Search Results (2,198)

Women Who Use Drugs (WWUD) are amongst the most stigmatised groups in society and are subject to stigma as they engage with services and within their own recovery communities. WWUD who are also mothers have been found to experience increased stigma and disproportionate surveillance by professionals when accessing services, leading to a constant fear of child removal and apprehension to accessing, engaging and seeking support. In this study, we report findings from a community asset mapping project conducted with drug and alcohol recovery services in the North-East of England. The aim of this study is to examine the gender-specific and recovery-related experiences of WWUD when accessing services and women-only spaces. Semi-structured interviews (n = 13) and focus groups (n = 4) were carried out with professionals working in the recovery community and women in recovery from substance use. A reflexive thematic analysis approach was used to analyse the data, resulting in three themes being identified: (1) The role of peer support in empowering women in recovery; (2) Navigating recovery as a mother; and (3) Working with women in recovery. Findings revealed that gender-specific groups provide a sense of safety, connection, identification, and empowerment for WWUD. This study further highlights the gender-based stigma WWUD experience when accessing services, and the challenges they experience where appropriate spaces are limited in the recovery community. We conclude by recognising the importance of sisterhood for WWUD and recommending the promotion of gender-specific peer support groups and for practitioners working with WWUD to reflect on their own stigmatising behaviour and how this can manifest in the increased monitoring of women and mothers in recovery. Full article

Background: Childhood obesity is a persistent global health challenge, often rooted in early-life dietary patterns shaped within the home environment. Objective: To investigate the association between parents’ culinary skills, children’s eating behavior, and the degree of child involvement in family culinary practices. Methods: A cross-sectional, analytical study. In the public and private schools in southern Brazil. A total of 205 families with children aged 3 to 13 years participated. Parents or caregivers answered a structured questionnaire on culinary skills and sociodemographic variables. Children’s eating behavior was assessed through the validated Brazilian version of the Children’s Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ). Student’s T test was used to compare means, and Pearson’s chi-square or Fisher’s exact test to compare proportions. Multivariate linear regression was applied to control for potential confounders. Analyses were conducted using SPSS version 27.0 and R software. Results: Most parents (90.7%) reported cooking regularly, and 65.9% involved children in cooking activities. The predominant culinary profile (40%) was classified as “convenience cooking,” marked by frequent use of processed ingredients. Healthier parental cooking practices were positively associated with adaptive eating behaviors in children, reflected by lower food fussiness, satiety responsiveness, food responsiveness and food refusal scores and higher enjoyment of food scores domains of the CEBQ. Conclusions: Despite the high prevalence of routine cooking, convenience-oriented practices remain dominant, reflecting broader sociocultural patterns. Engagement in healthier cooking practices was positively associated with more favorable eating behaviors in children. These findings underscore the importance of promoting culinary education and parental involvement in cooking as strategies to support healthy childhood eating behaviors. Full article

Ageism remains a pervasive yet under-addressed form of workplace discrimination, affecting employees across age groups. This study, conducted within the framework of the EU-funded project SNAW–Say No to Ageism in the Workplace, presents findings from a cross-national survey in Germany, Romania, Ireland, Portugal, and Greece, with 511 participants including employees and employers. The survey examined five dimensions of workplace ageism (cognitive, emotional, behavioural, institutional, and outcome-related) through questions on stereotypes, experiences, organisational practices, and perceived impacts. Results indicate that age-based stereotypes are widely recognised, especially in Germany, Ireland, and Greece. Older workers were often portrayed as resistant to change or technologically outdated, while younger workers were described as inexperienced or unreliable. Despite some positive perceptions, these ambivalent views contribute to exclusionary dynamics. Employees consistently reported higher levels of ageism than employers, revealing a “perception gap”. Institutional responses were uneven: awareness of policies or initiatives promoting age diversity was low, and their effectiveness remained uncertain. Across countries, respondents linked ageism to reduced job satisfaction and productivity, though the perceived severity varied. The findings highlight ageism as a multifaceted challenge that undermines well-being and organisational performance. Counteracting it requires raising awareness, transparent communication, inclusive policies, and leadership engagement across Europe. Full article

