Search Results (1,101)

The detection of organic carbon in wastewater is essential for process monitoring and regulatory assessment. Yet conventional chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC) methods remain reagent-dependent, slow, and unsuitable for inline operation. Photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensing based on TiO₂ offers a reagent-free alternative, but its response to wastewater-relevant dissolved organic matter (DOM) and real effluent matrices is still poorly understood. In this study, a TiO₂-based PEC system was systematically evaluated using four representative model compounds—glucose, potassium hydrogen phthalate, L-tryptophan, and urea—covering major fractions typically present in municipal wastewater. For the first time, representative wastewater-associated organic compound classes, conductivity effects, and the transferability of the PEC response to real wastewater effluent were systematically investigated. The photocurrent response showed distinct, highly linear concentration–signal relationships for each substance, suggesting a dominant contribution of surface-associated electronic effects. Conductivity variations across a relevant range had no measurable influence on sensitivity or photocurrent magnitude, indicating that the PEC response is not governed by bulk ionic transport but primarily is an interfacial process at the site of TiO₂. When applied to real wastewater effluent, the sensor exhibited an excellent linear correlation with dilution level (R² = 0.9954), demonstrating a linear response within a defined matrix and an LOD of 1.12 mg L⁻¹ COD. For the investigated model compounds, LOD values ranged from 1.06 to 3.00 mg L⁻¹ COD, while a linear response was maintained up to approximately 80–100 mg L⁻¹ COD. These findings establish TiO₂-based PEC sensing as a promising platform for the reagent-free, online monitoring of organic loads in wastewater treatment. Full article

Accurately identifying organic-rich shale intervals remains a major challenge in lacustrine shale oil exploration, particularly in continental rift basins characterized by rapid environmental change and pronounced vertical heterogeneity. This study investigates the upper Jiufotang Formation in the Ludong Sag, Kailu Basin, NE China, using total organic carbon (TOC), vitrinite reflectance, multi-stage programmed rock pyrolysis, and major and trace element geochemistry to constrain the processes governing organic matter enrichment and hydrocarbon occurrence. The studied shales contain abundant organic matter, with TOC values ranging from 1.91% to 7.55% and averaging 4.22%. Type II₂ kerogen and vitrinite reflectance values of 0.60–0.94% indicate oil-prone organic matter at low-mature to mature stages within the oil generation window. Multi-stage pyrolysis shows that the hydrocarbon assemblage is dominated by bound oil and residual kerogen-derived fractions, whereas the low-temperature movable oil fraction is limited. TOC is more strongly associated with the high-temperature pyrolysis fractions than with the light free-oil fraction, indicating that organic matter abundance primarily controls residual hydrocarbon generation potential but does not directly determine present-day movable oil content. Multiple elemental proxies are collectively consistent with deposition in a hydrologically restricted, variably brackish–saline lacustrine system with water-mass differentiation. Redox-sensitive indicators, including V/(V + Ni) and Mo, suggest persistent weakly reducing to reducing bottom-water conditions. After correction for carbonate- and phosphate-associated Ca, CIA values fall within a narrow range of approximately 67–70, indicating moderate and relatively stable source area chemical weathering. Organic matter enrichment was governed by the coupled effects of organic matter supply, preservation under stratified oxygen-deficient waters, and sedimentary dilution. We therefore propose a two-stage process framework in which depositional productivity–preservation coupling first promoted organic matter accumulation, whereas subsequent thermal maturation, hydrocarbon expulsion, retention, and adsorption reshaped the present hydrocarbon occurrence state. The results demonstrate that high organic matter abundance and residual generation potential do not necessarily translate into high movable oil content and provide a well-scale geochemical basis for source rock evaluation and future multi-well assessment in continental rift lake systems. Full article

