Traditional aluminum adjuvants can trigger strong humoral immunity but weak cellular immunity, limiting their application in some vaccines. Currently, various immunomodulators and delivery carriers are used as adjuvants, and the mechanisms of action...
Wheat protein is considered a major type of food allergen in many countries including the USA. The mechanisms of allergenicity of wheat proteins are not well understood at present. Both adjuvant-based and adjuvant-free mouse models are reported for t...
Background: Adjuvants enhance the immune response to antigens incorporated in vaccine formulations. Given that the majority of infectious agents enter the body through mucosal surfaces, efficacious vaccines must generate protective immunity at these...
Platycodin D (PD) is a potent adjuvant with dual Th1 and Th2 potentiating activity, but its mechanisms of action remain unclear. Here, the C2C12 myoblast cell line and mice were used as in vitro and in vivo models to identify potential signaling path...
Melanoma treatment is leading the neo-adjuvant systemic (NAS) therapy field. It is hypothesized that having the entire tumor in situ, with all of the heterogeneous tumor antigens, allows the patient’s immune system to have a broader response to...
Background: To date, in breast cancer (BC) treatment, adjuvant chemotherapy (A-CT) has preceded adjuvant radiotherapy (A-RT). In the last twenty years, the adjuvant treatment of BC has quickly evolved due to better knowledge of its molecular biology,...
Surgical resection remains the only treatment that offers a potential chance of long-term survival. Unfortunately, about 80% of patients treated with curative intent will develop recurrence. Since 2001, adjuvant therapy with gemcitabine or 5-fluorour...
In patients with stage III colon cancer (CC), adjuvant chemotherapy with the combination of oxapliplatin to a fluoropyrimidine (FOLFOX or CAPOX) is a standard of care. The duration of treatment can be reduced from 6 months to 3 months, depending on t...
Advances in the management of gastric cancer have improved patient survival in the last decade. Nonetheless, the number of patients relapsing and dying after a diagnosis of localized gastric cancer is still too high, even in early stages (10% in stag...
Question: What is the role of hormonal therapy as adjuvant therapy in patients with stage I endometrial cancer? Perspectives: There is little consensus on the role of adjuvant treatment for patients with stage I endometrial cancer. Although the use o...
Vaccination is credited as a significant medical achievement contributing to the decline in morbidity and mortality of infectious diseases. Traditional vaccines composed of inactivated and live-attenuated whole pathogens confer the induction of poten...
In stage II colon cancer management, surgery alone has shown a high cure rate (about 80%), and the role of adjuvant chemotherapy is still a matter of debate. Patients with high-risk features (T4, insufficient nodal sampling, grading, etc.) have a poo...
Subunit vaccines exhibit favorable safety and immunogenicity profiles and can be designed to mimic native antigen structures. However, pairing with an appropriate adjuvant is imperative in order to elicit effective humoral and cellular immune respons...
Substance use disorders (SUDs) remain a major global health challenge with limited treatment options and high relapse rates. Vaccines that induce drug-sequestering antibodies have shown promise, but their efficacy is hindered by the poor immunogenici...
Objectives: This study aims to assess the adjuvant effects of lentinan and its combination with Mn(J), a manganese-based colloidal adjuvant, on the BG (fusion protein BfrB-GrpE of Mycobacterium tuberculosis) subunit vaccine. Methods: A rabbit skin in...
The major breast cancer story of 2005 was trastuzumab, a monoclonal antibody directed against the Her-2 oncoprotein, and how it greatly improves outcomes for women with HER2-positive early-stage breast cancer. With early results showing that use of t...
Adjuvants are a diverse group of substances that can be added to vaccines to enhance antigen-specific immune responses and improve vaccine efficacy. The first adjuvants, discovered almost a century ago, were soluble crystals of aluminium salts. Over...
This review describes the progress that the concept of adjuvant therapies has undergone in the last 50 years and focuses on the most recent development where an adjuvant approach has been scientifically evaluated in melanoma clinical trials. Over the...
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) stands as the most prevalent form of primary liver cancer and is highly invasive and easily recurs. For HCC, chemotherapy shows limited effect. The gold standard for HCC treatment includes curative surgical resection or...
Uveal melanoma is a common intraocular malignant tumor that is uniformly fatal once metastatic. No effective adjuvant therapy currently exists to reduce the risk of distant metastasis after definitive treatment of the primary lesion. Immunotherapy ha...
Background/Objective: Dabrafenib and trametinib (D + T) have been approved for the treatment of stage III melanoma with BRAF V600E V600K mutations in an adjuvant setting, based on the results from the COMBI-AD trial. To provide early access to this c...
Particulate aluminum salts have long occupied a central place worldwide as inexpensive immunostimulatory adjuvants that enable induction of protective immunity for vaccines. Despite their huge benefits and safety, the particulate structures of alumin...
Tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is responsible for the most deaths by a single infectious agent worldwide, with 1.6 million deaths in 2017 alone. The World Health Organization, through its “End TB” strateg...
Background: In the present study, we aimed to describe, at the population level, patterns of adjuvant treatment use after curative-intent resection for pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PCC) and to identify independent predictors of adjuvant treatment use....
