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Keywords = blood vessel enhancement

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35 pages, 1233 KiB  
Review
Emerging Strategies for Targeting Angiogenesis and the Tumor Microenvironment in Gastrointestinal Malignancies: A Comprehensive Review
by Emily Nghiem, Briana Friedman, Nityanand Srivastava, Andrew Takchi, Mahshid Mohammadi, Dior Dedushi, Winfried Edelmann, Chaoyuan Kuang and Fernand Bteich
Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(8), 1160; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18081160 - 5 Aug 2025
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers represent a significant global health burden, with high morbidity and mortality often linked to late-stage detection and metastatic disease. The progression of these malignancies is critically driven by angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, and the surrounding dynamic tumor [...] Read more.
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers represent a significant global health burden, with high morbidity and mortality often linked to late-stage detection and metastatic disease. The progression of these malignancies is critically driven by angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, and the surrounding dynamic tumor microenvironment (TME), a complex ecosystem comprising various cell types and non-cellular components. This comprehensive review, based on a systematic search of the PubMed database, synthesizes the existing literature to define the intertwined roles of angiogenesis and the TME in GI tumorigenesis. The TME’s influence creates conditions favorable for tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis, but sometimes induces resistance to current therapies. Available therapeutic strategies for inhibiting angiogenesis involve antibodies and oral tyrosine kinase inhibitors, while immune modulation within the tumor microenvironment is mainly achieved through checkpoint inhibitor antibodies and chemotherapy. Creative emerging strategies encompassing cellular therapies, bispecific antibodies, and new targets such as CD40, DLL4, and Ang2, amongst others, are focused on inhibiting proangiogenic pathways more profoundly, reversing resistance to prior drugs, and modulating the TME to enhance therapeutic efficacy. A deeper understanding of the complex interactions between components of the TME is crucial for addressing the unmet need for novel and effective therapeutic interventions against aggressive GI cancers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multitargeted Compounds: A Promising Approach in Medicinal Chemistry)
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19 pages, 3763 KiB  
Article
Mathematical Study of Pulsatile Blood Flow in the Uterine and Umbilical Arteries During Pregnancy
by Anastasios Felias, Charikleia Skentou, Minas Paschopoulos, Petros Tzimas, Anastasia Vatopoulou, Fani Gkrozou and Michail Xenos
Fluids 2025, 10(8), 203; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids10080203 - 1 Aug 2025
Viewed by 174
Abstract
This study applies Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and mathematical modeling to examine uterine and umbilical arterial blood flow during pregnancy, providing a more detailed understanding of hemodynamic changes across gestation. Statistical analysis of Doppler ultrasound data from a large cohort of more than [...] Read more.
This study applies Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and mathematical modeling to examine uterine and umbilical arterial blood flow during pregnancy, providing a more detailed understanding of hemodynamic changes across gestation. Statistical analysis of Doppler ultrasound data from a large cohort of more than 200 pregnant women (in the second and third trimesters) reveals significant increases in the umbilical arterial peak systolic velocity (PSV) between the 22nd and 30th weeks, while uterine artery velocities remain relatively stable, suggesting adaptations in vascular resistance during pregnancy. By combining the Navier–Stokes equations with Doppler ultrasound-derived inlet velocity profiles, we quantify several key fluid dynamics parameters, including time-averaged wall shear stress (TAWSS), oscillatory shear index (OSI), relative residence time (RRT), Reynolds number (Re), and Dean number (De), evaluating laminar flow stability in the uterine artery and secondary flow patterns in the umbilical artery. Since blood exhibits shear-dependent viscosity and complex rheological behavior, modeling it as a non-Newtonian fluid is essential to accurately capture pulsatile flow dynamics and wall shear stresses in these vessels. Unlike conventional imaging techniques, CFD offers enhanced visualization of blood flow characteristics such as streamlines, velocity distributions, and instantaneous particle motion, providing insights that are not easily captured by Doppler ultrasound alone. Specifically, CFD reveals secondary flow patterns in the umbilical artery, which interact with the primary flow, a phenomenon that is challenging to observe with ultrasound. These findings refine existing hemodynamic models, provide population-specific reference values for clinical assessments, and improve our understanding of the relationship between umbilical arterial flow dynamics and fetal growth restriction, with important implications for maternal and fetal health monitoring. Full article