Lake eutrophication may promote the remobilization of historically buried organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), yet the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study reconstructed an 80-year sedimentary record from Lake Qilu to elucidate the linkages between organic matter evolution and OCP dynamics. Sedimentary proxies reveal a transition from oligo-mesotrophic conditions before the 1980s to eutrophic states since the 1990s, with significant increases in total organic carbon (TOC), dissolved organic matter (DOM), and hydrophilic organic matter (HIM), alongside δ¹⁵N enrichment from +2.0‰ to +11.3‰ and a positive δ¹³C shift from −21.7‰ to −14.5‰. The OCP record exhibits three distinct phases: accumulation during the 1940s–1980s, decline following regulatory bans during the 1990s–2000s, and anomalous resurgence during the 2010s–2020s, with ∑Drin (sum of aldrin, dieldrin, and endrin) reaching a historical peak of 10.54 μg/kg in the 2020s. Significant positive correlations were observed between both individual OCP congeners and total OCP classes and total nitrogen (TN), DOM and HIM (p < 0.01 or p < 0.05), indicating that eutrophication-driven algal proliferation releases hydrophilic organic matter, which forms soluble complexes with hydrophobic OCPs, facilitating their upward migration. This study provides direct field evidence for eutrophication-driven OCP remobilization, with important implications for risk assessment of pollutants in eutrophic lakes worldwide. Full article

Population growth, increasing water demands for data centers, and the need for more sustainable water practices are prompting advancement of next-generation water resource management strategies including water reuse. In the Midwestern United States (U.S.), where non-traditional approaches to augmenting water supply, including water reuse, are relatively new, full advanced water treatment (AWT), which includes microfiltration/ultrafiltration (MF/UF) and reverse osmosis (RO), produces a concentrate stream that is expensive to address (i.e., brine disposal). Carbon-based advanced treatment (CBAT), which combines ozonation, biofiltration, and granular activated carbon, has been shown to be a viable alternative with select advantages over the traditional RO approach, including the lack of brine generation. Two novel pilots were conducted in the Midwestern U.S., one at a large (>100 MGD) and one at a small (~10 MGD) wastewater reclamation facility (WRF), to provide proof of concept that CBAT could meet distinct regional needs. While additional demonstration data are ultimately needed for future regulatory approvals, results from the pilots showed that water quality objectives were met with treated water quality of <0.5 mg/L total Kjeldal nitrogen (TKN), <2 mg/L total organic carbon (TOC), and substantial reduction in constituents of emerging concern (CECs). If nitrate removal is required to meet drinking water standards (10 mg/L), additional treatment optimization at the source WRFs would be required. Areas for further research identified by this effort include mitigating the potential for ozonation to contribute to the formation of disinfection byproducts such as bromate and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). Along with the treatment performance demonstrated at these pilots, the study provided an opportunity to engage with key stakeholders to build trust in the AWT approach, which is critically important for regulatory and public acceptance. Based on two field-scale pilot studies in the U.S. Midwest, this paper analyzes CBAT application advantages and challenges in municipal water reuse and identifies research directions for the industry. Full article

Catalytic ozonation is one of the advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) that have yielded promising results in the treatment of emerging pollutants, in which the catalyst plays a fundamental role. In this study, surface oxygen and nitrogen groups were introduced onto two commercial activated carbons, and their catalytic activity in the ozonation of lamotrigine, carbamazepine, and ibuprofen was evaluated. The modified activated carbons were characterized by N₂ adsorption at −196 °C, elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and determination of the pH at the point of zero charge (pH_pzc). The by-products formed in the catalytic ozonation of the compounds with each catalyst were identified, and the mineralization of the pollutants was determined. Finally, the catalysts that showed the best mineralization of the individual compounds were used for testing with the mixture of pharmaceutical contaminants. These catalysts reduced the total organic carbon (TOC) of the mixture by over 74% after 180 min of reaction. The mineralization of pollutants was improved by catalysts with higher nitrogen content and fewer surface oxygenated acid groups. Full article

