Search Results (477)

Cystic echinococcosis is a zoonosis caused by the cestode Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto. Population genetic studies and phylogeographic patterns are essential to understanding the transmission dynamics of this parasite under varying environmental conditions. In this study, the genetic diversity of E. granulosus s.s. was evaluated using 46 hydatid cyst samples obtained from sheep, goats, cattle, and humans across three regions of Chile: Coquimbo, La Araucanía, and Magallanes. Mitochondrial cox1 gene sequences were analyzed and compared with reference sequences reported from South America, Europe, Africa, Asia, and Oceania. In Chile, the EG01 haplotype was the predominant haplotype. A total of four haplotypes were identified, with low haplotype diversity (Hd = 0.461 ± 0.00637) and low nucleotide diversity (π = 0.00181 ± 0.00036). The haplotype network displayed a star-like configuration, with the EG01 genotype at the center, suggesting a potentially ancestral or widely distributed lineage. In Coquimbo (Tajima’s D = −0.93302, p = 0.061; Fu’s Fs = −0.003, p = 0.502) and Magallanes (Tajima’s D = −0.17406, p = 0.386; Fu’s Fs = −0.121, p = 0.414), both neutrality tests were non-significant, indicating no strong evidence for recent population expansion or selection. Star-like haplotype network patterns were also observed in populations from Europe, the Middle East, Asia, Africa, and Oceania, with the EG01 genotype occupying the central position. The population genetic structure of Echinococcus granulosus s.s. in Chile demonstrates considerable complexity, with EG01 as the predominant haplotype. Further comprehensive studies are required to assess the intraspecific genetic variability of E. granulosus s.s. throughout Chile and to determine whether this variability influences the key biological traits of the parasite. This structure may prove even more complex when longer fragments are analyzed, which could allow for the detection of finer-scale microdiversity among isolates from different hosts. We recommended that future cystic echinococcosis control programs take into account the genetic variability of E. granulosus s.s. strains circulating in each endemic region, to better understand their epidemiological, immunological, and possibly pathological differences. Full article

As the global energy transition accelerates, the integration of solar power and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies offers new pathways for sustainable local development. This study examines four Serbian municipalities—Šabac, Sombor, Pirot, and Čačak—to assess how AI-enabled solar power systems can enhance energy resilience, reduce emissions, and support community-level sustainability goals. Using a mixed-method approach combining spatial analysis, predictive modeling, and stakeholder interviews, this research study evaluates the performance and institutional readiness of local governments in terms of implementing intelligent solar infrastructure. Key AI applications included solar potential mapping, demand-side management, and predictive maintenance of photovoltaic (PV) systems. Quantitative results show an improvement >60% in forecasting accuracy, a 64% reduction in system downtime, and a 9.7% increase in energy cost savings. These technical gains were accompanied by positive trends in SDG-aligned indicators, such as improved electricity access and local job creation in the green economy. Despite challenges related to data infrastructure, regulatory gaps, and limited AI literacy, this study finds that institutional coordination and leadership commitment are decisive for successful implementation. The proposed AI–Solar Integration for Local Sustainability (AISILS) framework offers a replicable model for emerging economies. Policy recommendations include investing in foundational digital infrastructure, promoting low-code AI platforms, and aligning AI–solar projects with SDG targets to attract EU and national funding. This study contributes new empirical evidence on the digital–renewable energy nexus in Southeast Europe and underscores the strategic role of AI in accelerating inclusive, data-driven energy transitions at the municipal level. Full article

Over the last decade, the scientific community has increasingly focused on forest-based practices for human well-being (FBPW), a term that includes all forest activities (e.g., forest bathing, forest therapy, social outdoor initiatives) important for improving people’s health and emotional status. This paper aims to develop a quantitative literature review on FBPW based on big data analysis (text mining on Scopus title and abstract) and PRISMA evaluation. The two techniques facilitate investigations across different geographic areas (major areas and geographical regions) and allow a focus on various topics. The results of text mining highlight the prominence of publications on FBPW for the improvement of human health in East Asia (e.g., Japan and South Korea). Furthermore, some specific themes developed by the literature for each geographical area emerge: urban green areas, cities, and parks in Africa; sustainable forest management and planning in the Americas; empirical studies on physiological and psychological effects of FBPW in Asia; and forest management and FBPW in Europe. PRISMA indicates a gap in studies focused on the reciprocal influences of forest variables and well-being responses. An investigation of the main physiological indicators applied in the scientific literature for the theme is also developed. The main strengths and weaknesses of the method are discussed, with suggestions for potential future lines of research. Full article