The Trepponti bridge in Comacchio (Italy) is a significant masonry landmark characterised by a complex geometry. Its structure comprises five irregularly connected segments, creating pronounced geometric discontinuities. Accurately modelling this configuration is challenging due to the highly complex mechanical behaviour of masonry. This study presents a robust computational strategy for the nonlinear structural assessment of such heritage bridges. The methodology integrates a parametric meshing environment (PoliBrick plugin) with nonlinear finite-element analysis in Straus7. An initial discretisation is generated through PoliBrick, undergoes geometric optimisation to produce an analysis-ready model. The bridge is homogeneously modelled and meshed through macro-blocks obeying a Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion. Material parameters are defined according to the LC1 knowledge level stipulated by the Italian structural code. Differential settlement scenarios are simulated by imposing controlled vertical displacements on individual and paired piers. This approach enables evaluation of structural displacement, stress distribution, and crack propagation. The analyses reveal a markedly asymmetric structural response, identifying two specific piers as critical vulnerable elements. The proposed framework demonstrates that parametric meshing effectively reconciles accurate geometric representation with computational efficiency. It offers a practical tool for guiding the conservation and safety evaluation of irregular vaulted masonry bridges. Full article

Background/Objectives: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the primary indication for antibiotic use in nursing homes (NHs); yet inappropriate prescribing, including incorrect initiation, excessive prophylactic prescribing and prolonged treatment duration, is common. This study aimed to identify key determinants of appropriate antibiotic prescribing for UTIs in NHs by exploring the behaviours and perspectives of relevant stakeholders. Methods: Interviews and focus group sessions with regard to a purposive sample of 4 NHs and healthcare professionals were conducted between June 2023 and April 2024 in Flanders (Belgium). The topic guide was developed based on the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF). A combination of deductive and inductive coding was used to identify behavioural determinants within each TDF domain. Key behavioural determinants were identified based on their importance, relevance, and feasibility. Results: We conducted 31 semi-structured interviews with residents/relatives (n = 13), physicians (n = 9), pharmacists (n = 10), and NH management (n = 5) and held 4 focus group sessions with nurses (n = 16) and nurse aides (n = 10). Appropriate antibiotic prescribing for UTIs in NHs was influenced by a complex interplay of behavioural determinants. Key behavioural determinants included lack of knowledge of guidelines, lack of self-reflection and monitoring, fear of missing complications, feelings of powerlessness, prioritising residents’ comfort, hierarchical relations with treating physicians being dominant, social pressure to prescribe, and the NH as a challenging context. Conclusions: This study identified key behavioural determinants that should be targeted to optimise antibiotic prescribing for UTIs in NHs. These findings underscore the need to conduct a theory-informed, multifaceted intervention to support behaviour change across professional roles and improve antimicrobial stewardship in this setting. Full article

Ricotta cheese whey (RCW) is a by-product with nutritional potential, but its use in the human diet is limited due to its high salinity. Chlorella vulgaris can use RCW as a substrate to enhance biomass productivity. The aim of this work was to evaluate different conditions for C. vulgaris growth in RCW, during scaling-up analysis. After preliminary assays to select growth conditions, two systems were prepared as follows: 500 mL Erlenmeyer flasks (control-system) and a 3 L Bioreactor. Microfiltrated RCW was used as a substrate for C. vulgaris LPMA39 production. Biomass was measured and productivity at 96 h, cell growth kinetics behaviour, biomass biochemical characterisation, and the efficiency of nutrient removal were determined. Both systems presented the same biomass concentration at 96 h (2.2–2.8 g·L⁻¹) and productivity (0.021–0.027 g·L⁻¹·h⁻¹). Nevertheless, 11 h lag-period for cell adaptation to the 3 L Bioreactor was required; thereafter, cells grew faster (µ_max: 0.32 ± 0.08 h⁻¹) than control-system. Finally, slight but significantly lower C_max: 2.14 ± 0.08 was obtained when comparing it to control-system. Lipids, proteins, and pigment contents decreased by the scaling-up; meanwhile, higher reduction in chemical oxygen demand (COD), total phosphorus, and total nitrogen were recorded in the 3 L Bioreactor. Identifying the operating conditions that improve C. vulgaris performance in non-diluted RCW remains a challenge from a sustainability standpoint. Full article