A high-performance Z-scheme Ho₂BiNbO₇/ZnBiTmO₄ heterojunction (HZ) photocatalyst was prepared for the first time using a wet impregnation method. The HZ photocatalyst significantly improved the separation efficiency of the photoinduced electrons and the photoinduced holes; meanwhile, the HZ photocatalyst could effectively broaden the visible light spectrum via a specific mechanism of the Z-scheme heterojunction structure. The experimental results displayed that the HZ photocatalyst had strong catalytic activity when the brilliant green (BLG) was degraded. In particular, the degradation rate of BLG when using the HZ photocatalyst was found to be 99.47%, and the mineralization efficiency of the total organic carbon (TOC) concentration was found to be 98.26% when using the HZ photocatalyst under visible light irradiation (VILIIR). The HZ photocatalyst possessed higher photocatalytic activity compared with Ho₂BiNbO₇, ZnBiTmO₄, or N-doped TiO₂ (N-T). The degradation rate of BLG when using the HZ photocatalyst was 1.27 times higher than that when using Ho₂BiNbO₇, 1.15 times higher than that when employing ZnBiTmO₄, or 2.91 times higher than that when using N-T under VILIIR. The mineralization efficiency of the TOC concentration after catalytic degradation of BLG when employing the HZ photocatalyst was 1.31 times higher than that when employing Ho₂BiNbO₇, 1.19 times higher than that when employing ZnBiTmO₄, or 3.14 times higher than that when using N-T under VILIIR. The experimental generating radicals confirmed that the HZ photocatalyst might produce diverse reactive radicals, which contained superoxide anions (•O₂⁻), hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and photogenerated holes (h⁺) after catalytic degradation of BLG. The descending order of oxidizing capacity for above three radicals was as follows: •OH > •O₂⁻ > h⁺. The descending order of the photocatalytic activity for the four photocatalysts was as follows: HZ > ZnBiTmO₄ > Ho₂BiNbO₇ > N-T. The intermediate degradation products of BLG were detected by employing the HZ photocatalyst during the photocatalytic degradation process of BLG; the reliability, reusability, and stability of the HZ photocatalyst were proven by quintic cyclical degradation experiments of BLG. This study developed the degradation pathways and degradation mechanism of BLG when using the HZ photocatalyst under VILIIR. This work supplies novel thought for the design and manufacture of Z-scheme heterojunction catalysts, and it provides a basis for developing an efficient environmental remediation technique for BLG pollution. Full article

Despite recent Cambrian subsalt gas discoveries in the Keping fault-uplift, northwestern Tarim Basin, organic abundance, type, maturity, and depositional setting of Lower Cambrian source rocks remain poorly documented. We evaluated the Yuertusi and Lower Xiaoerbulake Formations using total organic carbon (TOC) analysis, Rock-Eval pyrolysis, kerogen microscopy, solid bitumen reflectance, X-ray diffraction, and ICP-MS trace-element analysis of samples from 11 wells and 6 outcrops. The Yuertusi Formation is organic-rich in northern Keping (TOC = 0.13–28.20%) but thins and deteriorates southward. The Lower Xiaoerbulake Formation (TOC = 0.10–9.68%; 70–160 m thick) is a widespread, moderate-to-good source rock, challenging the view that the Yuertusi Formation is the only Cambrian source rock. Sapropelinite-dominated kerogen (>80%) indicates Type I–II organic matter; equivalent vitrinite reflectance (2.28–3.50%) confirms overmature, gas-prone rocks. The Yuertusi Formation reflects upwelling-fed high productivity and anoxic–euxinic waters; the Lower Xiaoerbulake Formation, moderately high productivity and dysoxic waters. The subsalt gas is oil-cracked gas from marine sapropelic source rocks of either formation. Chloroform bitumen “A” estimates give in-place gas resources of 1121.4 × 10⁹ m³; the static share for southern Keping (20.1 × 10⁹ m³) understates its dynamic potential. A lower-generation/upper-reservoir, fault-controlled, near-source model favors Trap 1-1 for future drilling. Full article

The basins of former mill ponds are a common element of the cultural landscape, while soil science studies focusing on mill pond sediments remain relatively rare. One of the key properties relevant to the sustainable management of these sites is the content and stocks of organic carbon in the soils developed from the mill pond sediments. Therefore, the study aimed to analyze the total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen content, as well as its stocks in the studied soils, the share of the labile fractions of these compounds in relation to the environmental factors influencing these properties and finally their potential changes over time (stability). The obtained results confirmed that the studied soils (mostly classified as Gleyic Fluvisols and Fluvic Phaeozems) are characterized by a high amount of TOC. This manifests in the large TOC stocks in the upper 50 cm (mean = 18.1; min = 8.35; max = 35.5 kg m⁻²) and in the whole soil profiles (mean = 43.7; min = 10.6; max = 93.6 in kg m⁻²). The dissolved organic carbon share in TOC content was slightly over 1% on average (mean = 1.06; min = 0.19; max = 4.75) and the specific UV absorbance averaged about 2.40 L mg C⁻¹ m⁻¹, indicating the relatively large proportion of recalcitrant organic fractions and low potential for further degradation. Full article

