Search Results (7,595)

Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI) systems are critical visual aids for supporting flight crews during the final approach phase by providing visual information on the aircraft’s vertical position relative to the desired glide path. Their correct operation and angular setting are therefore essential for maintaining operational safety at aerodromes. This study develops and field-evaluates a deterministic UAS-based workflow for automatic PAPI light localization, RED/WHITE/UNDEFINED state classification, red–white transition detection, and angular reconstruction from geotagged UAS observations. Data were acquired at two Colombian aerodromes, Perales Airport (SKIB) and Flaminio Suárez Camacho Aerodrome (SKGY), using a DJI Matrice 400 equipped with Zenmuse P1 and H30T optical payloads under manual vertical flight profiles and two illumination conditions. The proposed algorithm integrates luminance-based saliency extraction, four-light geometric validation, localized ROI-based chromatic classification, and RED→WHITE transition-event detection to estimate the transition angle of each PAPI unit from geotagged UAS observations. Results differed between the two evaluated site–payload configurations. In the SKGY–H30T configuration, the use of zoom and background-attenuation settings facilitated target isolation, and all 255 processed images were correctly classified during manual verification. In the SKIB–P1 configuration, 96.57% image-level classification accuracy was obtained, with the observed misclassifications mainly associated with city lights and luminous halos between adjacent PAPI units. Angular agreement with theodolite measurements also differed between the two datasets. Because each optical payload was evaluated at a different aerodrome, these differences cannot be attributed independently to payload characteristics; they represent the combined response of the payload, acquisition settings, background complexity, illumination, and site-specific conditions. Full article

This paper presents two antenna array designs, an equal-phase array and a monopulse array, implemented using dielectric 3D-printing technology. To achieve wideband operation and low back-lobe radiation, a novel magneto-electric dipole (ME-dipole) element is first proposed. This element is derived from an open-ended waveguide; the open aperture functions as a magnetic dipole, while a pair of metallic patches placed at the aperture forms an electric dipole. Through structural evolution, the element is adapted for post-processing after 3D printing. The two arrays are then developed using this element. The equal-phase array employs a three-stage cascaded T-junction feeding network, whereas the monopulse array replaces the first-stage T-junction with a Magic-T coupler. The main bodies of both arrays are printed from dielectric material, and selected surfaces are copper-electroplated to form the necessary metallic components. The proposed arrays offer simple fabrication, low weight, and good performance. Measurements show that the equal-phase and monopulse arrays achieve overlapped bandwidths of 32.8% and 35.6% and peak gains of 13.1 and 13.5 dBi, respectively. The measured null depth of the monopulse array is below −32.3 dB. Full article

With growing attention on renewable resources, hydrogen production as a sustainable alternative to increasingly depleted non-renewable fossil fuels has attracted significant interest. To develop economical electrocatalysts for HER that can replace platinum, this study synthesized a ternary CoFe₂O₄/Fe₂O₃/Co₃O₄-AC (activated carbon) nanocomposite via a urea-assisted one-step hydrothermal method, using water-soluble AC-ONa as a crystal growth regulator. The morphology and structure of the catalyst were thoroughly characterized by SEM, TEM, XRD, and XPS. Electrocatalytic water splitting performance was subsequently evaluated in 1.0 M KOH electrolyte. Results show that the catalyst requires an overpotential of 271 mV at a current density of 10 mA·cm⁻², significantly outperforming single-phase Fe₂O₃-AC (576 mV), Co₃O₄-AC (511 mV), and CoFe₂O₄/Fe₂O₃/Co₃O₄ (291 mV). The Tafel slope is 72.2 mV·dec⁻¹, consistent with the Volmer–Heyrovsky pathway. After a 10 h i-t stability test, the HER current remained essentially unchanged; moreover, after 1000 cyclic voltammetry cycles, the overpotential slightly decreased to 259 mV, demonstrating excellent HER stability. This work establishes a facile one-pot strategy for constructing multicomponent metal-oxide composite materials, in which soluble carbon additives play a key role in guiding interfacial growth. This method is easily scalable and avoids complicated procedures, providing a potential route for designing low-cost, highly active non-noble metal catalysts for alkaline HER. Full article

