Skip to Content

5,986 Results Found

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
3,785 Views
12 Pages

Description of Child and Adolescent Beverage and Anthropometric Measures According to Adolescent Beverage Patterns

  • Teresa A. Marshall,
  • Alexandra M. Curtis,
  • Joseph E. Cavanaugh,
  • John M. VanBuren,
  • John J. Warren and
  • Steven M. Levy

25 July 2018

Our objective is to retrospectively describe longitudinal beverage intakes and anthropometric measures according to adolescent beverage patterns. Data were collected from Iowa Fluoride Study participants (n = 369) using beverage questionnaires at age...

  • Article
  • Open Access
29 Citations
12,642 Views
12 Pages

Sugar-Sweetened and Diet Beverage Consumption in Philadelphia One Year after the Beverage Tax

  • Yichen Zhong,
  • Amy H. Auchincloss,
  • Brian K. Lee,
  • Ryan M. McKenna and
  • Brent A. Langellier

In January 2017, Philadelphia (Pennsylvania) implemented an excise tax ($ 0.015/ounce) on sugar-sweetened and diet beverages. This study is a general population-based study to report on the longer-term impacts of the tax on within-person changes in c...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
3,341 Views
12 Pages

Impacts of the Seattle Sweetened Beverage Tax on the Perceived Healthfulness of Sweetened Beverages

  • Lauren Sawyer,
  • Vanessa M. Oddo,
  • Amanda Fretts,
  • Melissa A. Knox,
  • Nadine Chan,
  • Brian E. Saelens and
  • Jessica C. Jones-Smith

26 February 2022

Sweetened beverage taxes are associated with significant reductions in the purchase of sweetened beverages. However, it is unclear whether these taxes play a role in shifting perceptions about sweetened beverages and their health impacts. We utilized...

  • Article
  • Open Access
36 Citations
6,469 Views
14 Pages

Development of a Fermented Beverage with Chlorella vulgaris Powder on Soybean-Based Fermented Beverage

  • Norbert-Istvan Csatlos,
  • Elemer Simon,
  • Bernadette-Emőke Teleky,
  • Katalin Szabo,
  • Zorița Maria Diaconeasa,
  • Dan-Cristian Vodnar,
  • Călina Ciont (Nagy) and
  • Oana-Lelia Pop

27 January 2023

The area of functional beverages made from plant-based or non-dairy milk is one of the fastest-growing sectors in the world. The microalgae Chlorella vulgaris is a source of functional ingredients, with a large spectrum of healthy compounds, such as...

  • Article
  • Open Access
29 Citations
9,420 Views
16 Pages

Beverage Consumption Patterns among Norwegian Adults

  • Mari Mohn Paulsen,
  • Jannicke Borch Myhre and
  • Lene Frost Andersen

13 September 2016

Beverages may be important contributors for energy intake and dietary quality. The purpose of the study was to investigate how beverage consumption varies between different meals (breakfast, lunch, dinner, supper/evening meal, snacks) and between wee...

  • Review
  • Open Access
32 Citations
51,133 Views
16 Pages

Emulsions and foams form the basis of an extensive variety of materials used in the beverage industry. One of the characteristics of beverage emulsions is that they are rather diluted, contain little amounts of a dispersed oil phase in the finished p...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2,205 Views
18 Pages

The Effect of Varying Oat Beverage Ratios on the Characteristics of Fermented Dairy–Oat Beverages

  • Małgorzata Ziarno,
  • Dorota Zaręba,
  • Ewa Kowalska and
  • Tomasz Florowski

15 March 2025

In the context of the growing popularity of plant–based diets and the search for alternatives to traditional dairy products, there is a need to develop new, consumer–appealing products that combine the nutritional value of milk and oats....

  • Feature Paper
  • Review
  • Open Access
35 Citations
20,968 Views
10 Pages

Beverage Emulsions: Key Aspects of Their Formulation and Physicochemical Stability

  • Anna Molet-Rodríguez,
  • Laura Salvia-Trujillo and
  • Olga Martín-Belloso

6 September 2018

In the last few decades, lifestyle changes and the awareness of the importance of a balanced diet have led the population to increase the consumption of beverages based on fruit juices and/or vegetables. Fruit and vegetables contain health-related co...