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16 pages, 7401 KiB  
Article
Sitagliptin Mitigates Diabetic Cardiomyopathy Through Oxidative Stress Reduction and Suppression of VEGF and FLT-1 Expression in Rats
by Qamraa H. Alqahtani, Tahani A. ALMatrafi, Amira M. Badr, Sumayya A. Alturaif, Raeesa Mohammed, Abdulaziz Siyal and Iman H. Hasan
Biomolecules 2025, 15(8), 1104; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom15081104 - 30 Jul 2025
Viewed by 271
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a global health challenge marked by chronic hyperglycemia, which can result in complications such as diabetic cardiomyopathy. Sitagliptin, an oral anti-hyperglycemic drug, has demonstrated efficacy in alleviating cardiovascular complications associated with DM. This study explored the impact of Sitagliptin’s [...] Read more.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a global health challenge marked by chronic hyperglycemia, which can result in complications such as diabetic cardiomyopathy. Sitagliptin, an oral anti-hyperglycemic drug, has demonstrated efficacy in alleviating cardiovascular complications associated with DM. This study explored the impact of Sitagliptin’s potential as a therapeutic agent, functioning not only to control blood sugar levels but also to enhance vascular health and strengthen cardiac resilience in diabetes. The investigation focused on alterations in the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor-1 (FLT-1) signaling pathways, as well as its potential to suppress inflammation and oxidative stress. A number of rats received a single dose of streptozotocin (STZ) 55 mg/kg (i.p.) to induce DM. Sitagliptin was administered orally (100 mg/kg/90 days) to normal and diabetic rats, after which samples were collected for investigation. Sitagliptin significantly mitigated weight loss in diabetic rats. Its administration significantly reduced blood glucose levels and improved serum troponin I and CK-MB levels. Heart sections from diabetic rats showed a marked increase in mTOR, VEGF, and FLT-1 immune reaction, while sitagliptin-treated diabetic rats’ heart sections showed moderate immune reactions. Sitagliptin’s protective effect was also associated with reduced inflammation, and apoptotic markers. In conclusion, Sitagliptin is suggested to offer beneficial effects on the vascular health of cardiac blood vessels, thereby potentially reducing myocardial stress in diabetic patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacology of Cardiovascular Diseases)
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22 pages, 2523 KiB  
Article
Computational Simulation of Aneurysms Using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics
by Yong Wu, Fei Wang, Xianhong Sun, Zibo Liu, Zhi Xiong, Mingzhi Zhang, Baoquan Zhao and Teng Zhou
Mathematics 2025, 13(15), 2439; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13152439 - 29 Jul 2025
Viewed by 192
Abstract
Modeling and simulation of aneurysm formation, growth, and rupture plays an essential role in a wide spectrum of application scenarios, ranging from risk stratification to stability prediction, and from clinical decision-making to treatment innovation. Unfortunately, it remains a non-trivial task due to the [...] Read more.
Modeling and simulation of aneurysm formation, growth, and rupture plays an essential role in a wide spectrum of application scenarios, ranging from risk stratification to stability prediction, and from clinical decision-making to treatment innovation. Unfortunately, it remains a non-trivial task due to the difficulties imposed by the complex and under-researched pathophysiological mechanisms behind the different development stages of various aneurysms. In this paper, we present a novel computational method for aneurysm simulation using smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH). Firstly, we consider blood in a vessel as a kind of incompressible fluid and model its flow dynamics using the SPH method; and then, to simulate aneurysm growth and rupture, the relationship between the aneurysm development and the properties of fluid particles is established by solving the motion control equation. In view of the prevalence of aneurysms in bifurcation vessels, we further enhance the capability of the model by introducing a solution for bifurcation aneurysms simulation according to Murray’s law. In addition, a CUDA parallel computing scheme is also designed to speed up the simulation process. To evaluate the performance of the proposed method, we conduct extensive experiments with different physical parameters associated with morphological characteristics of an aneurysm. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of proposed method in modeling and simulating aneurysm formation, growth, and rupture. Full article
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15 pages, 1078 KiB  
Review
Immunological Insights into Photodynamic Therapy of Glioblastoma Multiforme
by Paweł Woźnicki, Dorota Bartusik-Aebisher, Agnieszka Przygórzewska and David Aebisher
Molecules 2025, 30(15), 3091; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30153091 - 24 Jul 2025
Viewed by 298
Abstract
The Gliomas account for 81% of all malignant central nervous system tumors and are classified by WHO into four grades of malignancy. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most common grade IV glioma, exhibits an extremely aggressive phenotype and a dismal five-year survival rate of [...] Read more.
