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Keywords = Streptococcus sanguinis

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13 pages, 587 KiB  
Article
Antimicrobial Activity of N-Methyl 4-Piperidone-Derived Monoketone Curcuminoids Against Cariogenic Bacteria
by Richard H. Lima, Yan R. Robles, Isabelle M. Oliva, Anna L. O. Santos, Júlia G. Teixeira, Maria A. S. C. Chellegatti, Niege A. J. C. Furtado, Carlos H. G. Martins, Viviani Nardini and Antônio E. M. Crotti
Future Pharmacol. 2025, 5(2), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/futurepharmacol5020023 - 19 May 2025
Viewed by 870
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Dental caries and candidiasis are major health problems worldwide. Dental caries is caused by cariogenic bacteria, especially those belonging to the Streptococcus genus, whereas candidiasis is caused by Candida species. In this study, the antimicrobial activity of a series of synthetic N [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Dental caries and candidiasis are major health problems worldwide. Dental caries is caused by cariogenic bacteria, especially those belonging to the Streptococcus genus, whereas candidiasis is caused by Candida species. In this study, the antimicrobial activity of a series of synthetic N-methyl-4-piperidone-derived monoketone curcuminoids (MKCs) against Candida albicans, C. krusei, and a representative panel of cariogenic bacteria was assessed. Methods: Fifteen MKCs were synthesized using an environmentally friendly base-catalyzed Claisen–Schmidt condensation between an aromatic aldehyde (R-PhCHO) and N-methyl-4-piperidone ethanol using NaOH as the catalyst. These compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial activity against a representative panel of cariogenic bacteria, along with their antifungal activity against Candida krusei and C. albicans. The antimicrobial activity was determined based on the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values. Results: Most of the compounds were obtained in about 2 h in yields ranging from 40 to 70%. None of the compounds displayed antifungal activity, even at 100 μg/mL, the highest tested concentration. Similarly, none of the compounds were active against Enterococcus faecalis. On the other hand, compounds 1 (R = H), 10 (R = 3,4,5-OMe), and 13 (R = 3-F) displayed moderate activity against Streptococcus mutans (13), S. salivarus (1), L. paracasei (1 and 10), S. mitis (1, 10, and 13), S. sanguinis (1, 10, and 13), and S. sobrinus (13), with MIC values of 250 μg/mL and 500 μg/mL. The presence of the N-methyl-4-piperidone ring was found to boost the antibacterial activity as compared to the corresponding acetone-derived MKCs. Moreover, the antibacterial activity of compounds 10 and 13 was associated with the presence and position of the fluor atom and the methoxy groups at the aromatic ring. Conclusions: This study contributed to a better understanding of the antimicrobial activity of MKCs, whose data in the literature are still scarce. Full article
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16 pages, 2188 KiB  
Article
Non-Thermal Atmospheric Plasma Enhances Biological Effects of Fluoride on Oral Biofilms
by Anushri Warang, Isha Deol, Sarah Fakher, Linfeng Wu, Liang Hong, Shaoping Zhang, Qingsong Yu and Hongmin Sun
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(4), 132; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16040132 - 5 Apr 2025
Viewed by 516
Abstract
The objective of this study was an assessment of the anti-biofilm properties of fluoride non-thermal atmospheric plasma (FNTAP) generated using argon and hydrocarbon fluoride gas 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (TFE). These properties were evaluated by measuring the destruction and recovery of in vitro dual-species biofilms of [...] Read more.