Water depth substantially affects wave transformation over hybrid submerged breakwaters, yet the incremental effects of geotextile armoring and crest vegetation remain insufficiently understood. Experiments were conducted in the 50.0 m long, 0.8 m wide, and 1.2 m high wave flume at the Hydraulic and Harbor Engineering Laboratory of Tongji University. A hard submerged breakwater (HSB), a geotextile-armored submerged breakwater (GSB), and a vegetation-integrated ecological submerged breakwater (ESB) with identical core geometry were compared. Six irregular-wave conditions with H₀ = 0.06–0.16 m and T_p = 1.4–2.2 s were tested at h = 0.50 m, corresponding to an incident Ursell number range of U_ri = 2.97–27.26. Three still-water depths, h = 0.44, 0.50, and 0.56 m, were examined under H₀ = 0.12 m and T_p = 1.8 s, corresponding to a relative crest-submergence range of δ_c = $d_{\mathrm{c}}/\overline{H_{\mathrm{s},1}}$ = 0.33–1.38, where d_c is the still-water depth above the breakwater crest and $\overline{H_{\mathrm{s},1}}$ is the measured incident significant wave height at W1. Wave transformation, relative mean water-level adjustment, bulk wave coefficients, coefficient-based energy partition, wave spectra, and harmonic bicoherence were examined. With increasing U_ri, the energy partition shifts from transmission toward residual energy loss, while reflection remains secondary. Adding crest vegetation to the GSB reduces the transmitted energy fraction, T = K_t², where K_t is the wave-transmission coefficient defined as the ratio of transmitted to incident significant wave height, by an average of 5.2 percentage points over the tested U_ri range, whereas the tested partially exposed GSC armor alone produces no systematic attenuation improvement relative to the HSB. Increasing δ_c increases transmission while reducing reflection, residual energy loss, and relative mean water-level contrast. The incremental vegetation effect is non-monotonic and is greatest at d_c/l_v = 0.67, where d_c is the still-water depth above the breakwater crest and l_v is the upright vegetation blade length. Mean squared harmonic bicoherence, defined as the average squared bicoherence over the selected harmonic-coupling frequency-pair region, is consistently higher at the immediate lee-side gauge than at the seaward gauge, indicating enhanced coherent quadratic phase coupling among harmonic frequency components during wave transformation across the breakwater; this lee-side coupling generally weakens with increasing δ_c. Overall, relative crest submergence governs not only bulk attenuation but also the associated mean water-level and nonlinear phase-coupling responses, while crest vegetation provides a more consistent attenuation benefit than the tested GSC armor alone. Full article

In this study, bio-based poly(pentamethylene terephthalamide) (PA5T), poly(pentamethy lene/dodecamethylene terephthalamide) (PA5T/12T), and poly(dodecamethylene terephthalamide) (PA12T) were synthesized using 1,5-pentanediamine, 1,12-dodecanediamine and terephthalic acid as polymerization monomers. PA12T segments with longer methylene sequences were incorporated to address the processing challenge of PA5T, whose melting temperature is close to its thermal decomposition temperature. The effects of PA12T segment content on the chemical structure, thermal properties, crystallization behavior and solvent resistance of the copolymers were investigated. Meanwhile, the thermal degradation mechanism was elucidated by thermal degradation kinetics analysis. The results show that PA5T is dominated by the γ-form, whereas PA5T/12T and PA12T exhibit the coexistence of both α- and γ-forms. With increasing content of the PA12T segment, the melting temperature and melting enthalpy of PA5T/12T decrease initially and then increase gradually, which is attributed to the combined effects of longer PA12T segments on the molecular chain architecture and crystallization behavior of the copolymers. PA5T/12T-6:4 and PA12T exhibit melting temperatures of 293.1 °C and 285.6 °C, respectively (both ≥280 °C), which meet the service-temperature requirements for heat-resistant polyamides. Meanwhile, they possess excellent solvent resistance and a wide processing window, showing considerable application potential. The thermal degradation mechanism of both PA5T/12T-6:4 and PA12T follows the R2 model, i.e., the phase-boundary-controlled reaction mechanism (contracting area). The findings provide new strategies for developing bio-based heat-resistant polyamides and deepen our understanding of the thermal degradation mechanisms of this class of polymers. Full article