The Gliomas account for 81% of all malignant central nervous system tumors and are classified by WHO into four grades of malignancy. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most common grade IV glioma, exhibits an extremely aggressive phenotype and a dismal five-year survival rate of only 6%, underscoring the urgent need for novel therapeutic approaches. Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising strategy, and photodynamic therapy (PDT) in particular has attracted attention for its dual cytotoxic and immunostimulatory effects. In GBM models, PDT induces immunogenic cell death characterized by the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which promote antigen presentation and activate T cell responses. Additionally, PDT transiently increases blood–brain barrier permeability, facilitating immune cell infiltration into the tumor microenvironment, and enhances clearance of waste products via stimulation of meningeal lymphatic vessels. Importantly, PDT can reprogram or inactivate immunosuppressive tumor-associated macrophages, thereby counteracting the pro-tumoral microenvironment. Despite these encouraging findings, further preclinical and clinical studies are required to elucidate PDT’s underlying immunological mechanisms fully and to optimize treatment regimens that maximize its efficacy as part of integrated immunotherapeutic strategies against GBM. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Anticancer Compounds and Therapeutic Strategies)
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16 pages, 1480 KiB  
Article
Enhanced Drug Screening Efficacy in Zebrafish Using a Highly Oxygen-Permeable Culture Plate
by Liqing Zang, Shota Kondo, Yukiya Komada and Norihiro Nishimura
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(15), 8156; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15158156 - 22 Jul 2025
Viewed by 285
Abstract
Zebrafish are model organisms for drug screening owing to their transparent bodies, rapid embryonic development, and genetic similarities with humans. However, using standard polystyrene culture plates can limit the oxygen supply, potentially affecting embryo survival and the reliability of assays conducted in zebrafish. [...] Read more.
Zebrafish are model organisms for drug screening owing to their transparent bodies, rapid embryonic development, and genetic similarities with humans. However, using standard polystyrene culture plates can limit the oxygen supply, potentially affecting embryo survival and the reliability of assays conducted in zebrafish. In this study, we evaluated the application of a novel, highly oxygen-permeable culture plate (InnoCellTM) in zebrafish development and drug screening assays. Under both normal and oxygen-restricted conditions, zebrafish embryos cultured on InnoCellTM plates exhibited significantly improved developmental parameters, including heart rate and body length, compared with those cultured on conventional polystyrene plates. The InnoCellTM plate enabled a significant reduction in medium volume without compromising zebrafish embryo viability, thereby demonstrating its advantages, particularly in high-throughput 384-well formats. Drug screening tests using antiangiogenic receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) revealed enhanced sensitivity and more pronounced biological effects in InnoCellTM plates, as evidenced by the quantification of intersegmental blood vessels and gene expression analysis of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (vegfr, also known as kdrl). These results indicate that the InnoCellTM highly oxygen-permeable plate markedly improves zebrafish-based drug screening efficiency and assay reliability, highlighting its potential for widespread application in biomedical research. Full article
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12 pages, 3566 KiB  
Article
Differential Regulation of Angiogenesis, Lymphangiogenesis, and Neural Tissue in Normal and Inflamed Dental Pulp: Immunohistochemical Analysis
by Nooruldeen Ammar Alani and Bashar Hamid Abdullah
Diagnostics 2025, 15(14), 1819; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15141819 - 19 Jul 2025
Viewed by 378
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Pulp inflammation impairs healing, yet the underlying vascular and neural mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study investigated the differential regulation of lymphatic vessels, blood vessels, and neural tissue in pulpitis to elucidate healing limitations in inflamed dental pulp. Methods: This study evaluated [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Pulp inflammation impairs healing, yet the underlying vascular and neural mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study investigated the differential regulation of lymphatic vessels, blood vessels, and neural tissue in pulpitis to elucidate healing limitations in inflamed dental pulp. Methods: This study evaluated 38 pulp samples (14 symptomatic irreversible pulpitis, 13 asymptomatic irreversible pulpitis, and 11 healthy controls) via