Reclamation of tailings facilities at oil sands mines in northern Alberta presents a significant challenge for industry, regulators, and researchers. Atterberg limits are an established method for quantifying clay behaviour in geotechnical engineering, which has been adopted for oil sands tailings due to their high clay mineral content. Correlations between remoulded undrained shear strength and liquidity index, originally developed for natural clays, have also been applied to oil sands tailings. This paper proposes a new material-specific correlation between remoulded undrained shear strength and liquidity index based on laboratory testing of oil sands tailings. Additionally, the results of Atterberg limits tests on oil sands tailings suggests that the inherent variability of the test itself has a greater effect on the measured value than the preparation method and test procedure. The results of this study support the idea that index properties such as Atterberg limits can provide a cost-effective method for field monitoring and early-stage reclamation design. Full article

The long-term behavioural analysis and health assessment of Pigs are essential for intelligent management in modern pig farming. Manual tracking and behaviour analysis for constructing health assessment systems are often subjective, inconsistent, and lack sufficient accuracy. To overcome these challenges, this study proposes a health assessment framework for pigs based on multi-object behaviour tracking and analysis under large-scale pig farming. The proposed framework consists of three modules: an improved ByteTrack-based multi-object tracking (MOT) module, a behaviour statistics and analysis module, and a health assessment module. The pipeline involves using the MOT module to obtain pigs’ behavioural data, followed by the behaviour analysis module and health assessment module to analyse and evaluate the health status of the pigs. Two datasets comprising 18 videos of healthy pigs and 10 videos of unhealthy pigs were created to validate the framework. Experimental results demonstrated that the improved ByteTrack algorithm achieved high performance in MOT metrics, including a High-Order Tracking Accuracy (HOTA) of 74.0%, Multiple Object Tracking Accuracy (MOTA) of 92.2%, Identification F1 Score (IDF1) of 89.4%, and 43 identity switches (IDs). The behaviour statistics derived from these tracking results enabled reliable inputs for the health assessment model, which accurately assesses the health status of each pig. The results demonstrate that the proposed framework provides an effective solution and reliable technical support for pig health monitoring in modern pig farming. Full article

Auxetic metamaterials, characterised by a negative Poisson’s ratio, offer excellent energy absorption but often present limited compressive strength due to their strut-based architectures. Selective laser sintering (SLS) enables the precise fabrication of these structures, yet enhancing their mechanical performance remains challenging. This research investigates the influence of nodal spheres on re-entrant dodecahedral unit cells produced in PA12, varying node-to-strut diameter ratios (1:1, 2:1, and 3:1). Compression tests reveal significant increases in stiffness and compressive strength, reaching up to 88.70% for the 3:1 ratio. When normalised by relative density, the 2:1 configuration proves most effective, achieving a 35.33% increase in specific strength and a 19.58% improvement in specific energy absorption. The deformation behaviour indicates a mixed bending–stretching mechanism, with geometry exerting a stronger influence than the base material. Although larger nodal spheres enhance absolute strength, they also increase mass and relative density, which may limit their suitability for weight-sensitive applications. Overall, these findings highlight nodal reinforcement as a promising strategy to enhance the mechanical efficiency of auxetic metamaterials while maintaining their auxetic response. These improvements support applications in aerospace, automotive engineering, personal protection systems, lightweight structural panels, and energy-absorbing components. Full article