With the gradual decline in conventional oil and gas production growth, unconventional natural gas has become a strategic alternative for hydrocarbon supply. Coal-rock gas (CRG) represents a deep unconventional gas resource with huge potential. Major exploration breakthroughs of CRG have been achieved in China, while systematic research targeting CRG as an independent gas reservoir is still lacking internationally. After effective commercial development, CRG serves as an important supplementary energy source for the domestic natural gas supply. Existing logging evaluation methods exhibit notable deficiencies, as porosity is typically estimated by fitting well logging data or proximate analysis data, resulting in limited accuracy. To address the lack of a dedicated logging volumetric model, ambiguous coal-matrix framework parameters, and substantial porosity calculation errors in deep CRG reservoirs, this study investigates the medium–high rank No. 8 coal seam of the Benxi Formation in the central-eastern Ordos Basin. From an oil and gas reservoir logging evaluation perspective, multi-scale experiments were conducted to systematically characterize the material composition and microscopic characteristics of the coal rock. From the perspective of oil and gas reservoir logging evaluation, a three-component logging volumetric model, consisting of a coal matrix, inorganic minerals, and pore fluids, was constructed, and the corresponding coal-matrix framework parameters were calibrated. The results demonstrate that coal rock is an organic–inorganic composite system, with organic macerals dominated by vitrinite (averaging 59.1%) and inertinite (27.1%). The sum of fixed carbon and volatiles exhibits strong correlations with total organic carbon (TOC) and micro-CT-derived coal-matrix content, yielding determination coefficients of 0.99 and 0.95, respectively, which validates the reliability of the multi-scale quantitative composition characterization. The coal-matrix framework parameters are non-constant: density ranges from 1.08 to 1.56 g·cm⁻³, acoustic slowness from 281 to 425 μs·m⁻¹, and compensated neutron from 39% to 79%. Borehole enlargement severely affects compensated density and neutron logs but has negligible interference with acoustic slowness. Notably, inertinite content shows a significant negative correlation with the acoustic-slowness framework response (R² = 0.80), indicating that structurally dense inertinite is a key intrinsic factor controlling the elastic response of the coal matrix. For porosity evaluation, a dual-variable framework model is proposed. The core novelty of this method is that it simultaneously incorporates variations in inorganic mineral content and differences in inertinite proportion within organic components as dynamic framework constraints, breaking through the limitation of the conventional constant-matrix assumption. The acoustic-slowness-based model achieves an average relative error of merely 7.1%, effectively resolving the large errors inherent in conventional fitting methods. The dedicated coal-rock logging evaluation system established in this study overcomes the limitations of fixed framework models, offers a scientific basis for fine-scale interpretation and resource assessment of deep CRG reservoirs, and provides a valuable reference for evaluating analogous reservoirs. Full article

The Songliao Basin is an important Meso-Cenozoic terrestrial petroliferous basin in China. The hydrocarbon source rocks of the Upper Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation in the Central Depression possess favorable oil-generating conditions and huge hydrocarbon resource potential. This paper systematically analyzes the geochemical characteristics and simulates the thermal evolution history of Upper Cretaceous source rocks in the study area. The results show that the total organic carbon (TOC) content of Qingshankou Formation source rocks reaches up to 4.6925%. Organic matter is predominantly Type I and Type II₁, representing high-quality hydrocarbon source rocks. Thermal history simulation reveals two evolutionary stages: rapid temperature rise from the Early Cretaceous to the Late Cretaceous, and gradual cooling from the Late Cretaceous to the present day. Continuous temperature increase occurred during the depositional period of the Qingshankou to Mingshui Formations, with the maximum paleotemperature up to 180 °C. Paleotemperature has gradually decreased since the late depositional stage of the Mingshui Formation. The average TOC content of the 1st Member of Qingshankou Formation is 3.88%, classified as high-quality source rock. It reached the hydrocarbon generation threshold at approximately 82 Ma and is currently at the high-mature stage. The average TOC content of the 2nd and 3rd Members is 1.31%, also high-quality source rock. These strata entered the hydrocarbon generation threshold at about 80 Ma with relatively low vitrinite reflectance (Ro), belonging to the medium-mature and high-mature stage. Since the deposition of the Qingshankou Formation, the major hydrocarbon generation period of Cretaceous source rocks in the Central Depression ranged from 75 Ma to 80 Ma. The maximum oil generation rate is 28 mg/(g·TOC·Ma), and the cumulative oil generation capacity peaks at 220 mg/(g·TOC). The maximum gas generation rate reaches 5.5 mg/(g·TOC·Ma), with a maximum cumulative gas yield of 40 mg/(g·TOC). Full article

