Search Results (7,149)

Background/Objectives: There is little information on the definition and management of dyslipidemia in patients and survivors of childhood, adolescent and young adult (CAYA) cancer. However, it is known that this population is at higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). Dyslipidemia, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome are common among CAYA cancer survivors due to the cancer itself or the treatment received. Therefore, managing dyslipidemia in this population is crucial to mitigate the risk of long-term CVD. The aim of this systematic review was to summarize currently used definitions and cutoffs for dyslipidemia, its prevalence, and management strategies in CAYA cancer survivors. This review further describes reported pharmacological and lifestyle interventions and their impact on lipid levels. Methods: We conducted a systematic literature search in PubMed, including studies published in English, German or French between January 2015 and February 2025. The population included individuals diagnosed with any type of CAYA cancer prior to 25 years of age and either receiving cancer treatment or in follow-up care. We considered all types of publications except for Phase I and II studies. We followed PRISMA guidelines, assessed the quality of the eligible studies according to the respective Joanna Briggs Institute’s Critical Appraisal Tools, and reported the results descriptively. Results: Of 575 identified publications, 53 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Forty-three studies reported on the definitions of abnormal lipid values, 40 stated the prevalence of abnormal lipid values, and 17 studies described management approaches, of which 12 were case reports and small case series. For all three outcomes, the results were very heterogeneous. Using the example of triglycerides (TGs), the cutoff values for high TGs ranged from 5.17 mmol/L to 6.2 mmol/L and the reported prevalence of high TGs ranged from 0% to 75%, with an average of 31%. The only reported intervention to prevent dyslipidemia in CAYA cancer survivors was lifestyle modification. Preventive strategies that started during treatment were lifestyle modifications and fish oil supplements. Conclusions: Our systematic review provides a comprehensive overview of existing definitions, prevalences, and management of abnormal lipid values in CAYA cancer patients and survivors. However, the identified heterogeneities indicate that reported prevalences and results of interventions must be interpreted cautiously. An internationally harmonized approach to defining and reporting lipid values in CAYA cancer survivors is urgently needed to enable tailored screening and treatment strategies. Full article

This study evaluates a non-invasive and feasible nutritional strategy as a realistic intervention to prevent or mitigate T2DM in one-year-old female Wistar rats. This strategy is based on replacing a commercial pâté (CP) with a functional one, either a silicon-enriched commercial pâté (Si-CP), a reduced-fat pâté formulated with a biopolymeric emulsion (BP), or a silicon-enriched and reduced-fat biopolymeric pâté (Si-BP). After consumption of a high-saturated fat high-cholesterol diet, CP rats exhibited elevated fecal excretion, fasting serum glucose, insulin, and LDL cholesterol, and altered islet morphology. Versus the CP group, the Si-CP consumption group exhibited significantly reduced fecal output (1.17 ± 0.02 vs. 2.09 ± 0.44) and serum insulin (12.06 ± 7.89 vs. 20.74 ± 7.44), triglycerides (47.51 ± 4.46 vs. 58.24 ± 9.97), LDL cholesterol (34.63 ± 5.14 vs. 42.20 ± 4.98), and ghrelin (32.49 ± 24.66 vs. 78.35 ± 22.85). Although BP rats also exhibited some positive effects, Si-BP animals presented the most promising results. Compared to the CP group, Si-BP consumption significantly reduced fecal excretion (1.44 ± 0.24) and serum glucose (129.1 ± 10.40 vs. 154.9 ± 15.76), insulin (9.49 ± 6.06), triglycerides (46.91 ± 5.13), and estradiol (528.2 ± 45.00 vs. 634.4 ± 98.87), preserved islet circularity (0.88 ± 0.02 vs. 0.82 ± 0.01), and significantly increased tibia length (4.09 ± 0.12 vs. 3.95 ± 0.09) and wet weight (0.65 ± 0.07 vs. 0.56 ± 0.06). This study demonstrates the antidiabetic effects of silicon from diatomaceous earth (4 mg Si/kg body/day) incorporated into pâté in middle-aged female rats. Replacing CP with a functional alternative improved the health status of diabetic female rats, supporting its potential as an effective nutritional adjuvant. Full article