The objective of this study was an assessment of the anti-biofilm properties of fluoride non-thermal atmospheric plasma (FNTAP) generated using argon and hydrocarbon fluoride gas 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (TFE). These properties were evaluated by measuring the destruction and recovery of in vitro dual-species biofilms of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis exposed to FNTAP at 5 or 10 standard cubic centimeters per minute (sccm) or argon non-thermal atmospheric plasma (ArNTAP) for 1 or 2 min, using resazurin-based reagent viability assays, colony forming units (CFU), culture media pH and live/dead staining. Both ArNTAP and FNTAP resulted in significant immediate reductions in bacterial load as compared to the control. Although ArNTAP did not significantly reduce biofilm regrowth, FNTAP treatment showed a bacterial load reduction of more than 5 log units of biofilm regrowth. FNTAP treatments significantly reduced the acidification of the culture medium after recovery incubation, indicating reduced living bacteria, with a pH of 6.92 ± 0.02 and 6.90 ± 0.03, respectively, for the 5 sccm and 10 sccm FNTAP treatments, as compared to a pH of 5.83 ± 0.26 for the ArNTAP treatment, and a significantly acidic pH of 4.76 ± 0.04 for the no-treatment groups. Our results suggest that FNTAP has exceptional anti-biofilm effects, and future directions of our research include the assessment of potential applications of FNTAP in clinical settings. Full article
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11 pages, 1150 KiB  
Article
Distribution and Characteristics of Oral Pathogens According to Blood Glucose Levels in South Korean Health Examinees
by Yong Jun Choi, Jooheon Park, Myung Geun Shin, Bong-Kwang Jung, Hyejoo Shin, Seon Cho, Han-Ik Cho and Eun-Hee Nah
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(6), 2638; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26062638 - 14 Mar 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 620
Abstract
The distribution of oral pathogens is influenced by genetic background, diet, socioeconomic status, and racial factors. This study aimed to assess the distribution and characteristics of oral pathogens based on blood glucose levels in a South Korean population. This cross-sectional, retrospective study included [...] Read more.
The distribution of oral pathogens is influenced by genetic background, diet, socioeconomic status, and racial factors. This study aimed to assess the distribution and characteristics of oral pathogens based on blood glucose levels in a South Korean population. This cross-sectional, retrospective study included subjects from 17 health promotion centers in 13 South Korean cities between November 2021 and December 2022. Real-time multiplex PCR was used to detect 10 periodontitis-related pathogens, 6 dental caries-related pathogens, and 1 dental caries-protective bacterium. The most prevalent periodontitis-related pathogens were Parvimonas micra (97.6%), Porphyromonas endodontalis (96.8%), and Treponema socranskii (95.0%). Among dental caries-related pathogens, Streptococcus sanguinis and Veillonella parvula were found in all subjects. The prevalence of periodontitis-related pathogens was higher in males, while pathogens related to periodontitis and dental caries were more prevalent in older individuals. In the diabetes group, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, red and orange complexes, and Streptococcus mutans were more prevalent. The relative amount of S. sanguinis was lower, while V. parvula was higher in individuals with diabetes mellitus. The prevalence and composition of oral pathogens vary by sex, age, and blood glucose levels. Diabetic individuals showed a pathogenic community structure linked to increased risks of periodontitis and dental caries. Full article
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10 pages, 600 KiB  
Article
Comparative Analysis of Oral Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythia, Streptococcus sanguinis, and Streptococcus mutans in Patients with Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Healthy Controls in Mthatha, South Africa
by Yolanda Yolisa Nokamatye, Gabriel Tchuente Kamsu and Eugene Jamot Ndebia
Bacteria 2025, 4(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/bacteria4010011 - 1 Mar 2025
Viewed by 1025
Abstract
The microbiome plays a crucial role in cancer development, influencing fundamental processes such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, immune system regulation, and host metabolism. Recent studies have highlighted a possible relationship between esophageal cancer and the oral microbiota, making oral microflora a possible risk [...] Read more.
The microbiome plays a crucial role in cancer development, influencing fundamental processes such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, immune system regulation, and host metabolism. Recent studies have highlighted a possible relationship between esophageal cancer and the oral microbiota, making oral microflora a possible risk factor. The bacteria Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythia, Streptococcus sanguinis, and Streptococcus mutans, implicated in various oral pathologies, were of interest in this study, which was initiated to examine their potential role in the etiology of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). To achieve this, a case-control design was used, with whole saliva samples collected from 24 healthy controls and 24 patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. DNA was then extracted, and real-time PCR was performed to quantify the presence of the targeted bacteria in both groups. The results showed that all the bacteria studied were present in the saliva of both patients with ESCC and healthy controls. However, expression levels were significantly higher in patients with ESCC. Specifically, a marked increase in the presence of P. intermedia, T. forsythia, S. sanguinis, and S. mutans was observed in the patients with cancer compared to the healthy controls. In short, this study highlights a significant imbalance in the microbial flora, with an increased abundance of selected bacteria in patients with ESCC. The monitoring of these bacteria could thus be exploited to track patients who are at risk. Their integration into diagnostic and therapeutic strategies would offer new prospects for the early diagnosis and improved prognosis of patients at risk of ESCC. Full article
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19 pages, 2437 KiB  
Article
Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Properties of Tomato Skin and Pomegranate Peel Extracts: A Sustainable Approach for Oral Health Care
by Alessia Silla, Angela Punzo, Francesca Bonvicini, Matteo Perillo, Marco Malaguti, Antonello Lorenzini, Ismaela Foltran, Dario Mercatante, Mara Mandrioli, Maria Teresa Rodriguez-Estrada, Silvana Hrelia and Cristiana Caliceti
Antioxidants 2025, 14(1), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14010054 - 5 Jan 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1657
Abstract
Agricultural food waste and by-products could provide high-value compounds that positively affect human and environmental health, thus representing promising ingredients for cosmeceutical products. This study explores the biological activities of tomato skin (HP) and pomegranate peel (PPE) extracts on oral mucosa to evaluate [...] Read more.