Overpressure is widely developed in the Enping Formation of the Baiyun Sag, Pearl River Mouth Basin, yet its origin has long remained controversial. Previous studies, based on the acoustic velocity-effective stress crossplot, concluded that undercompaction is the dominant overpressure mechanism in this area; however, the significant influence of high total organic carbon (TOC) in the thick mudstone intervals on sonic transit time was not effectively eliminated. In this paper, geochemical logging data are used to perform TOC correction on the sonic transit time of Well BY-X1. Combined with log-curve assemblages and the effective-stress crossplot, the overpressure origin is re-identified, and the development characteristics and quantitative patterns of overpressure are clarified. The results show that the maximum TOC of mudstones in the overpressure intervals of the Enping Formation in the Baiyun Sag reaches 5.8%, exhibiting a strong positive correlation with sonic transit time. After TOC correction, the reduction in sonic transit time ranges from 6.8% to 29.8%, with an average reduction of 16.8% in the lower Enping Formation. Before correction, data points fall within the loading curve region, leading to a potential misinterpretation of undercompaction as the dominant mechanism; after correction, all data points plot along the unloading curve. Combined with the absence of significant shifts in density logs, the maximum formation pressure coefficient of 1.53, and the lack of anomalously high porosity, it is confirmed that the dominant origin of overpressure in this area is fluid expansion driven by hydrocarbon generation, rather than undercompaction. The sonic transit-time correction method for organic-rich mudstones established in this study can significantly improve the accuracy of formation-pressure prediction, providing a quantitative reference for the study of overpressure mechanisms in source-rock systems with high heat flow and hydrocarbon-rich sags. Full article

Total organic carbon (TOC) is a key parameter for geological sweet spot optimization and resource evaluation. However, accurate TOC prediction remains challenging under small-sample conditions because conventional physical and machine learning methods are commonly limited by insufficient labeled data. To address this problem, this study proposes a hybrid deep learning framework that integrates a convolutional autoencoder with a BP neural network (CAE-BPNN). In this framework, the CAE is first used to learn representative feature expressions from abundant unlabeled logging data, and the learned encoder is then transferred to the supervised prediction stage, where labeled samples are used for TOC prediction through the BPNN. The dataset includes 177 measured TOC samples and 1388 unlabeled logging samples from the Fengcheng Formation shale in Well MY1, in the Mahu Sag, and data from Well MY2 are used for independent validation. Model performance is evaluated using five-fold cross-validation with the coefficient of determination (R²) and root mean square error (RMSE) as metrics. For Well MY1, CAE-BPNN achieves the best performance, with R² = 0.89 and RMSE = 0.061, outperforming CNN (R² = 0.85, RMSE = 0.075), GBDT (R² = 0.83, RMSE = 0.076), RF (R² = 0.81, RMSE = 0.082), and BPNN (R² = 0.77, RMSE = 0.085). In the independent validation using Well MY2, CAE-BPNN also shows superior predictive performance, with R² = 0.81 and RMSE = 0.367. These results indicate that unlabeled logging data can effectively enhance feature representation and improve TOC prediction accuracy under limited labeled-sample conditions. The proposed method provides an effective solution for small-sample TOC prediction and offers a reliable basis for movable oil evaluation using the oil saturation index (OSI), as well as a reference for predicting other geological parameters such as S1, S2, and porosity. Full article