  • Article
  • Open Access
21 Citations
8,875 Views
18 Pages

3 July 2020

Since high-sweet beverage intake is associated with health risks, defining what this term encompasses is relevant to the strategies confronting this problem. This study assessed both the sociodemographic factors associated with sweet beverage consump...

  • Review
  • Open Access
82 Citations
12,978 Views
27 Pages

Alcoholic Beverage Consumption and Chronic Diseases

  • Yue Zhou,
  • Jie Zheng,
  • Sha Li,
  • Tong Zhou,
  • Pei Zhang and
  • Hua-Bin Li

Epidemiological and experimental studies have consistently linked alcoholic beverage consumption with the development of several chronic disorders, such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus and obesity. The impact of drinking is usua...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
6,237 Views
12 Pages

14 September 2020

Green tea (GT) beverages are popular worldwide and may prevent the development of many chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease and cancer. To investigate whether the consumption of a GT beverage causes drug interactions, the effects of GT b...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,664 Views
19 Pages

31 July 2025

Background/Objectives: Excessive sugar intake through sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) has raised global concerns due to its association with various health risks. This study evaluates the effectiveness of nudges—in the form of order placement, varie...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
4,648 Views
9 Pages

Beverage Consumption Patterns among Overweight and Obese African American Women

  • Terryl J. Hartman,
  • Regine Haardörfer,
  • Brenda M. Greene,
  • Shruti Parulekar and
  • Michelle C. Kegler

11 December 2017

The goal of this research was to assess patterns of beverage consumption and the contribution of total beverages and classes of beverages to overall energy intake and weight status. We conducted an analysis in a community-based study of 280 low-incom...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,306 Views
17 Pages

Mixture Design and Kano Model for a Functional Chickpea and Hibiscus Beverage

  • Fernando López-Cardoso,
  • Nayely Leyva-López,
  • Erick Paul Gutiérrez-Grijalva,
  • Rosabel Vélez de la Rocha,
  • Luis Angel Cabanillas-Bojórquez,
  • Josué Camberos-Barraza,
  • Feliznando Isidro Cárdenas-Torres and
  • José Basilio Heredia

The demand for functional beverages is increasing as consumers seek options that offer health benefits, and plant-based beverages are gaining popularity for their associated advantages. The objective of this study was to optimize the formulation of a...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
3,160 Views
16 Pages

Beverage Consumption and Factors Influencing the Choice of Beverages among Polish Children Aged 11–13 Years in 2018–2023

  • Julianna Kostecka,
  • Izabella Jackowska,
  • Izabela Chabros,
  • Joanna Kostecka-Jarecka,
  • Paulina Kawecka and
  • Malgorzata Kostecka

26 May 2024

Adequate hydration is essential for good health, and an individual’s hydration status is determined by the quantity and type of ingested fluids. The aim of the present study was to determine the hydration status of school-age children and evalu...

  • Article
  • Open Access
19 Citations
7,437 Views
13 Pages

Physical Activity and Beverage Consumption among Adolescents

  • Maria Del Mar Bibiloni,
  • Asli Emine Özen,
  • Antoni Pons,
  • Marcela González-Gross and
  • Josep A. Tur

23 June 2016

This study assessed the relationship between physical activity and beverage consumption among adolescents with a population based cross-sectional survey was carried out in the Balearic Islands, Spain (n = 1988; 12–17 years old). Body composition, edu...

  • Review
  • Open Access
48 Citations
24,677 Views
19 Pages

The packaging of a beverage is an essential element for customer convenience and the preservation of beverage quality. On the other hand, chemical compounds present in the packaging materials, either intentionally added or non-intentionally, may be t...