immunohistochemistry, using D2-40 to identify lymphatic vessels, CD31 to mark blood vessels, and PGP9.5 to detect neural tissue. Vessel counts and neural tissue scoring were performed by blinded examiners and analyzed using appropriate statistical tests. Results: Dental pulp with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis exhibited significantly increased blood vessel density (50.3 vs. 39.2 in asymptomatic irreversible pulpitis and 25.8 in controls, p = 0.001, Cohen’s d = 1.82), while lymphatic vessel density remained unchanged across all groups (p ≥ 0.05), indicating impaired lymphangiogenesis despite inflammation. Neural tissue density was consistent across conditions, with a significant negative correlation between PGP9.5 expression and age (r = −0.5, p = 0.001). CD31 and D2-40 expression showed a positive correlation (r = 0.389, p = 0.016), suggesting coordinated vascular development. Conclusions: Our findings reveal a critical imbalance between enhanced angiogenesis and impaired lymphangiogenesis during pulpitis, potentially explaining the compromised healing capacity of inflamed dental pulp. This vascular dysregulation, combined with persistent neural tissue density, creates an environment in which inflammatory exudates accumulate with limited clearance. These insights indicate a need for new therapeutic strategies aimed at enhancing lymphangiogenesis to improve endodontic outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics)
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20 pages, 10915 KiB  
Article
Combination Therapy with Human Chorionic Villi MSCs and Secretory Factors Enhances Cutaneous Wound Healing in a Rat Model
by Qingwen Deng, Jiawei Huang, Lai Ling Tsang, Jinghui Guo, Chi Chiu Wang, Xiaohu Zhang and Xiaohua Jiang
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(14), 6888; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26146888 - 17 Jul 2025
Viewed by 351
Abstract
Cutaneous wound healing is a complex process involving multiple cellular and molecular events, and current treatments often face limitations in efficacy and safety. Stem-cell therapy, particularly using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), has emerged as a promising approach to enhance wound repair through both [...] Read more.
Cutaneous wound healing is a complex process involving multiple cellular and molecular events, and current treatments often face limitations in efficacy and safety. Stem-cell therapy, particularly using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), has emerged as a promising approach to enhance wound repair through both direct cell replacement and paracrine signaling. This study investigates the therapeutic potential of human chorionic villus mesenchymal stem cells (hCV-MSCs) and their secretory factors in enhancing cutaneous wound healing. Utilizing a rat model, we combined the local administration of hCV-MSC-laden PEGDA/SA/Col-I hydrogel with the systemic delivery of their secretome, aiming to leverage the complementary mechanisms of cellular and cell-free therapies. Our findings demonstrate that hCV-MSCs delivered via PEGDA/SA/Col-I hydrogel significantly accelerated wound closure compared to controls, with near-complete closure observed by day 20. Histological analysis revealed enhanced keratinocyte maturation (increased KRT10/KRT14 ratio) and a higher density of CD31+ blood vessels, indicating improved re-epithelialization and angiogenesis. A mass spectrometry analysis of the hCV-MSC secretome identified 849 proteins, with enrichment in pathways related to ECM organization, cell adhesion, and immune regulation. Key proteins such as ANXA1, SERPINE1, and WNT5A were implicated in wound-healing processes. Combination therapy with systemic secretome administration further accelerated wound closure and enhanced collagen deposition, keratinocyte maturation, and vascularization compared to hCV-MSCs alone. Our results highlight the promising application of hCV-MSCs and their secretome in cutaneous wound healing, paving the way for innovative therapeutic strategies that integrate both local and systemic regenerative approaches. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Adult Stem Cell Research)
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26 pages, 19416 KiB  
Article
Identification and Characterization of a Translational Mouse Model for Blood–Brain Barrier Leakage in Cerebral Small Vessel Disease
by Ruxue Jia, Gemma Solé-Guardia, Vivienne Verweij, Jessica M. Snabel, Bram Geenen, Anil Man Tuladhar, Robert Kleemann, Amanda J. Kiliaan and Maximilian Wiesmann
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(14), 6706; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26146706 - 12 Jul 2025
Viewed by 380
Abstract
Blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction is a hallmark of cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD). This study aimed to identify a mouse model that replicates BBB impairment and shares key cSVD risk factors. Transgenic db/db and LDLr−/−.Leiden mice, both prone to obesity and [...] Read more.
Blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction is a hallmark of cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD). This study aimed to identify a mouse model that replicates BBB impairment and shares key cSVD risk factors. Transgenic db/db and LDLr−/−.Leiden mice, both prone to obesity and hypertension, were compared to C57BL/6J controls. BBB leakage was assessed using DCE-MRI and sodium fluorescein (NaFl); cerebral blood flow (CBF) by MRI. Dyslipidemia and vascular inflammation were measured by plasma tests. Tight junction integrity, endothelial dysfunction (glucose transporter 1, GLUT-1) and neuroinflammation were evaluated with immunohistochemistry and PCR. Both transgenic models developed an obese phenotype with hyperinsulinemia, but only LDLr−/−.Leiden mice showed human-like dyslipidemia. When fed a high-fat diet (HFD) or HFD plus cholesterol, LDLr−/−.Leiden mice showed reduced CBF, endothelial dysfunction (lowered GLUT-1), elevated vascular inflammation (ICAM-1, VCAM-1, S-selectin), and BBB leakage, as evidenced by DCE-MRI and NaFl, together with reduced ZO-1 and claudin-5 expression. Contrastingly, db/db mice showed endothelial dysfunction without BBB leakage. Neuroinflammation (IBA-1, GFAP) was observed only in LDLr−/−.Leiden groups, consistent with BBB disruption. These findings indicate that LDLr−/−.Leiden mice, but not db/db mice, are a promising translational model for studying BBB dysfunction in cSVD, offering insights into disease mechanisms and a platform for therapeutic development. Full article
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16 pages, 815 KiB  
Review
Microvascularization of the Vocal Folds: Molecular Architecture, Functional Insights, and Personalized Research Perspectives
by Roxana-Andreea Popa, Cosmin-Gabriel Popa, Delia Hînganu and Marius Valeriu Hînganu
J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(7), 293; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15070293 - 7 Jul 2025
Viewed by 415
Abstract
Introduction: The vascular architecture of the vocal folds plays a critical role in sustaining the dynamic demands of phonation. Disruptions in this microvascular system are linked to various pathological conditions, including Reinke’s edema, hemorrhage, and laryngeal carcinoma. This review explores the structural [...] Read more.