Background/Objectives: Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and hypothyroidism often coexist, worsening cardiometabolic risk. Oral semaglutide and levothyroxine each improve metabolic parameters, but the effect of combined therapy is understudied. This study aimed to evaluate whether oral semaglutide administered concomitant with levothyroxine provides additive benefits on lipid profile, glycemic control, and body weight in patients with both conditions. Methods: This prospective comparative observational study assessed a total of 210 patients who were enrolled (70 per group) with a 6-month follow-up. Group A (T2DM and hypothyroidism) received semaglutide and levothyroxine, group B (hypothyroidism only) received levothyroxine, and group C (T2DM only) received oral semaglutide. Lipid profile, glycemic profile (HbA1c), thyroid profile, and anthropometric parameters were comparable across groups at baseline and after 6 months. Results: Group A demonstrated significant improvements in lipid parameters: LDL-cholesterol decreased by 12.7%, HDL increased by 9.0%, and triglycerides decreased by 6.7% (all comparisons p < 0.001 unless otherwise specified). In contrast, group B experienced worsening lipid profiles (LDL increased by 11.0%, HDL decreased by 0.5%, and triglycerides increased by 9.1%), while group C showed modest changes (LDL increased by 4.5%). Glycemic control improved among diabetic patients, with HbA1c declining by 7.7% in group A and 12.6% in group C. Body mass index (BMI) decreased in groups A (4.9%) and C (6.0%). Conclusions: The concurrent administration of oral semaglutide and levothyroxine produces additive cardiometabolic advantages in individuals with T2DM and hypothyroidism. These findings suggest that combined treatment may optimize metabolic outcomes in this particularly high-risk population. Full article

Hyperlipidemia is a metabolic disease of significant current concern. Research has demonstrated that hyperlipidemia is a primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Furthermore, hyperlipidemia significantly increases the risk of intracellular lipid peroxidation, which further contributes to the development of CVD. Dietary bioactive interventions, including polysaccharides, polyphenols, and organic acids, have demonstrated significant potential in regulating lipid metabolism and preventing chronic diseases. This study investigated the hypoglycemic effects of Yongchun aged vinegar powder (YAVP) using an in vitro model. Considering that the bioactivity of dietary components is influenced by gastrointestinal transit, YAVP was first underwent simulated gastric and intestinal digestion in vitro. The resulting digests were applied to a sodium oleate-induced high-fat HepG2 cell model. The results demonstrated that digested YAVP significantly inhibited intracellular lipid accumulation in a dose-dependent manner. Specifically, YAVP intervention substantially lowered concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), while simultaneously elevating high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels relative to the model group. These findings suggest that YAVP retains its bioactivity after simulated digestion and exerts potent hypoglycemic effects by regulating lipid profiles in HepG2 cells, supporting its potential as a functional dietary supplement for lipid management. Full article

Combined oral contraceptive pills (COCPs) are commonly used by reproductive-aged women with overweight or obesity, but their metabolic effects remain understudied. This pilot study examined the feasibility of recruiting and retaining women with overweight or obesity initiating COCPs and evaluated changes in body weight, body composition, energy intake (EI), eating behaviors, and cardiometabolic markers. Premenopausal women aged 18–40 years with a body mass index between 25 and 45 kg/m² initiating COCPs (n = 10) or using nonhormonal contraception (NHC; n = 10) were followed for six months. Outcome measures included body weight, body composition, EI, eating behavior questionnaires, ecological momentary assessment of appetite and satiety, and fasting laboratory measures. There were no between-group differences in changes in weight, EI, or appetite. Binge-eating severity decreased in COCP users and increased in NHC users, though the within-group change in COCP users was not statistically significant. Exploratory analyses demonstrated increases in hemoglobin A1c and triglycerides among COCP users compared to NHC users, while bioavailable testosterone decreased in COCP users only. This study demonstrates high retention and feasibility among women with overweight/obesity undergoing intensive dietary and metabolic monitoring. Although weight outcomes were similar between groups, these preliminary findings identify potential metabolic signals warranting confirmation in adequately powered studies. Full article