  • Article
  • Open Access
24 Citations
7,628 Views
11 Pages

4 December 2015

The recently developed Healthy Beverage Index (HBI) was designed to evaluate overall beverage intake quality (including total fluid consumption and beverage calories), yet no known intervention studies have assessed longitudinal changes to the HBI. T...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,934 Views
22 Pages

Beverage Consumption Patterns in Spanish and Italian Adults: A Comparative Study

  • Valentina Micheluzzi,
  • Alessio Lo Cascio,
  • Michela Capoferri,
  • Michela Piredda and
  • Elena Sandri

6 November 2025

Background: Beverage intake is a consequential yet underappreciated driver of health in Mediterranean settings. Comparative evidence for Spain and Italy based on harmonised measures is scarce. This study addresses that gap by profiling beverage portf...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
4,023 Views
15 Pages

21 February 2024

Intuitive eating involves following body signals to guide eating decisions and avoiding restrictive diets. Mindful eating is paying full attention to sensory experiences and fostering nonjudgmental awareness. We aimed to elucidate potential relations...

  • Review
  • Open Access
82 Citations
40,738 Views
25 Pages

New Trends in Beverage Packaging Systems: A Review

  • Marina Ramos,
  • Arantzazu Valdés,
  • Ana Cristina Mellinas and
  • María Carmen Garrigós

8 October 2015

New trends in beverage packaging are focusing on the structure modification of packaging materials and the development of new active and/or intelligent systems, which can interact with the product or its environment, improving the conservation of bev...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
3,168 Views
14 Pages

Maternal Factors and Their Association with Patterns of Beverage Intake in Mexican Children and Adolescents

  • Desiree Lopez-Gonzalez,
  • Fatima Avila-Rosano,
  • Diana Montiel-Ojeda,
  • Marcela Ortiz-Obregon,
  • Pamela Reyes-Delpech,
  • Laura Diaz-Escobar and
  • Patricia Clark

Childhood and adolescence represent critical periods where beverage and food consumption behaviors are learned and developed. Mexican mothers’ presence and influence are instrumental in shaping such behaviors. The aim of this study was to estimate th...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
3,234 Views
15 Pages

Knowing Is Not Doing: A Qualitative Study of Parental Views on Family Beverage Choice

  • Chelsea M. Newman,
  • Jamie Zoellner,
  • Marlene B. Schwartz,
  • Joseph Peña,
  • Kimberly D. Wiseman,
  • Joseph A. Skelton,
  • Tiffany M. Shin and
  • Kristina H. Lewis

8 June 2023

Objective: Sugary drink consumption is associated with adverse health outcomes in children, highlighting the need for scalable family interventions that address barriers to water consumption. To inform development of a scalable, health-care-system-ba...

  • Review
  • Open Access
9 Citations
5,886 Views
19 Pages

Phthalates: The Main Issue in Quality Control in the Beverage Industry

  • Alessia Iannone,
  • Cristina Di Fiore,
  • Fabiana Carriera,
  • Pasquale Avino and
  • Virgilio Stillittano

Phthalate esters (PAEs) are a group of chemicals used to improve the flexibility and durability of plastics. The chemical properties and the resistance to high temperatures promote their degradation and release into the environment. Food and beverage...

  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
5,795 Views
22 Pages

Antioxidant and Antibacterial Properties of a Functional Sports Beverage Formulation

  • Alexandros Kolonas,
  • Patroklos Vareltzis,
  • Smaro Kiroglou,
  • Nikolaos Goutzourelas,
  • Dimitrios Stagos,
  • Varvara Trachana,
  • Christina Tsadila,
  • Dimitris Mossialos,
  • Stamatis Mourtakos and
  • Olga Gortzi

10 February 2023

Athletes often consume functional beverages in order to improve performance and reduce oxidative stress caused by high-intensity exercise. The present study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of a functional sports beverag...