We develop a self-contained variational calculus for the coordination of synchronised agents. An agent is modelled as an overdamped (Onsager–Machlup) dynamical system on a five-dimensional manifold $\mathcal{M}=[0,1]\times [0,2{\pi }^2]\times {[0,1]}^3$ whose coordinates are an internal Kuramoto order parameter R, a phase variance ${\sigma }^2$, and three S-entropy coordinates $(S_k,S_t,S_e)$. Crucially, and in contrast to a preliminary version of this work, every construct used here—the S-entropy coordinates, the partition potential, and the governing Lagrangian—is derived within the paper from three stated axioms (bounded phase space, categorical exclusion, finite resolution); the manuscript depends on no external or unpublished result. We prove (i) a triple-equivalence identity establishing the S-entropy coordinates from maximum-entropy counting; (ii) the explicit Euler–Lagrange equations of the agent action, given in full rather than asserted; (iii) the Kuramoto synchronisation bifurcation, with the corrected critical coupling $K_c=2/\left[\pi g\left(0\right)\right]$ (for a Gaussian frequency law, $K_c=\sqrt{2\pi }{\sigma }_{\omega }(2/\pi )\approx 1.596{\sigma }_{\omega }$), replacing an erroneous coefficient in the preliminary version; (iv) a formal, analogy-free definition of partition extinction and an observable-commutation theorem that separates functional from ontological indistinguishability; and (v) a coordination calculus for ensembles. We are explicit that the five coordination bands on R are operational classification cut-offs, not phase transitions: the only genuine transition in the model is the Kuramoto bifurcation. Rather than the self-referential numerical checks of the preliminary version, we report nine external experiments against public data (atomic shell structure, the Kuramoto onset by direct simulation, the Wiedemann–Franz constant across eleven metals, sleep-EEG order parameters from PhysioNet, enzyme kinetics, antidepressant meta-analysis, superconductor transport, and representation-disjoint classifiers on a benchmark dataset). Two of these external tests forced corrections to the theory and are reported as such. We are deliberately narrow about applicability: the S-entropy coordinates measure the shape of an agent’s state distribution, not the content or ecological salience of its information; the model is stochastic (Langevin) but single-scale and on a fixed manifold, so it does not represent the multiscale fluctuation and metastability of real biological collectives; and we exhibit a concrete interpretable Lagrangian and a real-data ensemble instance rather than claim to capture any such collective in full. A Scope and Limitations section delimits the defensible claims. Full article

Background/Objectives: Reformulating oral drugs for vaginal delivery is a current therapeutic strategy for genitourinary tract infections. Bioadhesive delivery systems, by interacting with the mucosal epithelium, improve drug deposition at the application site and are promising carriers for drugs with poor bioavailability. This study compares an in vitro permeation test (IVPT) in excised human vaginal epithelium and a first-in-human (FIH) pharmacokinetic (PK) study for a bioadhesive vaginal tablet developed as a potential clinical approach for bacterial vaginosis (BV). Methods: A Phase 1, single-dose, open-label, crossover study in 24 healthy volunteers evaluated PK differences after ascending doses of the vaginal tablet and an oral comparator, with a 7-day wash-out between administrations. The IVPT examined drug permeation and deposition in excised human vaginal epithelium for the pure drug and drug-loaded tablet. Results: IVPT showed limited penetration of the antimicrobial agent across human vaginal epithelium. Tablet excipients reduced drug accumulation in the ectocervical tissue, further hindering absorption. Single vaginal administration resulted in low plasma drug levels (C_max 0.084–0.127 ng/mL), irrespective of dose. Mean AUC_(0–t) after vaginal tablet administration did not exceed 1.560 h·ng/mL (100 mg) and was significantly lower than for the oral comparator (824.147 h·ng/mL, 100 mg). The IVPT data with human vaginal epithelium supported the FIH data, demonstrating low systemic absorption following single-dose vaginal application and potential for local drug performance. Conclusions: A single dose of the bioadhesive vaginal tablet appears to be a potentially safe alternative for BV treatment, with minimal systemic drug exposure, supporting further research on clinical efficacy and local pharmacodynamics of bioadhesive tablets for BV. Full article