Agricultural food waste and by-products could provide high-value compounds that positively affect human and environmental health, thus representing promising ingredients for cosmeceutical products. This study explores the biological activities of tomato skin (HP) and pomegranate peel (PPE) extracts on oral mucosa to evaluate their possible use in mouthwashes. The biological activities of the extracts and the mouthwash (MW) containing them were evaluated in Human Primary Gingival Epithelial cells (HGECs). The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities were analyzed in HGECs injured with lipopolysaccharides. After 24 h of treatment with PPE, HP, and MW, significant antioxidant activity and an increased Superoxide Dismutase 1 expression (p < 0.01) were observed. Additionally, the extracts significantly reduced the expression of tumor necrosis factor α (p < 0.05) and Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1 (p < 0.001), suggesting an anti-inflammatory role. Lastly, the antibacterial activity was assessed against Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis by the broth microdilution method and agar cup diffusion test for the extracts and the mouthwash, respectively, demonstrating strong effectiveness against both oral streptococcus species. Results demonstrate the potential of HP and PPE in reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and bacterial proliferation within oral mucosa, highlighting food waste up-cycling as a resource for human health. Full article
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12 pages, 1128 KiB  
Article
Glucose Supplementation Enhances the Bactericidal Effect of Penicillin and Gentamicin on Streptococcus sanguinis Persisters
by Kazuya Takada, Yoshie Yoshioka, Kazumasa Morikawa, Wataru Ariyoshi and Ryota Yamasaki
Antibiotics 2025, 14(1), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics14010036 - 5 Jan 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1123
Abstract
Background: Streptococcus sanguinis is a leading cause of infective endocarditis (IE), which causes diverse clinical symptoms and even death. Recurrence after treatment is a crucial problem in IE, possibly caused by the presence of “persister” cells, a small bacterial population that can [...] Read more.
Background: Streptococcus sanguinis is a leading cause of infective endocarditis (IE), which causes diverse clinical symptoms and even death. Recurrence after treatment is a crucial problem in IE, possibly caused by the presence of “persister” cells, a small bacterial population that can survive antimicrobials. In this study, the residual risk for penicillin G (PCG) and gentamicin (GM), used for treating IE, to induce Streptococcus sanguinis persisters, was investigated. Methods: The bactericidal effects of PCG and GM on S. sanguinis were evaluated. Furthermore, we confirmed whether the S. sanguinis that survived following combination treatment with PCG and GM were persisters. The bactericidal effect of the combination of PCG and GM against S. sanguinis was measured after the addition of glucose or arginine. Results: Following 48 h of treatment with PCG (1600 μg/mL) and GM (64 μg/mL), S. sanguinis survived, albeit with a low bacterial count, indicating the presence of persisters. The addition of glucose or arginine to PCG and GM increased the bactericidal effect on residual persister cells and reduced the number of persister cells. Moreover, the addition of glucose at concentrations of 10 mg/mL or higher was substantially effective in achieving sterilization. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that persisters of S. sanguinis that survive antimicrobial treatment may make the treatment of IE challenging, and that combining antimicrobial treatment with glucose is effective for eliminating persisters of S. sanguinis. Taken together, these findings may facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies against IE caused by oral streptococcal infection. Full article
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13 pages, 1658 KiB  
Article
Reduction of Multispecies Biofilms on an Acrylic Denture Base Model by Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy Mediated by Natural Photosensitizers
by Ali Shahi Ardakani, Stefano Benedicenti, Luca Solimei, Sima Shahabi and Shima Afrasiabi
Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(9), 1232; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17091232 - 18 Sep 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1526
Abstract
Objectives: The aim of this study is to investigate the antimicrobial efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PDT) using natural photosensitizers (curcumin, riboflavin, and phycocyanin) and light-emitting diode (LED) irradiation against multispecies biofilms in an acrylic denture base model. Materials and Methods: Forty-five acrylic [...] Read more.