Global warming is profoundly altering the structure and function of permafrost peatland ecosystems, but how soil microorganisms as core regulators of biogeochemical cycles respond to the process remains unclear. We investigated peatlands of the continuous, the discontinuous, and the isolated permafrost zones in the climatically sensitive high-latitude Greater Khingan Mountains using 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing and soil physicochemical analysis to systematically reveal the spatial differentiation patterns, community assembly processes, and primary environmental factors of bacterial communities. The results indicated that bacterial alpha diversity was highest in the discontinuous permafrost zone, and both permafrost type and soil depth exerted significant effects on bacterial community composition. From the continuous to the isolated permafrost zones, the relative abundance of the dominant phylum Proteobacteria decreased, while phylum Chloroflexota showed a gradual increasing trend. Co-occurrence network analysis suggested that bacterial network complexity was highest in the continuous permafrost zone, and network stability decreased along the permafrost gradient. From the continuous to the isolated permafrost zone, the relative contribution of stochastic processes declined, whereas that of deterministic processes increased. Partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM) further demonstrated that soil pH, total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), and soil water content (SWC) were major drivers of bacterial communities, with their effects differing among permafrost zones. Our study elucidated the synergistic evolutionary patterns of bacterial community composition, assembly mechanisms, and environmental drivers under permafrost degradation, providing key scientific evidence for predicting the feedback of high-latitude peatlands to climate warming. Full article

Emulsified oily wastewater from industrial activities remains challenging to treat because kinetically stable oil droplets hinder efficient separation, threatening water resources and ecological environments. To address this issue, this work develops an inclined solar-driven evaporator based on a polypyrrole (PPy)-coated bacterial cellulose (BC) gel (PPy-BC gel), which has enlarged effective evaporation areas and an environmental heat effect. Under one sun (1 kW m⁻² under standard solar illumination), the PPy-BC gel achieves an evaporation rate of 2.14 kg m⁻² h⁻¹, which is 494% higher than that of the uncoated BC gel. In diesel-in-water emulsions with oil concentrations ranging from 0 to 15 vol%, the gel maintains stable evaporation performance, achieving an oil removal efficiency exceeding 99% across all tested concentrations. After 15 consecutive cycles of treating actual oily wastewater, no significant performance degradation is observed. The collected condensate exhibits excellent water quality, with removal efficiencies for total organic carbon (TOC), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total dissolved solids (TDS), and ionic conductivity (IC) exceeding 94%. This work presents a solar-powered evaporation platform, which demonstrates potential in the stable treatment of complex oily wastewater, and offers a sustainable reference solution for decentralized industrial wastewater management. Full article

Environmental impacts of wastewater from textile and dyestuff industries are of growing concern due to limited freshwater availability and inadequate treatment facilities. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) offer excellent adsorption potential because of their outstanding mechanical and chemical properties, however; their application in textile effluent treatment has not been widely studied. Moreover, laboratory-based studies are often costly and limited to a few variables, making it challenging to reveal the underlying relationships among several physicochemical parameters and CNT treatments. Multivariate statistical analysis (MVSA) offers an effective approach to overcome this challenge. To the best of our knowledge, no studies have integrated laboratory analysis of nanotube-based textile effluent treatment with an MVSA approach. This study aims to evaluate the physicochemical characterization of textile effluent, treat effluent with CNT, and explore the relationship between physicochemical parameters and CNT by integrating laboratory experiments with MVSA. For this purpose, single-walled CNT (SWCNT) and multi-walled CNT (MWCNT) were applied in batch mode adsorption experiments using various dosages and adsorption times. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), along with physicochemical analyses, were conducted to characterize the effluent and adsorption processes. The FTIR spectrum indicated that the absorption peaks of C=C, C=O, and the acidic f -OH group on CNTs enhance wettability and hydrophilic character, thereby increasing adsorption capacity. Experimental results demonstrated significant reductions in electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, total organic carbon (TOC), and chemical oxygen demand (COD). CNT dosages of 1 to 5 g/100 mL and adsorption times of 2 to 5 h achieved removal efficiencies ranging from approximately 20% to 90% for SWCNT and MWCNT. MVSA indicated that MWCNT was more strongly associated with ionic and physical parameters (turbidity, TDS, EC, and pH), whereas SWCNT was more strongly related to organic load indicators, particularly COD and TOC. Overall, this study highlights the potential of CNT coupled with the MVSA technique as an effective and sustainable approach for textile wastewater treatment and offers valuable insights for researchers working in this field. Full article