The use of liquid hydrogen (LH₂) as an energy carrier is gaining traction across sectors such as aerospace, maritime, and large-scale energy storage due to its high gravimetric energy density and low environmental impact. However, the cryogenic nature of LH₂, with storage temperatures near 20 K, poses significant thermodynamic and safety challenges. This review consolidates the current state of modelling approaches used to simulate LH₂ behaviour during storage and transfer operations, with a focus on improving operational efficiency and safety. The review categorizes the literature into two primary domains: (1) thermodynamic behaviour within storage tanks and (2) multi-phase flow dynamics in storage and transfer systems. Within these domains, it covers a variety of phenomena. Particular attention is given to the role of heat ingress in driving self-pressurization and boil-off gas (BoG) formation, which significantly influence storage performance and safety mechanisms. Eighty-one studies published over six decades were analyzed, encompassing a diverse range of modelling approaches. The reviewed literature revealed significant methodological variety, including general analytical models, lumped-parameter models (0D/1D), empirical and semi-empirical models, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models (2D/3D), machine learning (ML) and artificial neural network (ANN) models, and numerical multidisciplinary simulation models. The review evaluates the validation status of each model and identifies persistent research gaps. By mapping current modelling efforts and their limitations, this review highlights opportunities for enhancing the accuracy and applicability of LH₂ simulations. Improved modelling tools are essential to support the design of inherently safe, reliable, and efficient hydrogen infrastructure in a decarbonized energy landscape. Full article

Rates of self-harm in Australian young people have increased significantly in recent years, especially in young women. Self-harm has been associated with several risk factors, including a history of abuse, bullying, mood and personality disorders, social isolation and suicidal ideation. However, little is known about why rates have increased in the past decade, and the voices of young Australian women have been conspicuously absent from the research. This study explored perceived subjective reasons for the increase in self-harm rates by interviewing 24 young Australian women with lived experience of self-harming behaviours. A reflexive thematic analysis identified three interwoven themes: ‘The world is hard, and it’s getting harder’, ‘New media exacerbates old challenges’, and ‘The online world brings unique challenges’. Participants also highlighted the complexity of social media as both a negative influence and a supportive factor. These themes extend previous research by highlighting the nuanced and multi-faceted psychosocial factors that influence self-harming behaviours and may help inform effective, evidence-based strategies that help minimise harm. Full article

Background/Objectives: This study investigated the perceived impact of therapy dogs on speech therapy for children with communication disorders. Methods: Using an interpretive descriptive design, we gathered insights from both therapists and caregivers. Five Australian speech pathologists who incorporate therapy dogs into their practice participated in semi-structured interviews, and forty-two caregivers of children who received canine-assisted speech therapy completed online surveys. Results: Collectively, the responses revealed that therapy dogs helped children to establish rapport with the therapist, regulate their emotions and behaviours, engage with therapeutic tasks, be motivated to attend, use natural language, and improve social skills. The therapists reported personal and professional benefits, including enhanced job satisfaction and reduced stress, but highlighted the necessity of tailoring sessions to suit both the child and the dog, noting challenges in managing this dynamic. Conclusions: The study concluded that integrating therapy dogs into speech therapy is perceived to enhance therapeutic outcomes for children and improve therapist well-being. These findings offer valuable insights for incorporating therapy dogs into speech therapy practices, potentially improving the communication skills and quality of life of children with speech and language difficulties. Full article