We previously reported that topical imiquimod can improve the immunogenicity of the influenza vaccine. This study investigated another FDA-approved drug, miltefosine (MTF), as a vaccine adjuvant. Mice immunized with an influenza vaccine with or witho...
Keloids are a benign fibroproliferative disease with a high tendency of recurrence. Keloids cause functional impairment, disfigurement, pruritus, and low quality of life. Many therapeutic options have been used for keloids. However, the high recurren...
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the third most common genitourinary cancer accounting for approximately 180,000 deaths worldwide in 2020. Although over two-thirds of patients initially present localized disease, up to 50% of them may progress to metast...
Over the last several years, there has been increased interest from academia and the pharmaceutical/biotech industry in the development of vaccine adjuvants for new and emerging vaccine modalities. Despite this, vaccine adjuvant development still has...
Improvements in adjuvant systemic therapy and detection of early disease have resulted in a decline of breast cancer death rates across all patient age groups in Canada. Non-adherence to adjuvant hormonal therapy in the setting of early breast cancer...
Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma (DDCS) is a high-grade subtype of chondrosarcoma with the bimorphic histological appearance of a conventional chondrosarcoma component with abrupt transition to a high-grade, non-cartilaginous sarcoma. DDCS can be radi...
Background and Objectives: Colorectal cancer (CRC) poses a major global health challenge, with high incidence rates and ongoing treatment debates. Adjuvant chemotherapy benefits for high-risk subgroups, particularly stage II disease, remain controver...
The design of the best possible clinical trials of adjuvant interventions in colorectal cancer will entail the use of both time-tested and novel methods that allow efficient, reliable and patient-relevant therapeutic development. The ultimate goal of...
Aluminum-based adjuvants have been extensively used in vaccines. Despite their widespread use, the mechanism behind the immune stimulation properties of these adjuvants is not fully understood. Needless to say, extending the knowledge of the immune-s...
Vaccination is one of the most successful strategies to prevent human infectious diseases. Combinatorial adjuvants have gained increasing interest as they can stimulate multiple immune pathways and enhance the vaccine efficacy of subunit vaccines. We...
Consistent standards regarding whether postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy is required in the treatment of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the breast (ACCB) are currently lacking. Using clinical data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (...
Tuberculosis disease is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is estimated that 10 million people have developed tuberculosis disease globally, leading to 1.4 million deaths in 2019. Treatment of tuberculosis has been especially chal...
Background: Non-localized renal cell carcinoma (rcc) carries a poor prognosis with a significant risk of mortality for patients. Traditionally, interleukin-2 and interferon alfa have been administered in this setting, with high toxicity and limited i...
Malaria is a life-threatening global epidemic disease and has caused more than 400,000 deaths in 2019. To control and prevent malaria, the development of a vaccine is a potential method. An effective malaria vaccine should either combine antigens fro...
Intranasal immunization with whole inactivated virus (WIV) is an important strategy used for influenza prevention and control. However, a powerful mucosal adjuvant is required to improve nasal vaccine efficacy. Riboflavin, as a food additive with the...
Vaccine efficacy is optimized by addition of immune adjuvants. However, although adjuvants have been used for over a century, to date, only few adjuvants are approved for human use, mostly aimed at improving vaccine efficacy and antigen-specific prot...
For decades, vaccines have played a significant role in protecting public and personal health against infectious diseases and proved their great potential in battling cancers as well. This review focused on the current progress of therapeutic subunit...
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the United States, with poor overall survival across all stages. Less than 20% of patients are eligible for curative surgical resection at diagnosis, an...
Surgery is the oldest modality of kidney cancer therapy and is usually the first step in the treatment process. To improve surgical outcomes, adjuvant therapy is frequently administered to eliminate residual tumors and reduce the risk of recurrence a...
Background/Objectives: Freund’s adjuvants induce different immunomodulatory effects, but their underlying molecular mechanisms are unclear. In this study, we investigated whether the immune-stimulating effects of the complete Freund’s adj...
Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is a rare malignancy that accounts for a small minority of all urothelial cancers. Historically, treatment recommendations for UTUC have been extrapolated from bladder cancer trials due to limited high-quality,...
The advent of precision medicine has spotlighted subunit and peptide-based vaccines, which offer high safety but often require potent adjuvants to enhance immunogenicity. Self-assembled peptides have emerged as a promising adjuvant platform due to th...
A relevant issue on the treatment of adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) concerns the optimal duration of adjuvant mitotane treatment. We tried to address this question, assessing whether a correlation exists between the duration of adjuvant mitotane trea...
DNA vaccines present one of the most cost-effective platforms to develop global vaccines, which have been tested for nearly three decades in preclinical and clinical settings with some success in the clinic. However, one of the major challenges for t...
Leptospirosis is a globally significant zoonotic disease. The current inactivated vaccine offers protection against specific serovars but does not provide complete immunity. Various surface antigens, such as Leptospira immunoglobulin-like proteins (L...
The benefit of adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) after radical hysterectomy in patients with cervical cancer remains controversial. The aim of this study was to determine adjuvant RT’s impact on survival in accordance with Sedlis criteria. Patients wi...
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