Background/Objectives: Obesity and type 2 diabetes are increasingly common among patients undergoing hip and knee arthroplasty and are associated with higher risks of prosthetic joint infection, impaired wound healing, and prolonged hospitalisation. Dietary carbohydrate restriction has demonstrated benefits in glycemic control and weight reduction, but its feasibility and safety in the perioperative arthroplasty population remain underexplored. This pilot study evaluated the safety, feasibility, and short-term metabolic effects of a low-carbohydrate diet supported by WhatsApp-based meal photo-logging in patients undergoing total hip or knee arthroplasty. Methods: A retrospective cohort analysis was performed on 43 patients enrolled in a carbohydrate-restricted dietary programme between 2021 and 2024. Patients submitted photographs of all meals via WhatsApp with a minimum contact frequency of four times daily, enabling real-time feedback and medication adjustment. Anthropometric and metabolic parameters, including weight, BMI, HbA1c, renal function, and lipid profile, were assessed before and after the intervention. Results: Participants (mean age 69.12 ± 7.51 years) demonstrated significant improvement across several metabolic markers. Mean weight decreased by 5.74 kg (p < 0.001), BMI by 2.26 kg/m² (p < 0.001), and HbA1c by 0.72% (p < 0.001). No episodes of severe hypoglycaemia or perioperative discharge delays related to glycemic instability were observed. Renal function remained stable, with no significant change in eGFR (p = 0.442). Among patients with available lipid data (n = 14), LDL-cholesterol and total cholesterol increased, while triglycerides showed a non-significant downward trend. Conclusions: A low-carbohydrate diet combined with high-frequency digital monitoring appears feasible and safe, achieving meaningful short-term improvements in weight and glycemic control without adverse renal or hypoglycemic events. The lipid changes observed, however, warrant cautious interpretation. These findings are hypothesis-generating, and larger prospective studies are needed to confirm the clinical impact of this approach and its relevance to perioperative optimisation. Full article

Flavor is a pivotal determinant of goat meat quality, influenced by multiple factors. This study investigated flavor formation from a lipid perspective by comparing two distinct breeds at two years old and fed the same diet: the high-altitude Xizang goat (XG; n = 6, 26.23 ± 0.72 kg), renowned for its unique meat flavor, and the low-altitude meat-type Jianzhou big-ear goat (JBG; n = 6, 63.93 ± 0.98 kg). Lipid profiles were analyzed using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS), and flavor variations were assessed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). We identified 630 significantly differential lipids (VIP > 1, p < 0.05) between the breeds. The XG group exhibited a distinct lipid composition characterized by a higher proportion of glycerophospholipids (45.1%) and the upregulation of specific species such as PC (13:0_16:0) and PE(16:0_20:5), whereas glycerolipids were markedly more abundant in JBG (24.3%) than in XG (6.4%). A total of 14 key volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were identified as potential drivers of flavor divergence based on the criteria of |log₂(fold change)| ≥ 1, VIP > 1, p < 0.05 and rOAV ≥ 1. Correlation networks revealed significant positive associations (r > 0.8, p < 0.05) between several upregulated glycerophospholipids—including PC (13:0_16:0), PE(16:0_20:5), PE(20:5_16:1), PMeOH(16:0_22:4), and PS(18:2_20:5)—and fruity esters such as ethyl heptanoate and butyl butyrate in XG meat, directly contributing to its more intense fruity sensory profile. Collectively, this study demonstrated that the phospholipid-rich lipidome of high-altitude XG served as a key substrate for generating fruity esters, which fundamentally distinguishes its more complex and preferred sensory profile from the triglyceride-dominated lipidome of JBG meat. These findings establish a potential molecular link between lipid composition and meat flavor, providing a biochemical explanation for traditional flavor preferences and highlighting the importance of lipid metabolism in determining the quality of goat meat. Full article