Introduction: The vascular architecture of the vocal folds plays a critical role in sustaining the dynamic demands of phonation. Disruptions in this microvascular system are linked to various pathological conditions, including Reinke’s edema, hemorrhage, and laryngeal carcinoma. This review explores the structural and functional components of vocal fold microvascularization, with emphasis on pericytes, endothelial interactions, and neurovascular regulation. Materials and Methods: A systematic review of the literature was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase. Keywords included “pericytes”, “Reinke’s edema”, and “vocal fold microvascularization”. Selected studies were peer-reviewed and met criteria for methodological quality and relevance to laryngeal microvascular physiology and pathology. Results: The vocal fold vasculature is organized in a parallel, tree-like pattern with distinct arterioles, capillaries, and venules. Capillaries dominate the superficial lamina propria, while transitional vessels connect to deeper arterioles surrounded by smooth muscle. Pericytes, present from birth, form tight associations with endothelial cells and contribute to capillary stability, vessel remodeling, and mechanical protection during vibration. Their thick cytoplasmic processes suggest a unique adaptation to the biomechanical stress of phonation. Arteriovenous anastomoses regulate perfusion by shunting blood according to functional demand. Furthermore, neurovascular control is mediated by noradrenergic fibers and neuropeptides such as VIP and CGRP, modulating vascular tone and glandular secretion. The limited lymphatic presence in the vocal fold mucosa contributes to edema accumulation while also restricting carcinoma spread, offering both therapeutic challenges and advantages. Conclusions: A deeper understanding of vocal fold microvascularization enhances clinical approaches to voice disorders and laryngeal disease, offering new perspectives for targeted therapies and regenerative strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment in Otorhinolaryngology)
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11 pages, 1033 KiB  
Article
Correlation Between the Orientation of the Nasopalatine Canal and the Upper Central Incisors: A Comparative Radiological Study Using Cbct
by Alessia Lasaracina, Roberto Luongo, Sergio Aliota, Alessia Acquaviva, Calogero Bugea, Mariano Lauriola, Erda Qorri, Antonio Scarano and Sang-Choon Cho
Bioengineering 2025, 12(7), 719; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12070719 - 30 Jun 2025
Viewed by 588
Abstract
During implant placement in the upper anterior region, the nasopalatine canal (NPC) is a frequently encountered anatomical structure. It connects the nasal and oral cavities and contains critical blood vessels and nerves. Despite its clinical relevance, no study has yet assessed the orientation [...] Read more.
During implant placement in the upper anterior region, the nasopalatine canal (NPC) is a frequently encountered anatomical structure. It connects the nasal and oral cavities and contains critical blood vessels and nerves. Despite its clinical relevance, no study has yet assessed the orientation of the NPC in relation to the upper central incisors to aid in optimal implant positioning. This study investigated the parallelism between the NPC and the upper central incisors (1.1 and 2.1) in both the mesiodistal and buccopalatal directions. Data were collected from 226 subjects, and statistical analyses included Pearson’s correlation test, a one-sample t-test, and scatter plot analysis. The mean mesiodistal inclinations of the NPC, 1.1, and 2.1 were 87.54° ± 3.20, 86.55° ± 3.97, and 86.50° ± 3.63, respectively, while their buccopalatal inclinations measured 67.92° ± 6.89, 67.02° ± 6.88, and 67.23° ± 7.76, respectively. These findings indicate a strong correlation between the buccopalatal and mesiodistal inclinations of the NPC and the upper central incisors, with no significant differences observed. These results align with the existing literature on the anatomical variability and clinical significance of the NPC. This correlation suggests that evaluating the spatial relationship between the NPC and adjacent teeth could enhance implant surgery planning, leading to improved clinical outcomes and minimizing complications such as hemorrhage or paresthesia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computed Tomography for Oral and Maxillofacial Applications)
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9 pages, 3832 KiB  
Case Report
Non-Invasive Diagnostic Imaging in Kaposi Sarcoma Evaluation
by Carmen Cantisani, Antonio Di Guardo, Marco Ardigò, Mariano Suppa, Salvador Gonzalez, Caterina Longo, Alberto Taliano, Emanuele Rovaldi, Elisa Cinotti and Giovanni Pellacani
Diagnostics 2025, 15(13), 1665; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15131665 - 30 Jun 2025
Viewed by 432
Abstract
Background and Clinical Significance: Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a rare angio-proliferative mesenchymal tumor that predominantly affects the skin and mucous membranes but may involve lymph nodes and visceral organs. Clinically, it manifests as red-purple-brown papules, nodules, or plaques, either painless or painful, often [...] Read more.