Objectives: The aim of this study is to investigate the antimicrobial efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PDT) using natural photosensitizers (curcumin, riboflavin, and phycocyanin) and light-emitting diode (LED) irradiation against multispecies biofilms in an acrylic denture base model. Materials and Methods: Forty-five acrylic specimens were fabricated using heat-curing acrylic resin. The specimens were then infected with a mixed culture of bacterial and fungal species (including Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, Candida albicans, and Candida glabrata) for 4 days. The acrylic discs were divided into nine groups, with each group containing five discs: control, 0.2% chlorhexidine, 5.25% sodium hypochlorite, curcumin, riboflavin, phycocyanin alone or along with LED. After treatment, the number of colony-forming units (CFUs) per milliliter was counted. In addition, the extent of biofilm degradation was assessed using the crystal violet staining method and scanning electron microscopy. Results: All experimental groups exhibited a significant reduction in colony numbers for both bacterial and fungal species compared to the control (p < 0.001). The PDT groups exhibited a statistically significant reduction in colony counts for both bacteria and fungi compared to the photosensitizer-only groups. Conclusions: The results of this in vitro study show that PDT with natural photosensitizers and LED devices can effectively reduce the viability and eradicate the biofilm of microorganisms responsible for causing denture infections. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Natural Products)
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15 pages, 2191 KiB  
Article
Surface Decontamination of Titanium Dental Implants Subjected to Implantoplasty by Treatment with Citric Acid Solutions
by Pilar Fernández-Garrido, Begoña M. Bosch, Javier Gil and Manuel Fernández-Domínguez
Coatings 2024, 14(9), 1093; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14091093 - 27 Aug 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2280
Abstract
Implantoplasty is one of the most common techniques to remove peri-implantitis from the surface of dental implants. It is a process of mechanization of the titanium surface, causing the loss of the roughness of the dental implant, which leads to difficulty in tissue [...] Read more.
Implantoplasty is one of the most common techniques to remove peri-implantitis from the surface of dental implants. It is a process of mechanization of the titanium surface, causing the loss of the roughness of the dental implant, which leads to difficulty in tissue regeneration. The aim of this research is to apply a decontaminant based on citric acid and add collagen and magnesium cations to promote tissue formation and have a bactericidal character. Eighty commercially pure grade 3 titanium discs were used to perform the implantoplasty protocol, like the one used in dental clinics. They were treated with four different solutions: 25% citric acid, 25% citric acid with the addition of collagen 0.25 g/L, 25% citric acid with the addition of 0.50 g/L and the latter with the addition of 1% Mg (NO3)2. The roughness was determined by confocal microscopy, the contact angle, adhesion and proliferation of HFFs fibroblasts, proliferation of SaOS-2 osteoblasts and bactericidal behavior by culturing very common bacteria in the oral cavity, Gram-positive Streptococcus sanguinis and gordonii and as Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The results showed that the treatment with citric acid slightly increases the roughness and decreases the contact angle from 78 to 13°, making the surface superhydrophilic. Fibroblast proliferation studies show a very significant increase at 24 h, the most favorable solution being the one containing 0.50 g/L of collagen with the presence of magnesium in a 25% citric acid solution. This same solution shows the highest cytocompatibility and osteoblastic proliferation with statistically significant differences with respect to the control and the rest of the solutions. Microbiological studies show a bactericidal effect due to the presence of citric acid, which is especially effective on Gram-positive bacteria. The results allow us to have mouthwashes that can be applied in the patient’s mouth, which will help the regeneration of tissues and avoid new bacterial colonization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Bioactive Coatings and Biointerfaces)
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21 pages, 7367 KiB  
Article
In Vitro and In Silico Studies of the Antimicrobial Activity of Prenylated Phenylpropanoids of Green Propolis and Their Derivatives against Oral Bacteria
by Tatiana M. Vieira, Julia G. Barco, Sara L. de Souza, Anna L. O. Santos, Ismail Daoud, Seyfeddine Rahali, Noureddine Amdouni, Jairo K. Bastos, Carlos H. G. Martins, Ridha Ben Said and Antônio E. M. Crotti
Antibiotics 2024, 13(8), 787; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13080787 - 22 Aug 2024
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2276
Abstract
Artepillin C, drupanin, and plicatin B are prenylated phenylpropanoids that naturally occur in Brazilian green propolis. In this study, these compounds and eleven of their derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro antimicrobial activity against a representative panel of oral bacteria [...] Read more.