In this study, a techno-economic and carbon footprint (GHG, CO₂-equivalent) analysis was conducted on two alternative biofuels, green diesel and bio-jet fuel, produced from renewable lipids. The focus of the work is the comparison of various lipid feedstocks, including waste cooking oil, and four types of vegetable oils: cardoon, soybean, palm, and sunflower. Process optimization and design were performed to minimize production costs by using the process simulation software Aspen Plus^®. Green diesel and bio-jet fuel were obtained via hydrodeoxygenation and hydroisomerization/hydrocracking, respectively. Sensitivity analyses confirmed consistent results across the tested vegetable oils. Hydrodeoxygenation achieved triglyceride molar conversions exceeding 97%, with overall mass yields into the diesel fraction surpassing 79%. Conversely, hydroisomerization/hydrocracking of green diesel resulted in over 90% conversion of n-paraffins and more than 50% overall mass yield. The economic analysis showed that the primary cost factor influencing the payback selling price of the biofuels is the price of the lipid feedstocks. Biofuels are economically viable only when lipid prices are below 1000 €/ton and hydrogen prices are below 3000 €/ton. An important aspect is also represented by the combined-cycle energy recovery system, which strongly affects the overall capital cost and increases internal power generation efficiency. The carbon footprint calculated over a cradle-to-grave boundary showed shows net GHG reductions versus the fossil reference fuels for all scenarios. Net avoided emissions range from 1.74 to 3.63 kgCO₂-eq/kg green diesel and from 0.80 to 3.70 kgCO₂-eq/kg bio-jet fuel across the investigated feedstocks, approximately 40–84% and 20–95% of the respective savings relative to the fossil reference fuels under the stated background and logistics assumptions. Results are expressed per kg of produced fuel as a functional unit, using literature-derived upstream emission factors for oil supply and background inputs (hydrogen, Italian grid electricity and transport). For the bio-jet configuration, co-product burdens were partitioned by mass; the Discussion section highlights the sensitivity of the GD vs. BJF comparison to co-product handling and allocation choices. In this context, the choice of feedstock is essential in establishing the resulting GHG intensity of the two biofuels. From both economic and climate change perspectives, waste cooking oil emerges as the most promising option, particularly given its classification as waste-derived feedstock in the system boundary, unlike the virgin oil sources. Full article

The alarming surge in obesity rates represents a critical health concern in developed nations. This condition is associated with several health issues grouped under the term metabolic syndrome. This alarming data mandates an investigation into the causes and risk of this syndrome. One category of causes is genetic factors. The adiponectin gene has been subject to several studies exploring its single nucleotide polymorphisms, especially rs266729, across diverse populations. This study included 156 subjects. Body weight, body mass index, and blood pressure were measured, and levels of fasting plasma glucose (FPG), total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, and LDL were determined. Genotyping was performed. There was significant association of rs266729 polymorphism with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), with notably higher frequency of the G allele among these subjects. Additionally, the results demonstrated significant influence on the detected levels of HDL. Individuals carrying the homozygous (GG) and heterozygous (CG) genotypes exhibited a three-fold and two-fold increased risk of elevated FPG levels, respectively. There was also a significant association of these genotypes with T2DM when compared with the wild-type genotype (CC). These observations strongly indicated a potential involvement of the adiponectin gene polymorphism rs266729 in the pathogenesis of T2DM among subjects from North Bulgaria. Full article