Dutch elm disease is one of the most devastating plant diseases, primarily spread through bark beetles. Scolytus scolytus is a key vector of this disease. In this study, distribution data of S. scolytus were collected and filtered. Combined with environmental and climatic variables, an ensemble model was developed using the Biomod2 platform to predict its potential geographical distribution in China. The selection of climate variables was critical for accurate prediction. Eight bioclimatic factors with high importance were selected from 19 candidate variables. Among these, the three most important factors are the minimum temperature of the coldest month (bio6), precipitation seasonality (bio15), and precipitation in the driest quarter (bio17). Under current climate conditions, suitable habitats for S. scolytus are mainly located in the temperate regions between 30° and 60° N latitude. These include parts of Europe, East Asia, eastern and northwestern North America, and southern and northeastern South America. In China, the low-suitability area was estimated at 37,883.39 km², and the medium-suitability area at 251.14 km². No high-suitability regions were identified. However, low-suitability zones were widespread across multiple provinces. Under future climate scenarios, low-suitability areas are still projected across China. Medium-suitability areas are expected to increase under SSP370 and SSP585, particularly along the eastern coastal regions, peaking between 2041 and 2060. High-suitability zones may also emerge under these two scenarios, again concentrated in coastal areas. These findings provide a theoretical basis for entry quarantine measures and early warning systems aimed at controlling the spread of S. scolytus in China. Full article

Various data such as power grid sensors and manual observed icing, CMA (China Meteorological Administration) Land Surface Data Assimilation System (CLDAS) products, and the Fifth Generation Atmospheric Reanalysis of the Global Climate from Europe Center of Middle Range Weather Forecast (ERA5) are adopted to diagnose an icing process under a cold surge during 16–23 December 2023 in northeastern Yunnan Province. The results show that: (1) in the early stage of the process, mainly the freezing types, such as GG (temperature > 0 °C, relative humidity ≥ 75%) and DG (temperature < 0 °C, relative humidity ≥ 75%), occur. At the end of the process, an increase in icing type as GD (temperature > 0 °C, relative humidity < 75%) appears. (2) Significant differences exist in the elements during different stages of icing, and the atmospheric thermal, dynamic, and water vapor conditions are conducive to the occurrence of freezing rain during ice accretion. The main impact weather systems of this process include a strong high ridge in the mid to high latitudes of East Asia, transverse troughs in front of the high ridge south to Lake Baikal, low altitude troughs, and ground fronts. The transverse trough in front of the high ridge can cause cold air to accumulate and then move eastward and southward. The southerly flows, surface fronts, and other low-pressure systems can provide powerful thermodynamic and moisture conditions for ice accumulation. Full article

Background and Objectives: Physical activity represents a cornerstone in the management of diabetes mellitus; however, the majority of persons with diabetes remain insufficiently active. Current guidelines emphasise the need to educate individuals with diabetes on physical activity at each clinical visit. The aim of the study was to develop an adequate instrument and test diabetologists’ knowledge on physical activity and related guidelines in diabetes, as well as investigate their prescribing habits. Materials and Methods: The instrument was developed with four diabetologists using Delphi and RAND appropriateness methods, then distributed to diabetologist societies in 12 Southeast European countries for anonymous completion by their members. Data were analysed using Mann–Whitney U test and Pearson ${ x}^2$ test. Results: Out of 302 analysed respondents, 123 (41%) worked at university hospitals, at average four days a week in outpatient departments, mean number of patients was 16 a day; 95 (32%) had a PhD, and 105 (35%) university teaching positions. Median overall knowledge was 15 (Q1–Q3, 13–17) out of 22 maximum points. 26% diabetologists knew recommended level of physical activity for people with diabetes. Physical activity goals were discussed during check-ups in 53.0% of cases; re-education and goal adjustments were provided in 33.4% when health status changed; and clear instructions were documented in 25.5% of medical records. Conclusions: Diabetologists’ overall knowledge of physical activity was found to be at least satisfactory in 90% of participants. Knowledge of the guidelines is insufficient in 75% of participants. The prescribing habits are inadequate in half of the participants. Full article