Artepillin C, drupanin, and plicatin B are prenylated phenylpropanoids that naturally occur in Brazilian green propolis. In this study, these compounds and eleven of their derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro antimicrobial activity against a representative panel of oral bacteria in terms of their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values. Plicatin B (2) and its hydrogenated derivative 8 (2′,3′,7,8-tetrahydro-plicatin B) were the most active compounds. Plicatin B (2) displayed strong activity against all the bacteria tested, with an MIC of 31.2 μg/mL against Streptococcus mutans, S. sanguinis, and S. mitis. On the other hand, compound 8 displayed strong activity against S. mutans, S. salivarius, S. sobrinus, Lactobacillus paracasei (MIC = 62.5 μg/mL), and S. mitis (MIC = 31.2 μg/mL), as well as moderate activity against Enterococcus faecalis and S. sanguinis (MIC = 125 μg/mL). Compounds 2 and 8 displayed bactericidal effects (MBC: MIC ≤ 4) against all the tested bacteria. In silico studies showed that the complexes formed by compounds 2 and 8 with the S. mitis, S. sanguinis, and S. mutans targets (3LE0, 4N82, and 3AIC, respectively) had energy score values similar to those of the native S. mitis, S. sanguinis, and S. mutans ligands due to the formation of strong hydrogen bonds. Moreover, all the estimated physicochemical parameters satisfied the drug-likeness criteria without violating the Lipinski, Veber, and Egan rules, so these compounds are not expected to cause problems with oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics. Compounds 2 and 8 also had suitable ADMET parameters, as the online server pkCSM calculates. These results make compounds 2 and 8 good candidates as antibacterial agents against oral bacteria. Full article
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13 pages, 2648 KiB  
Article
Activity of N-Chlorotaurine against Periodontal Pathogens
by Kacper Kowalczyk, Débora C. Coraça-Huber, Walter Wille-Kollmar, Michael Berktold and Markus Nagl
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(15), 8357; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25158357 - 30 Jul 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1382
Abstract
Dental plaque bacteria play an important role in the pathogenicity of periodontitis and peri-implantitis. Therefore, antimicrobial agents are one means of treatment. N-chlorotaurine (NCT) as an endogenous well-tolerated topical antiseptic could be of advantage for this purpose. Accordingly, its microbicidal activity against [...] Read more.
Dental plaque bacteria play an important role in the pathogenicity of periodontitis and peri-implantitis. Therefore, antimicrobial agents are one means of treatment. N-chlorotaurine (NCT) as an endogenous well-tolerated topical antiseptic could be of advantage for this purpose. Accordingly, its microbicidal activity against some dental plaque bacteria was investigated at therapeutic concentrations in vitro. In quantitative killing assays, the activity of NCT against planktonic bacteria and against biofilms grown for 48 h on implantation screws was tested. Electron microscopy was used to demonstrate the formation of biofilm and its morphological changes. The killing of planktonic bacteria of all tested species, namely Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus cristatus, Rothia aeria, and Capnocytophaga ochracea, was shown within 10–20 min by 1% NCT in 0.01 M phosphate-buffered saline at 37 °C. Bacteria grown on screws for 24 h were inactivated by 1% NCT after 15–20 min as well, but the formation of biofilm on the screws was visible in electron microscopy not before 48 h. The killing of biofilms by 1% NCT was demonstrated after 30 min (streptococci) and 40 min (R. aeria). As expected, NCT has broad activity against dental plaque bacteria as well and should be further investigated on its clinical efficacy in periodontitis and peri-implantitis. Full article
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20 pages, 11978 KiB  
Article
Identification of Causal Relationships between Gut Microbiota and Influenza a Virus Infection in Chinese by Mendelian Randomization
by Qijun Liao, Fuxiang Wang, Wudi Zhou, Guancheng Liao, Haoyang Zhang, Yuelong Shu and Yongkun Chen
Microorganisms 2024, 12(6), 1170; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12061170 - 8 Jun 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1999
Abstract
Numerous studies have reported a correlation between gut microbiota and influenza A virus (IAV) infection and disease severity. However, the causal relationship between these factors remains inadequately explored. This investigation aimed to assess the influence of gut microbiota on susceptibility to human infection [...] Read more.