Split-spectrum ionospheric correction is performed after acquisition, yet its precision is partly set by acquisition-dependent bandwidth, subband signal-to-noise ratio, and frequency separation. We define the dimensionless observability index as $\mathrm{O}\mathrm{I}={\displaystyle \frac{\mathsf{\sigma }\mathrm{T}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{C},\mathrm{o}\mathrm{b}\mathrm{s}}{\mathsf{\sigma }\mathrm{T}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{C},\mathrm{p}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{d}}}$ and optimize SAR acquisition and split-spectrum method (SSM) parameters jointly within LT-1-informed hardware bounds and explicit study assumptions while enforcing identical constraints on swath, resolution, noise-equivalent sigma zero, ambiguities, duty cycle, average power, and data rate. A public-parameter reference (B), a conventional SAR optimum (T), and an ionosphere-aware design (IA) are evaluated with the same processor. With the T acquisition fixed, SSM-only optimization lowers predicted TEC uncertainty by 7.16%, whereas the complete system-processing co-design lowers it by 11.66%. At a differential-TEC standard deviation of 0.821 TECU, IA reduces TEC RMSE by 7.37% and corrected phase/line-of-sight RMSE by 11.09%. Across non-thermal coherence values of 0.65–0.95, its predicted advantage remains 8.74–14.27%. A measured 80 MHz UAVSAR SLC pair recovers a controlled 0.821 TECU screen with 0.026 TECU RMSE and 0.9998 spatial correlation. Thus, TEC correctability is partly an acquisition property and can be improved without relaxing conventional SAR requirements. Full article

Background: Before the COVID-19 pandemic, the higher prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms, severe inflammatory response, and cardiac failure in patients with Kawasaki Disease Shock Syndrome (KDSS) lets us hypothesize that KDSS is triggered by superantigens produced by bacteria that colonize the gastrointestinal tract and activate TCRVβ2+ and TCRVβ8+ cells, leading to a massive proinflammatory stage and cardiovascular instability. Methods: This is a case–control study in patients with KDSS (cases, 8 patients) or with Kawasaki disease (KD; controls, 71 patients), in the acute phase before intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) treatment, from the National Institute of Pediatrics, Mexico City, from 2016 to 2019. Clinical and laboratory data were obtained with quantification of TCRVβ2+ and TCRVβ8+ T cells by flow cytometry. Superantigen-associated gene-positive bacterial isolates from stool cultures were obtained by final point-PCR assay. Statistical analysis was done with one-way ANOVA and Welch’s post hoc test, Chi-square test and odds ratio (OR). Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05. Results: The peripheral proportion of CD4+TCRVβ2+ T cells was lower in the KDSS group than in the KD group, whereas the CD25-positive T-cell subsets showed no statistically significant differences between groups. Significant associations between staphylococcus enterotoxin A (SEA)/KDSS [OR = 23.3, CI95% = 1.8–296.2, p = 0.014] and superantigen/coronary aneurysms (p < 0.001) were found. Conclusions: These results suggest that SEA produced by bacteria that colonize the gastrointestinal tract and cross the intestinal barrier may activate CD3+/CD4+/TCRVβ2+ T cells, as a trigger of shock in a group of patients with KD. Also, each subtype of KD could have different etiologies explaining the inconsistencies in the detection of superantigens in patients with KD. Full article

Insulin amyloidosis poses challenges in diabetes therapy and biopharmaceuticals handling. Here, functionalized manganese-based nanoparticles (MnCO₃@TEG, MnCO₃@OAm, MnOHCO₃@TEG, MnO₂/Mn₂O₃@TEG, and Mn₃O₄@PG) were synthesized via solvothermal routes and evaluated in vitro using a fresh insulin aspart formulation (NovoRapid) and a separately aged insulin glargine formulation (Lantus). Structural and colloidal characterization (ATR-FTIR, XRD, TGA, DLS, zeta potential) confirmed phase purity and distinct surface profiles. In the fresh insulin aspart system, all nanoparticles extended the nucleation lag phase, with MnCO₃@TEG delaying fibrillogenesis from 21.16 h to 105.41 h. In the aged insulin glargine system containing pre-existing ThT-positive aggregates, small, negatively charged nanoparticles (MnOHCO₃@TEG, Mn₃O₄@PG) re-established a distinct lag phase and suppressed further aggregation. In the ThT decay assays, highly dispersed Mn₃O₄@PG produced the largest decrease in amyloid-associated fluorescence, to ~40% of the initial signal, whereas large clusters (MnO₂/Mn₂O₃@TEG, 624 nm) produced a smaller decrease; limited access arising from steric effects is one possible explanation. Additionally, structural hydroxyl groups and high colloidal stability enabled MnOHCO₃@TEG (−38.7 mV) to exhibit superior catalase-like H₂O₂ scavenging (42.27% inhibition at 250 μg/mL). Overall, fine-tuning nanoparticle size, surface charge, and core composition may offer a promising dual-action strategy for targeting insulin amyloidosis and associated oxidative stress across different stages of fibril formation, while further structural characterization and biological safety studies are needed to establish its therapeutic relevance. Full article