  • Article
  • Open Access
441 Views
21 Pages

Evolving Sweet Preferences: Temporal Trends in Australian Non-Alcoholic Beverage Sales from 1997 to 2024

  • Carlene S. Starck,
  • Tim Cassettari,
  • Emma Beckett and
  • Flavia Fayet-Moore

22 January 2026

Background/Objectives: Understanding the purchasing behaviour of sweetened beverages is important, as beverages have been highlighted as a key target for reducing sugar intake. This research aimed to provide a comprehensive understanding of trends in...

  • Review
  • Open Access
31 Citations
11,890 Views
15 Pages

Food and Beverage Marketing in Schools: A Review of the Evidence

  • Cayley E. Velazquez,
  • Jennifer L. Black and
  • Monique Potvin Kent

Despite growing interest from government agencies, non-governmental organizations and school boards in restricting or regulating unhealthy food and beverage marketing to children, limited research has examined the emerging knowledge base regarding sc...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
4,503 Views
13 Pages

Association of Beverage Consumption during Pregnancy with Adverse Maternal and Offspring Outcomes

  • Zhengyuan Wang,
  • Xin Cui,
  • Huiting Yu,
  • Ee-Mien Chan,
  • Zehuan Shi,
  • Shuwen Shi,
  • Liping Shen,
  • Zhuo Sun,
  • Qi Song and
  • Jiajie Zang
  • + 3 authors

25 July 2024

Background: As the global consumption of sugary and non-sugar sweetened beverages continues to rise, there is growing concern about their health impacts, particularly among pregnant women and their offspring. Objective: This study aimed to investigat...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
3,549 Views
12 Pages

Investigating the Relationships between Taste Preferences and Beverage Intake in Preadolescents

  • Eva Winzer,
  • Marlies Wallner,
  • Anna Lena Aufschnaiter,
  • Daniela Grach,
  • Christina Lampl,
  • Manuel Schätzer,
  • Barbara Holstein and
  • Maria Wakolbinger

14 April 2023

Sugar-sweetened beverages are known promotors of adverse health outcomes. This study aimed to find a relation between taste perception, preferences for beverages, anthropometric parameters, and frequency of beverage consumption. Taste perception of s...

  • Article
  • Open Access
754 Views
21 Pages

Cultural Adaptation and Validation of Beverage Intake Questionnaire for Pakistani University Students

  • Almab Zainab,
  • Yangling Liu,
  • Muhammad Jamal Khan,
  • Wenting Xu and
  • Qian Lin

Beverages, particularly sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), pose a significant public health concern globally. Changing eating habits among Pakistani young adults have led to higher sugary drink consumption, underscoring the need for a suitable cultura...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,078 Views
14 Pages

Beverage Consumption in Reproductive-Age and Postmenopausal Mexican Women: Habits and Associated Factors

  • Alexandra Tijerina,
  • Daessy Newton-Rubi,
  • Silvia García,
  • Rogelio Salas,
  • Cristina Bouzas and
  • Josep A. Tur

6 September 2025

Water consumption in adults usually reaches lower levels than the recommendations, and evidence of the beverage consumption habits of women in the stages around menopause is scarce. The aim of this study was to assess the consumption of beverages and...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
4,296 Views
22 Pages

18 April 2024

Plant-based beverages are one of the foods that currently arouse a lot of interest in the population due to their composition with compounds beneficial to health in addition to their being used as milk substitutes for people who suffer from food diso...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
4,477 Views
21 Pages

Are Nutrition Standards for Beverages in Schools Associated with Healthier Beverage Intakes among Adolescents in the US?

  • Jamie F. Chriqui,
  • Julien Leider,
  • Juliana F. W. Cohen,
  • Marlene Schwartz and
  • Lindsey Turner

29 December 2020

Under the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Smart Snacks in School standards, beverages sold in schools are restricted to water, flavored or unflavored non-fat milk or unflavored low-fat milk (and milk alternatives), and 100% fruit and vegetable...