Numerous studies have reported a correlation between gut microbiota and influenza A virus (IAV) infection and disease severity. However, the causal relationship between these factors remains inadequately explored. This investigation aimed to assess the influence of gut microbiota on susceptibility to human infection with H7N9 avian IAV and the severity of influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 infection. A two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis was conducted, integrating our in-house genome-wide association study (GWAS) on H7N9 susceptibility and H1N1pdm09 severity with a metagenomics GWAS dataset from a Chinese population. Twelve and fifteen gut microbiotas were causally associated with H7N9 susceptibility or H1N1pdm09 severity, separately. Notably, Clostridium hylemonae and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii were negative associated with H7N9 susceptibility and H1N1pdm09 severity, respectively. Moreover, Streptococcus peroris and Streptococcus sanguinis were associated with H7N9 susceptibility, while Streptococcus parasanguini and Streptococcus suis were correlated with H1N1pdm09 severity. These results provide novel insights into the interplay between gut microbiota and IAV pathogenesis as well as new clues for mechanism research regarding therapeutic interventions or IAV infections. Future studies should concentrate on clarifying the regulatory mechanisms of gut microbiota and developing efficacious approaches to reduce the incidence of IAV infections, which could improve strategy for preventing and treating IAV infection worldwide. Full article
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16 pages, 2645 KiB  
Article
Functional Analysis of the Major Pilin Proteins of Type IV Pili in Streptococcus sanguinis CGMH010
by Yi-Ywan M. Chen, Yuan-Chen Yang, Hui-Ru Shieh, Yu-Juan Lin, Wan-Ju Ke and Cheng-Hsun Chiu
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(10), 5402; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25105402 - 15 May 2024
Viewed by 1417
Abstract
The pil gene cluster for Type IV pilus (Tfp) biosynthesis is commonly present and highly conserved in Streptococcus sanguinis. Nevertheless, Tfp-mediated twitching motility is less common among strains, and the factors determining twitching activity are not fully understood. Here, we analyzed the [...] Read more.
The pil gene cluster for Type IV pilus (Tfp) biosynthesis is commonly present and highly conserved in Streptococcus sanguinis. Nevertheless, Tfp-mediated twitching motility is less common among strains, and the factors determining twitching activity are not fully understood. Here, we analyzed the functions of three major pilin proteins (PilA1, PilA2, and PilA3) in the assembly and activity of Tfp in motile S. sanguinis CGMH010. Using various recombinant pilA deletion strains, we found that Tfp composed of different PilA proteins varied morphologically and functionally. Among the three PilA proteins, PilA1 was most critical in the assembly of twitching-active Tfp, and recombinant strains expressing motility generated more structured biofilms under constant shearing forces compared to the non-motile recombinant strains. Although PilA1 and PilA3 shared 94% identity, PilA3 could not compensate for the loss of PilA1, suggesting that the nature of PilA proteins plays an essential role in twitching activity. The single deletion of individual pilA genes had little effect on the invasion of host endothelia by S. sanguinis CGMH010. In contrast, the deletion of all three pilA genes or pilT, encoding the retraction ATPase, abolished Tfp-mediated invasion. Tfp- and PilT-dependent invasion were also detected in the non-motile S. sanguinis SK36, and thus, the retraction of Tfp, but not active twitching, was found to be essential for invasion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Microbiology)
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10 pages, 3587 KiB  
Article
Effect of Dentifrice Ingredients on Volume and Vitality of a Simulated Periodontal Multispecies Biofilm
by Jelena Karacic, Moritz Ruf, Johannes Herzog, Monika Astasov-Frauenhoffer and Philipp Sahrmann
Dent. J. 2024, 12(5), 141; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12050141 - 13 May 2024
Viewed by 3790
Abstract
The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the effect of different toothpaste ingredients on biofilm volume and vitality in an established non-contact biofilm removal model. A multi-species biofilm comprising Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus sanguinis, and Fusobacterium nucleatum was grown [...] Read more.