Consanguinity is the marriage of two related persons. This type of marriage is one of the main pillars when it comes to recessive hereditary diseases, birth defects, infertility, miscarriages, abortion, and infant deaths. Intermarriage continues to be a common practice in various communities in North Africa, the Middle East, and West and South Asia, as well as among migrants from Europe and North America, even though in more and more countries it has become illegal. Even if security and stability are some of the motivations for consanguineous marriage, studies show that women often suffer physical and verbal abuse from their husbands. However, because of the blood bond, tolerance for these habits is much higher. In addition, it seems that the divorce rate is much lower because separation would affect the entire state of the family. The choice of partner is significantly influenced by variables such as limited access to education and financial resources. Illiterate people coming from poor rural areas are much more likely to choose consanguineous marriage to maintain wealth in the family. The lack of medical knowledge about the negative effects of consanguinity leads to an increased rate of abortions, infant deaths, and births of children with congenital birth defects. Today, because of the process of urbanization and increased levels of knowledge, the younger generation is becoming increasingly less receptive to this particular form of marriage. In addition, as education has become more accessible to women, they have become more independent and eager to fulfill their own goals and not the wishes of the family. In conclusion, contrary to the many apparent advantages of consanguineous marriage, partners should put genetic risks first, as medical problems bring with them increased costs in the medical system and also within the family, leading to even lower economic status and consequently perpetuation of this type of marriage. Full article

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 continues to pose a major threat to animal and public health. Since its emergence, clade 2.3.4.4b has become the dominant global lineage, associated with widespread outbreaks in Europe. This study aimed to characterise the H5N1 strains detected in backyard chickens in Serbia and investigate their phylogenetic and phylogeographic relationships with historical and currently circulating strains in Serbia and the broader region. Samples collected in 2024 were tested by qRT-PCR, and positive samples were propagated in MDCK cells. Whole genome sequencing of isolated virus was performed using the MinION Mk1C platform (ONT, Oxford, UK). Bayesian phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses were conducted using BEAST X and SPREAD3 v.9.6. The results revealed three independent introductions of H5N1 into Serbia between 2020 and 2024. The spatiotemporal diffusion patterns confirmed both north–south and west–east viral spread from Northern and Central Europe into the Balkans. Additionally, Serbia was identified as a critical transit and divergence point in the regional transmission network, highlighting its role in the spread of H5N1 between Western and Eastern Europe. These findings underscore the importance of continued genomic surveillance in both domestic and wild bird populations to better understand and reduce HPAI spread. Full article

Background and Objectives: Evidence regarding how dispositional traits, antenatal anxiety, substance use, and obstetric events converge to shape post-partum depression (PPD) in South-East Europe is limited. We analysed 102 third-trimester women and followed them to six weeks post-partum, and 102 age-matched community controls were used to (i) compare baseline psychological profiles, (ii) chart antenatal-to-post-partum symptom trajectories, and (iii) build an integrated model of clinically relevant PPD (Edinburgh Post-natal Depression Scale, EPDS ≥ 12). Materials and Methods: All 96 raw variables were forward–backward translated from Romanian, reconciled, and harmonized. The principal instruments used were EPDS, State–Trait Anxiety Inventory form Y (STAI-Y), Revised Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory (OCI-R), NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI-60), and the four-item Maternal Worry and Satisfaction Scale (MWSS). Results: Groups were age-matched (31.1 ± 5.4 vs. 30.3 ± 5.1 years, p = 0.268) but differed in urban residence (39% vs. 17%, p = 0.001) and current substance use (smoking 21% vs. 34%, p = 0.041; alcohol 6% vs. 22%, p = 0.002). Of five personality domains, only openness scored lower in peripartum women (26.1 ± 4.6 vs. 29.3 ± 5.2, p < 0.001). State anxiety rose significantly from pregnancy to puerperium (+5.1 ± 8.4 points, p < 0.001). Post-partum EPDS correlated most strongly with state anxiety (r = 0.62) and neuroticism (r = 0.50). A final model (pseudo-R² = 0.30) identified post-partum state anxiety (OR 1.10 per point, 95% CI 1.05–1.15, p < 0.001) as the independent predictor; neuroticism showed a trend (OR 1.08, p = 0.081). Obstetric factors (prematurity, birth weight, caesarean section) were not significant. Conclusions: In this Romanian cohort, heightened state anxiety—in synergy with high neuroticism and lower openness—dominated the risk landscape of early onset PPD, whereas delivery mode and neonatal status were neutral. Routine perinatal mental health screening should therefore incorporate anxiety metrics alongside depression scales and brief trait inventories to refine preventive targeting. Full article