Background: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) is preceded by a prolonged asymptomatic autoimmune phase during which islet autoantibodies represent the earliest detectable biomarkers of disease. Although Radioligand Binding Assays (RBAs) remain the reference method for autoantibody detection, their use is limited by the requirement of radioactive reagents, specialized facilities and high operational costs, highlighting the need for sensitive, non-radiometric assays suitable for large-scale screening. Objective and Methods: In this study, we developed a bridge Fluorophore-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (b-FLIA) for the simultaneous detection of glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies (GADA) and zinc transporter 8 autoantibodies (ZnT8A) using a recombinant ZnT8/GAD65 chimeric antigen expressed in a baculovirus–insect cell system. Assay performance was evaluated using sera from healthy controls and diabetic patients previously characterized by RBA. Results: The b-FLIA achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.9867, with 90.5% sensitivity and 100% specificity for the detection of ZnT8A and/or GADA. Furthermore, the assay showed an almost perfect agreement with RBA (κ = 0.912) and displayed excellent analytical precision (intra-assay CV 1.34%, inter-assay CV 2.88%). Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that the combination of a baculovirus-expressed ZnT8/GAD65 chimeric antigen with a bridge fluorescence immunoassay constitutes a practical and sensitive platform for multiplex detection of diabetes-associated autoantibodies, with potential application in routine laboratories and future population-based screening programs. Full article

Background/Objectives: Bone mineral density (BMD) is fundamental to osteoporosis assessment, but fracture risk is also shaped by fracture history, falls, frailty, secondary causes, age, sex, and treatment context. This narrative review examines clinically relevant information that modifies adult endocrine decision-making beyond the T-score. Methods: PubMed/MEDLINE was searched through 28 June 2026; recent guidelines, consensus statements, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and pivotal fracture-endpoint trials were prioritized. The exact search strings, filters, eligibility criteria, selection process, and prioritized guidance documents are provided in PubMed MEDLINE search strategies. Results: BMD should be interpreted with fracture history and clinical risk factors, while the applicability of T-scores differs by age and sex. FRAX, vertebral imaging, and trabecular bone score can refine assessment in selected patients. Very-high-risk patients may warrant early osteoanabolic or dual-action therapy followed by antiresorptive treatment, whereas antiresorptives remain appropriate for many high-risk patients. Denosumab requires planned continuity and a follow-on strategy; advanced chronic kidney disease requires particular attention to mineral metabolism and hypocalcemia risk. Conclusions: Contemporary osteoporosis care expands rather than replaces densitometry. Endocrine management should integrate valid DXA interpretation, fracture-risk urgency, reversible contributors, drug-specific safety, treatment feasibility, monitoring, and the next treatment phase. Full article