The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the effect of different toothpaste ingredients on biofilm volume and vitality in an established non-contact biofilm removal model. A multi-species biofilm comprising Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus sanguinis, and Fusobacterium nucleatum was grown on protein-coated titanium disks. Six disks per group were exposed to 4 seconds non-contact brushing using a sonic toothbrush. Four groups assessed slurries containing different ingredients, i.e., dexpanthenol (DP), peppermint oil (PO), cocamidopropyl betaine (CB), and sodium hydroxide (NaOH), one positive control group with the slurry of a toothpaste (POS), and a negative control group with physiological saline (NEG). Biofilm volume and vitality were measured using live-dead staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Statistical analysis comprised descriptive statistics and inter-group differences. In the test groups, lowest vitality and volume were found for CB (50.2 ± 11.9%) and PO (3.6 × 105 ± 1.8 × 105 µm3), respectively. Significant differences regarding biofilm vitality were found comparing CB and PO (p = 0.033), CB and NEG (p = 0.014), NaOH and NEG (p = 0.033), and POS and NEG (p = 0.037). However, no significant inter-group differences for biofilm volume were observed. These findings suggest that CB as a toothpaste ingredient had a considerable impact on biofilm vitality even in a non-contact brushing setting, while no considerable impact on biofilm volume was found. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Periodontal Health: Disease Prevention and Treatment)
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19 pages, 2039 KiB  
Article
Comparative Lipidomics of Oral Commensal and Opportunistic Bacteria
by Paul L. Wood, Annie Le and Dominic L. Palazzolo
Metabolites 2024, 14(4), 240; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14040240 - 20 Apr 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2405
Abstract
The oral cavity contains a vast array of microbes that contribute to the balance between oral health and disease. In addition, oral bacteria can gain access to the circulation and contribute to other diseases and chronic conditions. There are a limited number of [...] Read more.
The oral cavity contains a vast array of microbes that contribute to the balance between oral health and disease. In addition, oral bacteria can gain access to the circulation and contribute to other diseases and chronic conditions. There are a limited number of publications available regarding the comparative lipidomics of oral bacteria and fungi involved in the construction of oral biofilms, hence our decision to study the lipidomics of representative oral bacteria and a fungus. We performed high-resolution mass spectrometric analyses (<2.0 ppm mass error) of the lipidomes from five Gram-positive commensal bacteria: Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus intermedius, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus sanguinis, and Streptococcus gordonii; five Gram-positive opportunistic bacteria: Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus epidermis, Streptococcus acidominimus, Actinomyces viscosus, and Nanosynbacter lyticus; seven Gram-negative opportunistic bacteria: Porphyromonas gingivalis. Prevotella brevis, Proteus vulgaris, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Veillonella parvula, Treponema denticola, and Alkermansia muciniphila; and one fungus: Candida albicans. Our mass spectrometric analytical platform allowed for a detailed evaluation of the many structural modifications made by microbes for the three major lipid scaffolds: glycerol, sphingosine and fatty acyls of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lipidomics in Health and Disease)
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13 pages, 2025 KiB  
Article
Influence of Titanium Surface Residual Stresses on Osteoblastic Response and Bacteria Colonization
by Rita Pereira, Paulo Maia, Jose Vicente Rios-Santos, Mariano Herrero-Climent, Blanca Rios-Carrasco, Conrado Aparicio and Javier Gil
Materials 2024, 17(7), 1626; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17071626 - 2 Apr 2024
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1459
Abstract
Grit basting is the most common process applied to titanium dental implants to give them a roughness that favors bone colonization. There are numerous studies on the influence of roughness on osseointegration, but the influence of the compressive residual stress associated with this [...] Read more.
Grit basting is the most common process applied to titanium dental implants to give them a roughness that favors bone colonization. There are numerous studies on the influence of roughness on osseointegration, but the influence of the compressive residual stress associated with this treatment on biological behavior has not been determined. For this purpose, four types of surfaces have been studied using 60 titanium discs: smooth, smooth with residual stress, rough without stress, and rough with residual stress. Roughness was studied by optic interferometry; wettability and surface energy (polar and dispersive components) by contact angle equipment using three solvents; and residual stresses by Bragg–Bentano X-ray diffraction. The adhesion and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels on the different surfaces were studied using Saos-2 osteoblastic cultures. The bacterial strains Streptococcus sanguinis and Lactobacillus salivarius were cultured on different surfaces, determining the adhesion. The results showed that residual stresses lead to increased hydrophilicity on the surfaces, as well as an increase in surface energy, especially on the polar component. From the culture results, higher adhesion and higher ALP levels were observed in the discs with residual stresses when compared between smooth and roughened discs. It was also found that roughness was the property that mostly influenced osteoblasts’ response. Bacteria colonize rough surfaces better than smooth surfaces, but no changes are observed due to residual surface tension. Full article
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