Climate change is a pressing global issue with severe consequences for the planet and human health. The Earth’s temperature has risen by 2 °C from 1901 to 2023, and this warming trend is expected to continue, causing potentially dangerous shifts in climate. Climate change impacts are already visible, with more frequent and severe heat waves, droughts, intense rain, and floods becoming increasingly common. Therefore, hydropower can contribute to addressing the global climate change issue and help to achieve global energy transition and stabilize global energy security. A Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)-based model implemented in Python for global and regional hydropower forecasting was developed for a study period of 2023 to 2060 by taking the input data from 1980 to 2022. The results revealed that Asian countries have greater hydropower potential, which is expected to increase from 1926.51 TWh in 2023 to 2318.78 TWh in 2030, 2772.06 TWh in 2040, 2811.41 TWh in 2050, and 3195.79 TWh in 2060, as compared with the other regions of the world like the Middle East, Africa, Asia, Common Wealth of Independent State (CIS), Europe, North America, and South and Central America. The global hydropower potential is also expected to increase from 4350.12 TWh in 2023 to 4806.26 TWh in 2030, 5393.80 TWh in 2040, 6003.53 TWh in 2050, and 6644.06 TWh in 2060, which is sufficient for achieving energy transition and energy security goals. Furthermore, the performance and accuracy of the LSTM-based model were found to be 98%. This study will help in the efficient scheduling and management of hydropower resources, reducing uncertainties caused by environmental variability such as precipitation and runoff. The proposed model contributes to the energy transition and security that is needed to meet the global climate targets. Full article

Türkiye represents an important biogeographic region connecting Southeast Europe with Southwest Asia, where pig domestication began in the western Palearctic. We studied the phylogenetic relationships and spatial distribution of new and published mitochondrial D-loop sequences of wild boars from Türkiye, other parts of the Middle East, and from around the world to understand migration patterns within Asia Minor and other parts of the Middle East as well as across the Bosphorus/Sea of Marmara/Dardanelles, a current migration barrier to Southwest Europe. Our phylogenetic (ML, BI) and spatial (Geneland) analyses revealed haplotypes both endemic to Anatolia and with a wider distribution in the Middle East as well as European (E1) lineages. The latter suggested possible rare immigration into Anatolia at present times and prehistorical/historical anthropogenic translocations of wild boars or pigs, such as during the pre-Hellenic, Roman, and Byzantine periods or during the European crusades, and subsequent introgression into Anatolian wild boars. Import of pigs with E1 haplotypes and introgression into wild boars during the medieval Empire of Trebizond particularly by Italian merchants or settlers, is also suggested. Anatolian lineages that may have formed the basis of the archaic domestication process of pigs in the western Palearctic are discussed. Full article

Land-based bioenergy systems are increasingly promoted for their potential to support climate change mitigation and energy security. Building on previous productivity and efficiency analyses, this study applies the MiscanFor and SalixFor models to evaluate land use energy intensity (LUEI) for Miscanthus (Miscanthus × giganteus) and willow (Salix spp.) under baseline (1961–1990) and future climate scenarios, and Business-as-Usual (B1) and Fossil Intensive (A1FI) scenarios, projected to 2060. The study also assesses the impact of biomass transport on energy use efficiency (EUE) and quantifies soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration by Miscanthus. Under current conditions, Miscanthus exhibits a higher global mean LUEI (321 ± 179 GJ ha⁻¹) than willow (164 ± 115.6 GJ ha⁻¹) across all regions (p < 0.0001), with energy yield hotspots in tropical and subtropical regions such as South America, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Southeast Asia. Colder regions, such as Europe and Canada, show limited energy potential. By 2060, LUEI is projected to decline by 9–15% for Miscanthus and 8–13% for willow, with B1 improving energy returns in temperate zones and A1FI reducing them in the tropics. Global EUE for Miscanthus declines significantly (p < 0.0001) by 21%, from 15.73 ± 7.1 to 12.37 ± 5.2 as biomass transport distance increases from 50 km to 500 km. Mean SOC sequestration is estimated at 1.20 ± 1.46 t C ha⁻¹, with tropical hotspots reaching up to 4.57 t C ha⁻¹ and some cooler regions exhibiting net losses (–7.93 t C ha⁻¹). Climate change significantly reduces SOC gains compared to baseline (p < 0.0001), although differences between B1 and A1FI are not statistically significant. These findings highlight the importance of region-specific, climate-resilient biomass systems to optimize energy returns and carbon benefits under future climate conditions. Full article