Background/Objectives: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global health challenge, driven in part by how antibiotics are accessed, distributed, and used within complex value chains. In peri-urban India, these supply chains involve a range of formal and informal actors and practices, making them a critical yet underexamined focus for antimicrobial stewardship efforts. While much research has focused on the manufacturing and regulatory end, less is known about how antibiotics reach consumers in rural and peri-urban settings. This study aimed to map the human antibiotic value chain in West Bengal, India, and to analyse how formal and informal governance structures influence antibiotic use and stewardship. Methods: This qualitative study was conducted in two Gram Panchayats in South 24 Parganas district, West Bengal, India. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with 31 key informants, including informal providers, medical representatives, wholesalers, pharmacists, and regulators. Interviews explored the structure of the antibiotic value chain, actor relationships, and regulatory mechanisms. Data were analysed thematically using a value chain governance framework and NVivo 12 for coding. Results: The antibiotic value chain in rural West Bengal is highly fragmented and governed by overlapping formal and informal rules. Multiple actors—many holding dual or unofficial roles—operate across four to five tiers of distribution. Informal providers play a central role in both prescription and dispensing, often without legal licences but with strong community trust. Informal norms, credit systems, and market incentives shape prescribing behaviour, while formal regulatory enforcement is inconsistent or absent. Conclusions: Efforts to promote antibiotic stewardship must move beyond binary formal–informal distinctions and target governance structures across the entire value chain. Greater attention should be paid to actors higher up the chain, including wholesalers and pharmaceutical marketing networks, to improve stewardship and access simultaneously. This study highlights how fragmented governance structures, overlapping actor roles, and uneven regulation within antibiotic value chains create critical gaps that must be addressed to design effective antimicrobial stewardship strategies. Full article

Student dropout rates continue to present major difficulties for educational institutions, leading to academic, operational, and financial impacts. Educational Data Mining (EDM) methods, particularly those combining clustering techniques with predictive models, have demonstrated potential in identifying at-risk students early and accurately. This systematic review explores how cluster-based prediction models have been applied in educational contexts to enhance student performance prediction. A total of sixty-one relevant studies published between 2010 and 2025 were selected and analysed using PRISMA guidelines. The review focuses on the clustering techniques used, how these are integrated with predictive models, and what types of student data are involved. Key findings show that cluster-based models help capture behavioural and academic differences among students, which enables educational institutions to provide more adaptable support. The review also highlights challenges related to generalisability, scalability, and ethical concerns, especially when applying models across different institutions or datasets. The main contribution of this study is the identification of how clustering can be used not only to segment student populations but also to improve prediction accuracy by tailoring models to each subgroup. This review contributes to the literature by emphasising the practical benefits of cluster-based predictive modelling and providing clear directions for further studies aimed at reducing student dropout through targeted support. Full article

Background/Objectives: Sleep problems are highly prevalent among children with vision impairment and can negatively affect physical, emotional, and cognitive development. There is a need to identify and evaluate effective interventions in this population. This scoping review aimed to map the range of sleep challenges experienced by these children and to summarise the interventions evaluated to date. Methods: Systematic searches were performed in Embase, Medline, and Web of Science Core Collection. Screening was completed in Covidence, and data extraction and descriptive analysis were conducted using Microsoft Excel (version 2510) and IBM SPSS Statistics (version 30). Narrative synthesis was used to summarise findings. Results: Fifteen studies were included, over half of which were case reports. The vast majority (14/15) were conducted in high-income countries, leaving a significant evidence gap for low- and middle-income settings. Reported sleep challenges included delayed sleep onset, non-24-h sleep–wake disorder, early morning waking, and fragmented sleep. Interventions were predominantly pharmacological (11/15), with melatonin the most frequently evaluated. Across studies, melatonin demonstrated short-term effectiveness in improving sleep latency, duration, and parent-reported quality, though prescribing practices, dosages, and availability varied. Other pharmacological options, such as tasimelteon and vitamin B12, were rarely reported. Non-pharmacological strategies were evaluated in only a small number of studies and included behavioural interventions, structured routines, and activity-based therapies. These showed potential benefit but remain under-researched. Conclusions: Overall, the evidence base is small, heterogeneous, and methodologically limited. Further research is needed to develop and carefully test non-pharmacological approaches, and to compare them directly with pharmacological treatments, to provide families and clinicians with effective and sustainable options. Full article