  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
4,923 Views
17 Pages

Comparisons of Nutrient Intakes and Diet Quality among Water-Based Beverage Consumers

  • Leila M. Barraj,
  • Xiaoyu Bi,
  • Mary M. Murphy,
  • Carolyn G. Scrafford and
  • Nga L. Tran

1 February 2019

Americans are encouraged to reduce intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB). Zero and low-calorie water-based beverages can provide alternative options to SSB, though limited data are available to understand measures of diet quality across different...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
8,843 Views
10 Pages

Validation of a Rapid Method to Assess Habitual Beverage Intake Patterns

  • Valisa E. Hedrick,
  • Emily A. Myers,
  • Jamie M. Zoellner,
  • Kiyah J. Duffey and
  • Brenda M. Davy

13 January 2018

The Healthy Beverage Index (HBI) is an emerging approach to assess beverage pattern quality. HBI total scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating greater adherence to proposed beverage recommendations. However, assessing patterns is re...

  • Article
  • Open Access
49 Citations
6,382 Views
11 Pages

Beverage intake can influence child diet quality in a positive or negative manner depending on the beverage type and amounts consumed. Parenting practices such as role modeling and control of home beverage availability have been associated with child...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,167 Views
10 Pages

Exploring Visualization of Beverage Consistency Through 2D and 3D Imaging Methods

  • Jane Mertz Garcia,
  • Edgar Chambers,
  • Madison Ukele,
  • Abby Brey Althauser and
  • David Rehfeld

1 October 2025

Modification to a thin beverage consistency is frequently recommended when swallowing is impaired, but proper thickening during preparation is essential. Contemporary technologies provide innovative ways of addressing quality control due to ongoing c...

  • Article
  • Open Access
25 Citations
11,834 Views
13 Pages

Utilizing Coffee Pulp and Mucilage for Producing Alcohol-Based Beverage

  • Yadav KC,
  • Raju Subba,
  • Lila Devi Shiwakoti,
  • Pramesh Kumar Dhungana,
  • Rishikesh Bajagain,
  • Dhiraj Kumar Chaudhary,
  • Bhoj Raj Pant,
  • Tirtha Raj Bajgai,
  • Janardan Lamichhane and
  • Ram Hari Dahal
  • + 2 authors

Coffee pulp, mucilage, and beans with mucilage were used to develop alcoholic beverages. The pulp of 45.3% pulp, 54.7% mucilage with seed, and 9.4% mucilage only were obtained during the wet processing of coffee. Musts were prepared for all to TSS (T...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
5,569 Views
29 Pages

13 July 2024

Adequate water intake is essential for human health. Sugary beverage taxes are a best buy policy to reduce obesity and diet-related non-communicable diseases. Food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs) promote healthy dietary patterns. The study purpose w...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,126 Views
15 Pages

This study examined the ability of four beneficial strains (Lactobacillus rhamnosus LbRE-LSAS, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bb12, and two yogurt starters TA040 and LB340) to ferment MRS or milk containing free linoleic acid (0, 0.5, or...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
3,591 Views
15 Pages

Macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia) Nut-Based Beverage: Physicochemical Stability and Nutritional and Antioxidant Properties

  • Juan Daniel Camacho-Teodocio,
  • Tzayhri Gallardo-Velázquez,
  • Guillermo Osorio-Revilla,
  • Eduardo Castañeda-Pérez,
  • Claudia Velázquez-Contreras,
  • Maribel Cornejo-Mazón and
  • Diana Maylet Hernández-Martínez

The present work presents an investigation of the effects of xanthan gum (XG) and soy lecithin (SL) on the physicochemical stability, fatty acid profile (FAP), and antioxidant capacity (AC) of macadamia nut-based beverages with thermal treatment (TT)...