Background and Clinical Significance: Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a rare angio-proliferative mesenchymal tumor that predominantly affects the skin and mucous membranes but may involve lymph nodes and visceral organs. Clinically, it manifests as red-purple-brown papules, nodules, or plaques, either painless or painful, often with disfiguring potential. The diagnosis is traditionally based on clinical and histopathological evaluation, although non-invasive imaging techniques are increasingly used to support diagnosis and treatment monitoring. We report a case of HHV-8-negative Kaposi sarcoma evaluated with multiple non-invasive imaging modalities to highlight their diagnostic utility. Case Presentation: An 83-year-old man presented with multiple painful, violaceous papulo-nodular lesions, some ulcerated, on the lateral aspect of his left foot. Dermoscopy revealed the characteristic rainbow pattern. Dynamic Optical Coherence Tomography (D-OCT) allowed real-time visualization of microvascular abnormalities, identifying large serpentine and branching vessels with clearly delineated capsules. Line-field Optical Coherence Tomography (LC-OCT) showed irregular dermal collagen, vascular lacunae, and the presence of spindle cells and slit-like vessels. Histological analysis confirmed the diagnosis of Kaposi sarcoma, revealing a proliferation of spindle-shaped endothelial cells forming angulated vascular spaces, with red blood cell extravasation and a mixed inflammatory infiltrate. Conclusions: Non-invasive imaging tools, including dermoscopy, D-OCT, and LC-OCT, have emerged as valuable adjuncts in the diagnosis and monitoring of KS. These techniques enable in vivo assessment of vascular architecture and tissue morphology, enhancing clinical decision-making while reducing the need for immediate biopsy. Dermoscopy reveals polychromatic vascular features, such as the rainbow pattern, while D-OCT and LC-OCT provide high-resolution insights into vascular proliferation, tissue heterogeneity, and cellular morphology. Dermoscopy, dynamic OCT, and LC-OCT represent promising non-invasive diagnostic tools for the assessment of Kaposi sarcoma. These technologies provide detailed morphological and vascular information, enabling earlier diagnosis and more personalized management. While histopathology remains the gold standard, non-invasive imaging offers a valuable complementary approach for diagnosis and follow-up, particularly in complex or atypical presentations. Ongoing research and technological refinement are essential to improve accessibility and clinical applicability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Coherence Tomography in Non-Invasive Diagnostic Imaging)
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12 pages, 2779 KiB  
Article
Enhancing Tissue Integration and Reducing Inflammation in Silicone and Human Acellular Dermal Matrix Implants via Vacuum Plasma Treatment
by Kyung Bae Chung, Young In Lee, Jihee Kim, Ngoc Ha Nguyen, Yoo Jin Kim, Inhee Jung, Jeonghoon Lee, Hyun-Jeong Jeon, Youbong Lim, Sung Jun Lee and Ju Hee Lee
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(12), 5854; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26125854 - 18 Jun 2025
Viewed by 458
Abstract
Plasma, an ionized gas composed of charged particles, has shown therapeutic potential in enhancing biological processes such as wound healing and tissue integration. Implants, such as silicone and human acellular dermal matrix (hADM), are commonly used in reconstructive surgery, but improving their biocompatibility [...] Read more.
Plasma, an ionized gas composed of charged particles, has shown therapeutic potential in enhancing biological processes such as wound healing and tissue integration. Implants, such as silicone and human acellular dermal matrix (hADM), are commonly used in reconstructive surgery, but improving their biocompatibility and integration remains a challenge. This study investigated the effects of vacuum plasma treatment on silicone and hADM implants using an in vivo rat model. Plasma-treated and untreated implants were inserted subcutaneously, and tissue samples were collected at 1, 4, and 8 weeks post-implantation. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses were performed to assess inflammation, cellular infiltration, collagen formation (neocollagenesis), and angiogenesis. Results showed that plasma-treated silicone and hADM implants had significantly reduced capsule thickness at weeks 4 and 8 compared to untreated controls, indicating a lower chronic inflammatory response. Plasma treatment also promoted greater fibroblast infiltration and enhanced neocollagenesis within the hADM implants. Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining revealed a notable increase in blood vessel formation around and within the plasma-treated hADM implants, suggesting improved vascularization. In conclusion, vacuum plasma treatment enhances the biocompatibility and tissue integration of implants by reducing inflammation and promoting cellular and vascular responses, offering promising potential for improving outcomes in reconstructive surgery. Full article
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29 pages, 2689 KiB  
Review
Cellular and Molecular Interactions in CNS Injury: The Role of Immune Cells and Inflammatory Responses in Damage and Repair
by Jai Chand Patel, Meenakshi Shukla and Manish Shukla
Cells 2025, 14(12), 918; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14120918 - 18 Jun 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 917
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is highly susceptible to damage due to its limited ability to regenerate. Injuries to the CNS, whether from trauma, ischemia, or neurodegenerative diseases, disrupt both cellular and vascular structures, leading to immediate (primary) and subsequent (secondary) damage. Primary [...] Read more.