Background and Objectives: The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and major cardiometabolic comorbidities in adults living in El Trébol, Argentina, and to evaluate their associations using laboratory-confirmed, community-based data. Methods: A cross-sectional, probabilistic, two-phase design was implemented, combining a household survey with clinical and biochemical assessments. Of 1112 surveyed adults aged 20–79 years, 860 completed the clinical phase and formed the effective sample. Cardiometabolic risk factors, including obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and physical inactivity, were assessed through standardized measurements and questionnaires. Multivariate logistic regression explored independent associations with DM. Results: Crude DM prevalence was 10.47%, higher in men and increasing markedly with age; the age-standardized prevalence for the Argentine population was 9.87%. Of all diabetes cases, 23% were previously undiagnosed. Obesity (35.62%), hypertension (38.83%), dyslipidemia, and physical inactivity (83.84%) were highly prevalent. DM was independently associated with older age, higher BMI, elevated triglycerides, lower HDL cholesterol, and insufficient physical activity. Conclusions: This study reveals a substantial cardiometabolic burden in a small urban Argentine population and suggests that self-report-based national surveys may misestimate true DM prevalence. Laboratory-confirmed, community-based surveillance is essential to strengthen early detection, guide targeted interventions, and inform equitable public health strategies. Full article

Introduction: Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is a key technique in the characterization of biomaterials, allowing the identification of functional groups and the verification of bioactive compound incorporation in nanostructured systems. In this study, the spectral signature of raw materials used in the formulation of a nanoemulsion with curcumin, sunflower oil, annatto oil, and Cremophor applied in the production of a dressing consisting of a natural latex biomembrane (Hevea brasiliensis) was evaluated. Methodology: FTIR spectra were obtained from isolated raw materials (curcumin, vegetable oils, and Cremophor) and from the curcumin-containing nanoemulsion formulation, aiming to compare their spectral profiles and identify possible chemical interactions. Results: Curcumin showed characteristic bands around 3328–3508 cm⁻¹ (–OH), 1637 cm⁻¹ (C=O and conjugated C=C), and 1505 cm⁻¹ (aromatic ring), confirming its polyphenolic structure. Sunflower oil exhibited an intense peak at 1744 cm⁻¹ (ester carbonyl), associated with its triglyceride composition, while annatto oil showed a band at 1633 cm⁻¹ (conjugated C=O), indicative of bixine and carotenoids. Cremophor presented peaks at 3460 cm⁻¹ (–OH) and 1726 cm⁻¹ (C=O), typical of ethoxylated surfactants. In the curcumin-containing nanoemulsion, the Cremophor spectral profile predominated, but new bands between 1511 and 1637 cm⁻¹, associated with curcumin, confirmed its incorporation into the matrix. Conclusion: The FTIR results confirmed the preservation of the spectral signatures of the raw materials and the successful integration of curcumin into the nanoemulsion, reinforcing its potential for application in biomaterial-based dressings Full article

Objectives: This study aimed to identify factors influencing the magnitude of the difference between plasma glucose concentration (Glu(P)) and serum glucose concentration (Glu(S)). Methods: A total of 333 healthy Japanese adults aged 22–29 years (212 males and 121 females) were enrolled. Plasma samples were collected using glycolytic inhibitors, whereas serum samples were obtained without glycolytic inhibitors and kept at room temperature. Glu(P) and Glu(S) were measured and compared. Results: The median difference between Glu(P) and Glu(S), defined as Glu(P-S), was 4 mg/dL across all participants, with no gender-related differences. A strong positive correlation was observed between Glu(P) and Glu(S). Glu(P-S) was positively correlated with body mass index, Glu(P), triglyceride–glucose index, white blood cell count, serum sodium, magnesium, and zinc levels. In contrast, Glu(P-S) was negatively correlated with Glu(S), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), homeostasis model assessment of beta-cell function, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that HDL-C and HbA1c were independent determinants of Glu(P-S) in the overall cohort. Among females, HDL-C, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, ferritin, and C-reactive protein independently influenced Glu(P-S), whereas no independent determinants were identified in males. Conclusions: Plasma glucose concentrations measured with glycolytic inhibitors were significantly higher than serum glucose concentrations measured without inhibitors at room temperature. The magnitude of Glu(P-S) appears to be associated with markers of insulin resistance, particularly HDL-C levels. Full article

