [...] Read more.
Caraway oil is a promising botanical herbicide. This study tested the phytotoxic potential of caraway oil, carvone and d-limonene on germination and seedlings’ growth of spring wheat, wild oat and chamomile. As a result, an inhibiting effect of caraway oil and carvone on all the tested species was found. Contrary, d-limonene displayed selective toxicity against chamomile and wild oat, which should be investigated further. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Agronomy)
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19 pages, 3157 KiB  
Article
Phytotoxicity, Morphological, and Metabolic Effects of the Sesquiterpenoid Nerolidol on Arabidopsis thaliana Seedling Roots
by Marco Landi, Biswapriya Biswavas Misra, Antonella Muto, Leonardo Bruno and Fabrizio Araniti
Plants 2020, 9(10), 1347; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9101347 - 12 Oct 2020
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4649
Abstract
Natural herbicides that are based on allelopathy of compounds, can offer effective alternatives to chemical herbicides towards sustainable agricultural practices. Nerolidol, a sesquiterpenoid alcohol synthesized by many plant families, was shown to be the most effective allelopathic compound in a preliminary screening performed [...] Read more.
Natural herbicides that are based on allelopathy of compounds, can offer effective alternatives to chemical herbicides towards sustainable agricultural practices. Nerolidol, a sesquiterpenoid alcohol synthesized by many plant families, was shown to be the most effective allelopathic compound in a preliminary screening performed with several other sesquiterpenoids. In the present study, Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings were treated for 14 d with various cis-nerolidol concentrations (0, 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 µM) to investigate its effects on root growth and morphology. To probe the underlying changes in root metabolome, we conducted untargeted gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) based metabolomics to find out the specificity or multi-target action of this sesquiterpenoid alcohol. Oxidative stress (measured as levels of H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) by-product) and antioxidant enzyme activities, i.e., superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were also evaluated in the roots. Nerolidol showed an IC50 (120 µM), which can be considered low for natural products. Nerolidol caused alterations in root morphology, brought changes in auxin balance, induced changes in sugar, amino acid, and carboxylic acid profiles, and increased the levels of H2O2 and MDA in root tissues in a dose-dependent manner. Several metabolomic-scale changes induced by nerolidol support the multi-target action of nerolidol, which is a positive feature for a botanical herbicide. Though it warrants further mechanistic investigation, nerolidol is a promising compound for developing a new natural herbicide. Full article
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14 pages, 2165 KiB  
Article
The Phytotoxicity of Microencapsulated Peppermint Oil on Maize (Zea mays L.) Depending on the Type of Growth Substrate and Maize Cultivar
by Agnieszka Synowiec, Jan Bocianowski and Agnieszka Krajewska
Agronomy 2020, 10(9), 1302; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10091302 - 2 Sep 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2898
Abstract
Microencapsulated peppermint (Mentha × piperita L.) essential oil (MPEO) is a prospective botanical herbicide. A hypothesis was formulated that the type of growth substrate (vermiculite, silty clay loam or sandy loam soil) and the cultivar affect the phytotoxic potential of MPEO on [...] Read more.
Microencapsulated peppermint (Mentha × piperita L.) essential oil (MPEO) is a prospective botanical herbicide. A hypothesis was formulated that the type of growth substrate (vermiculite, silty clay loam or sandy loam soil) and the cultivar affect the phytotoxic potential of MPEO on maize (Zea mays L.). The pot experiments assessed the effect of varying doses of MPEO or maltodextrin, a carrier of microcapsules, mixed with the growth substrates, on maize’s emergence and early growth. The morphological analyses were supported by the measurements of total phenolics in the second leaf and roots. The MPEO revealed phytotoxic effects on maize in all of the growth substrates already at a low dose (36.0 g m−2), displayed by the delays of maize emergence, reduced growth, and biomass accumulation. Maltodextrin also caused significant reductions in biomass of maize roots. In conclusion, maize is susceptible to substrate-applied MPEO, the type of substrate and the cultivar of maize, can modify this effect to a limited extent. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Farming Sustainability)
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