The central nervous system (CNS) is highly susceptible to damage due to its limited ability to regenerate. Injuries to the CNS, whether from trauma, ischemia, or neurodegenerative diseases, disrupt both cellular and vascular structures, leading to immediate (primary) and subsequent (secondary) damage. Primary damage involves the physical disruption of cells and blood vessels, weakening the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and triggering excitotoxicity and calcium overload. Secondary damage develops over hours to days and is marked by ionic imbalance, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and chronic inflammation, which further aggravates tissue damage. Inflammation plays a dual role: acute inflammation helps in repair, while chronic inflammation accelerates neurodegeneration. Microglia and astrocytes play key roles in this inflammatory response, with M1-like microglia promoting pro-inflammatory responses and M2-like microglia supporting anti-inflammatory and repair processes. Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the accumulation of misfolded proteins such as Tau, amyloid-beta, TDP-43, and α-synuclein, which impair cellular function and lead to neuronal loss. Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the accumulation of misfolded proteins and influenced by genetic risk factors (e.g., APOE4, TARDBP). Despite the CNS’s limited regenerative abilities, processes like synaptogenesis, neurogenesis, axonal regeneration, and remyelination offer potential for recovery. Therapeutic approaches aim to target inflammatory pathways, enhance repair mechanisms, and develop neuroprotective treatments to counter excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Advances in stem cell therapy, gene therapy, and personalized medicine hold promise for improving outcomes. Future research should focus on combining strategies, utilizing advanced technologies, and conducting translational studies to bridge the gap between preclinical research and clinical application. By better understanding and leveraging the complex processes of CNS injury and repair, researchers hope to develop effective therapies to restore function and enhance the quality of life for individuals with CNS disorders. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Advances in Neurodegenerative Disease)
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17 pages, 10421 KiB  
Article
Ultrasound-Enhanced Tumor Penetration of Carrier-Free Nanodrugs for High-Efficiency Chemo-Photodynamic Therapy of Breast Cancer
by Yun Xiang, Shiyu Liang and Ping Wang
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(6), 206; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060206 - 3 Jun 2025
Viewed by 704
Abstract
In recent years, chemo-photodynamic combinational therapy has become increasingly popular in treating breast cancer. However, the limited accumulation of nanodrugs into tumors (less than 1% of the injected dose) impacts therapeutic efficacy to an extreme extent. Herein, the photosensitizer Chlorin e6 (Ce6) and [...] Read more.
In recent years, chemo-photodynamic combinational therapy has become increasingly popular in treating breast cancer. However, the limited accumulation of nanodrugs into tumors (less than 1% of the injected dose) impacts therapeutic efficacy to an extreme extent. Herein, the photosensitizer Chlorin e6 (Ce6) and the chemotherapeutic drug rhein were self-assembled to form a carrier-free nanodrug (RC NPs) with good stability and a high drug loading rate (nearly 100%). In vitro, the phototoxicity of RC NPs resulted in a mere 17.8% cell viability. Ultrasound (US) irradiation was applied to increase the permeability of tumor blood vessels, thus greatly enhancing the drug accumulation of RC NPs in tumor tissues (1.5 times that of the control group). After uptake by tumor cells, Ce6 could produce a significant amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) when exposed to laser irradiation, while rhein could inhibit tumor cell proliferation and affect mitochondrial membrane potential, inducing tumor cell apoptosis through the mitochondria-dependent apoptosis pathway, thus effectively realizing the combined effect of PDT and chemotherapy. The final tumor inhibition rate reached 93.7%. Taken together, RC NPs strengthen the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect when exposed to US irradiation and exhibit better tumor suppression, which provides new insights into chemo-photodynamic combination treatment for clinical breast cancer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Biomaterials for Imaging and Disease Treatment)
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