Crossbreeding with indigenous breeds is an important approach for improving pork quality. In this study, untargeted metabolomics and targeted lipidomics were applied to comprehensively characterize meat quality, metabolites, and lipids in Duroc × Guangdong small-ear spotted (DG) and commercial Duroc × (Landrace × Yorkshire) (DLY) pigs. Multivariate statistical analysis was used for differential comparison, compound screening, and breed discrimination. DG pigs presented better tenderness than DLY pigs, although their meat color and marbling scores were lower. Protein, amino acid, and fatty acid contents did not differ significantly between breeds (p > 0.05), but their metabolomic and lipidomic profiles showed marked differences. Metabolomics identified 13 differential metabolites, such as L-norleucine and L-phenylalanine. Lipidomics revealed 77 lipids with differential abundance between the two breeds, predominantly triglycerides and ceramides, with 76 being more abundant in DG pigs. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that amino acid metabolism was the main pathway enriched by the differential metabolites, whereas the differential lipids were primarily involved in glycerolipid metabolism and other related pathways. Correlation analysis indicated that breed influenced relationships among meat quality traits, metabolites, and lipids. These findings offer molecular insights into the meat quality characteristics of indigenous crossbred pigs. Full article

Law enforcement officers experience substantial occupational stressors that increase vulnerability to food addiction and cardiovascular disease (CVD), which may be compounded by adverse local environments. This study examined associations among county-level environmental factors, food addiction, and cardiometabolic profiles among North Carolina law enforcement officers. Participants included 330 officers (mean age = 37.98 years; mean BMI = 30.53 kg/m²) who completed the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 and underwent assessments of anthropometrics, blood pressure, blood lipids, and glucose. County-level Food Environment Index (FEI) scores and counts of fast-food restaurants, recreation and fitness facilities, and crime events were obtained from public data sources. Comparative analyses evaluated differences by county type and region, and BMI- and sex-adjusted regression models assessed associations among environmental factors, food addiction symptoms, and cardiometabolic profiles. Rural counties had significantly poorer FEI scores than suburban and urban counties, and rural officers reported the highest food addiction symptoms. Lower FEI scores were significantly associated with greater food addiction symptoms, which were, in turn, associated with higher adiposity and lower triglyceride levels. The findings support associations between food addiction and CVD risk, while underscoring potential influences of food environments on food addiction, warranting further investigation using more precise and up-to-date measures. Full article

We reported a simplified one-step emulsification strategy to prepare bi-continuous emulsions with a gel-like property using the pH-responsive self-assembled aggregates of an amphiphilic random copolymer poly (styrene-co-methacrylic acid) (P(St-co-MAA)) as the interfacial stabilizers. Using caprylic/capric triglyceride (GTCC) as the oil phase, 1.0% P(St-co-MAA) aqueous solution with a pH between 7.0 and 8.0 as the water phase, and an oil/water phase ratio of 6:4, bi-continuous emulsions could be formed directly through one-step emulsification. Systematic characterization with a fluorescence microscope, scanning electron microscope, and confocal laser scanning microscope confirmed the formation of the bi-continuous emulsions. The three-phase contact angle measurements confirmed that the surface wettability of the self-assembled aggregates changed with pH, and the three-phase contact angles of the bi-continuous emulsions formed at a pH between 7.0 and 8.0 were close to 90°. Furthermore, rheological analysis of the bi-continuous emulsion showed the storage modulus (G′) dominating over the loss modulus (G″), which verified that the bi-continuous emulsion was attributed to the existence of a three-dimensional elastic gel network. The pH-dependent wettability of the self-assembled aggregates as the stabilizers enabled pH to control the emulsion type from O/W to bi-continuous to W/O. The work provides a simple, rapid, and robust approach to preparing bi-continuous emulsions without intricate particle modifications and cumbersome procedures. Full article