Immunization coverage is a key public health indicator reflecting healthcare accessibility and socio-economic conditions. This study employs Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to construct composite development scores and analyze their relationship with immunization coverage for measles and diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccines across 195 countries (2000–2021). The analysis comprises a training period (2000–2015) for score development and a test period (2016–2021) for validation. Variables were selected based on correlation with immunization coverage and standardized before PCA extraction. PC1, the principal component explaining the largest variance, was identified as a key indicator of development disparities. Findings reveal that higher PC1 scores (lower socio-economic development) are associated with reduced immunization rates, while lower PC1 scores (higher socio-economic development) correspond to greater coverage, a trend consistent across both periods. Geospatial analysis highlights stark disparities, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, whereas North America, Europe, and East Asia maintain significantly higher coverage. These results provide policy-relevant insights, demonstrating the utility of PCA-derived scores for resource allocation and targeted interventions. Full article

Talaromyces marneffei is a zoonotic dimorphic pathogen endemic to Southeast Asia and reported in 33 countries, with an estimated 17,300 human cases and 4900 deaths annually. We aimed to identify the best available evidence regarding the epidemiological and clinical features and the prevalence of T. marneffei reported in companion animals, wildlife, and humans in Europe. A systematic literature review was conducted by searching three databases under PRISMA guidelines for “Talaromyces marneffei” or “talaromycosis” in Europe or the equivalent. References from the obtained publications were also checked to identify additional papers that met the inclusion criteria. The search was not limited by language or year. Studies published until 30 April 2025 were included. Due to the limited number of publications on animals, the geographic scope was expanded to a global level. Of the 915 studies identified, 33 were eligible and categorised according to the subject they addressed: talaromycosis in humans (n = 26), talaromycosis in companion animals (n = 4), and talaromycosis in wildlife (n = 3). Talaromycosis has been reported 28 times in 11 different European countries among humans. Additionally, one case of T. marneffei in wildlife has been documented in Europe. There is a potential liaison host between bamboo rats and humans. Talaromycosis is an emerging planetary neglected disease. Confusion with other diseases and potential misdiagnosis leads to delayed diagnosis and unnecessary risk to lives. Immunocompromised and HIV-positive patients should be screened for talaromycosis. The unexplained worldwide reports in atypical species and locations prompt a call to action for a more proactive search for T. marneffei in other domestic and wild animals, as well as in soil, to fully understand its hosts and transmission, which must incorporate the Stockholm Paradigm and Planetary Health perspectives. Full article

Strong emotional bonds within families are foundational to children’s academic, psychological, and social development. While family cohesion is widely recognized as a protective factor across these domains, there remains a need to understand the specific mechanisms and interventions that foster such cohesion, particularly in diverse socioeconomic and cultural contexts. This systematic review examines global evidence on factors influencing family cohesion and evaluates intervention strategies designed to strengthen familial relationships. Drawing on 41 peer-reviewed studies published between 2015 and 2023, this review adheres to PRISMA guidelines and applies the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) to assess methodological quality. The findings are organized around four core dimensions of family cohesion—emotional bonding, adaptability, communication, and support—and highlight both common patterns and culturally specific mechanisms. Studies were drawn from a range of settings including North America, sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, East and Southeast Asia, and Europe, enabling a cross-cultural analysis of how family cohesion operates under different social, cultural, and economic conditions. Intervention strategies are reviewed separately following the synthesis of correlations, with attention to their effectiveness, cultural relevance, and contextual adaptability. Community-based programs, trauma-informed therapies, and parenting interventions emerge as key approaches, though their success has varied by regional and structural context. Studies consistently demonstrate that higher family cohesion correlates with improved academic outcomes, as supportive home environments promote motivation, reduce stress, and enhance learning. Mental health benefits are also evident, with cohesive and adaptable families mitigating risks of anxiety and depression through open communication and emotional availability. Social competence is fostered through observed and practiced interpersonal skills within family settings. Socioeconomic status emerges as both a challenge and a moderating factor, with lower-SES families facing greater barriers to cohesion but also displaying notable resilience when supported through external interventions. Effective strategies identified include family therapy, parenting education, community-based programs, culturally sensitive approaches, and socioeconomic policy supports. Family cohesion and adaptability are critical to nurturing children’s academic success, emotional well-being, and social development. This review contributes to a more culturally nuanced and policy-relevant understanding of family cohesion by integrating empirical findings across global contexts and identifying both shared and differentiated pathways to resilience. The results inform future program design and suggest priorities for cross-cultural family research and intervention development. Full article