The corrosion resistance of electron-beam physical vapor-deposited (EB-PVD) zirconia thermal-barrier coatings depends on ceramic phase stability. Here, conventional 8YSZ and two Sc₂O₃-Y₂O₃ co-stabilized ZrO₂ coatings, ScYSZ and ScYSZ with an Al-rich interlayer (ScYSZA), were comparatively investigated under three chloride-containing environments: NaCl (N) corrosion, high-temperature Na₂SO₄-NaCl (NN) corrosion, and Na₂SO₄-NaCl-V₂O₅ (NNV) corrosion. Phase evolution and microstructural degradation were examined by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive spectroscopy. Under N exposure, the ceramic top coats largely retained the tetragonal t′-ZrO₂ phase, whereas degradation was concentrated near the ceramic/bond-coat interface. NN corrosion caused limited bulk phase transformation. The most pronounced degradation occurred under NNV exposure, particularly in 8YSZ, where extensive YVO₄ formation and progressive t′→m transformation were accompanied by substantial disruption of the columnar ceramic structure. After 100 h of NNV corrosion, 8YSZ contained only 23.7 wt.% t′-ZrO₂. In contrast, ScYSZ and ScYSZA retained 82.6 and 84.4 wt.% t′-ZrO₂, respectively, confirming the superior phase stability and corrosion resistance of the ScYSZ-based coatings, particularly ScYSZA. These results demonstrate that chloride-containing environments produce distinct degradation pathways involving interfacial oxidation, corrosive-species ingress, and phase destabilization, highlighting the importance of integrating ceramic composition with coating architecture to improve the durability of EB-PVD thermal-barrier coatings. Full article

Discrete symmetries govern the motion and real axis crossings of interference zeros in the meromorphic continuation of a wave field, thereby determining the singular structure of its logarithmic derivatives. We considered two counter-propagating second-order rational pulses that satisfy the one-dimensional massless wave equation exactly. With $q=r\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{p}\left(i\phi \right)$ denoting the relative complex amplitude, the field admits two antilinear reflection symmetries: real $q$ preserves collision-centered spacetime inversion followed by complex conjugation, whereas $\left|q\right|=1$ preserves fixed time spatial reflection followed by conjugation up to an overall phase. The balanced in-phase state, $q=1$, is the non-degenerate intersection of these symmetry manifolds; $q=-1$ produces global cancellation on the collision slice. For $q=1$, the two interference zero branches lie on the imaginary axis and cross the real axis at $ct=x_0\pm \mathcal{l}$, on opposite sides of the pulse center collision. Away from the symmetry manifolds, the zero trajectories deform continuously, and the associated pairing constraints are lost, while the crossing conditions remain available in closed form. A logarithmic complex action representation yields local momentum, energy, transport ratio, and a derived second-order complex action descriptor without altering the underlying wave dynamics. Near an isolated non-characteristic moving zero, the leading simple pole factors cancel in the transport ratio, whereas the second-order term develops a double pole. The leading real axis response therefore scales as $d_{min}^{-2}$. A reference finite-window fit yields an exponent of $-1.885$ ($\rho =-0.995$), and the fitted exponent approaches $-1.998$ as the fitting interval is narrowed toward the isolated-zero regime. These results provide an exact benchmark linking antilinear symmetry, complex zero-pole geometry, and real axis differential amplification. The second-order quantity $Qc$ is used only as a descriptor generated by the logarithmic representation; it is neither an externally imposed potential nor an additional dynamical term. The loss of reflection symmetry away from the two symmetry manifolds is explicit and parameter-induced, not spontaneous. Full article

All-inorganic CsPbI₃ perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are attractive for perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells because of their suitable bandgap and intrinsic thermal robustness, yet their power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) and long-term stability remain limited by defective film and interfaces. The existing additives often contain bulky organic components, which may serve as grain-boundary barriers, or even form low-dimensional phases or carrier-transport-blocking layers. Here, dimethylammonium chloride (DMACl) is employed to regulate the crystallization of CsPbI₃ films. DMACl treatment enlarges the average grain size and spectroscopic and electrical characterizations consistently reveal reduced defect-assisted recombination. Meanwhile, DMACl-derived species at the film surface or grain boundaries simultaneously passivate surface undercoordinated Pb²⁺ defects and achieve favorable energy-level alignment with PC₆₁BM, thereby establishing a low-defect interface with a low energy barrier for efficient electron extraction and transport. Consequently, the champion inverted CsPbI₃ PSC delivers a PCE of 20.97%, with a V_OC of 1.230 V, a J_SC of 20.70 mA/cm², and an FF of 82.37%, compared with 18.99% for the control device. Importantly, DMACl treatment markedly enhances device stability under humidity, thermal, and continuous-illumination conditions. In particular, the T₈₀ lifetime under thermal aging was extended from approximately 310 h for the control device to nearly 500 h for the DMACl-treated device. Full article