  • Article
  • Open Access
19 Citations
6,800 Views
15 Pages

Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intake among Chilean Preschoolers and Adolescents in 2016: A Cross-Sectional Analysis

  • Michael Essman,
  • Barry M. Popkin,
  • Camila Corvalán,
  • Marcela Reyes and
  • Lindsey Smith Taillie

15 November 2018

Background: Chile has the highest sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) sales of any country and a growing burden of childhood obesity. This study examines SSB intake in Chilean children after a 5% SSB tax increase in 2014 but prior to marketing, labeling,...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
4,502 Views
21 Pages

Beverage Consumption Patterns among U.S. Adolescents and Adults from a New 24-h Beverage Recall Survey Compared to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017–2018

  • Xiaoyu Bi,
  • Benjamin J. K. Davis,
  • Leila M. Barraj,
  • Devanathan Srinivasan,
  • Parvati Mahadev,
  • Preeti Mathew,
  • Dibyendu Mishra,
  • Carolyn G. Scrafford,
  • Nga L. Tran and
  • Maia M. Jack

12 August 2023

Beverages are major dietary components of the United States (U.S.) population. Understanding the current consumption pattern of beverages is an important element in supporting healthy diets. Our objective was to assess the validity of the 24-h bevera...

  • Review
  • Open Access
30 Citations
13,470 Views
19 Pages

11 August 2015

The role that energy-containing beverages may play in the development of overweight and obesity remains highly controversial, in particular the alcoholic and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB). Both of these beverage formats have been increasing as a p...

  • Feature Paper
  • Review
  • Open Access
15 Citations
20,157 Views
30 Pages

Nutraceuticals as Potential Targets for the Development of a Functional Beverage for Improving Sleep Quality

  • Amanda Bulman,
  • Nathan M. D’Cunha,
  • Wolfgang Marx,
  • Andrew J. McKune,
  • Rati Jani and
  • Nenad Naumovski

Functional beverages can be a valuable component of the human diet with the ability to not only provide essential hydration but to deliver important bioactive compounds that can contribute to chronic disease treatment and prevention. One area of the...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,851 Views
17 Pages

This paper presents a new optimization approach for beverage formulation using the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). The comparison and ranking of candidates would be the essential steps for the evaluation of...

  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
8,502 Views
14 Pages

Association between Beverage Consumption and Sleep Quality in Adolescents

  • Lydi-Anne Vézina-Im,
  • Dominique Beaulieu,
  • Stéphane Turcotte,
  • Anne-Frédérique Turcotte,
  • Joannie Delisle-Martel,
  • Valérie Labbé,
  • Lily Lessard and
  • Mariane Gingras

18 January 2024

The objective of this study was to verify if the consumption of different beverages (such as water, 100% pure fruit juice, and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs)) is associated with adolescents’ sleep quality. French-speaking adolescents were rec...

  • Article
  • Open Access
19 Citations
7,478 Views
15 Pages

Food and Beverage Advertising to Children and Adolescents on Television: A Baseline Study

  • Adena Pinto,
  • Elise Pauzé,
  • Rachel Mutata,
  • Marie-Hélène Roy-Gagnon and
  • Monique Potvin Kent

The progressive rise in Canadian child obesity has paralleled trends in unhealthy food consumption. Industry has contributed to these trends through aggressive food and beverage marketing in various media and child settings. This study aimed to asses...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
3,709 Views
13 Pages

Effect of Fermented Soy Beverage on Equol Production by Fecal Microbiota

  • Ana Ruiz de la Bastida,
  • Susana Langa,
  • José Antonio Curiel,
  • Ángela Peirotén and
  • José María Landete

29 August 2024

Soy consumption is associated with health benefits, mainly linked to the ability of the intestinal microbiota to metabolize the glycosylated isoflavones into more bioactive compounds, such as equol. Because Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum INIA P815...

  • Article
  • Open Access
75 Citations
13,424 Views
19 Pages

Chemical Constitution and Antimicrobial Activity of Kombucha Fermented Beverage

  • Abdul-Raouf Al-Mohammadi,
  • Ahmed A. Ismaiel,
  • Rehab A. Ibrahim,
  • Ahmed H. Moustafa,
  • Azza Abou Zeid and
  • Gamal Enan

19 August 2021

Kombucha is a traditional beverage of sweetened black tea fermented with a symbiotic association of acetic acid bacteria and yeasts. In this study, kombucha fermented beverage (KFB) appeared to include nine chemical groups (alcohols, acids, lactones,...

of 120