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Background: Unintended adolescent pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) remain pressing public health concerns in Northeastern Thailand. Although school-based sexuality education is widespread, risk behaviors persist, underscoring the need for innovative approaches. This study evaluated the SESS (System–Empowerment–Support–Social Network) model, a multi-component framework designed to strengthen adolescent sexual health. Methods: A quasi-experimental, two-school study was conducted among 240 students aged 15–19 years in Nakhon Ratchasima Province. One school (n = 120) implemented a 16-week SESS program, while a comparison school (n = 120) continued with the standard curriculum. The SESS model combined system coordination, empowerment workshops, peer and institutional support, and digital platforms (Facebook, LINE). Data were collected with validated questionnaires and analyzed using ANCOVA, adjusting for baseline values. Exploratory analyses reported mean differences with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Groups were comparable at baseline. Post-intervention, the intervention school showed higher perception scores (mean difference = +13.0; 95% CI: 10.5–17.0) and preventive practice scores (mean difference = +14.0; 95% CI: 10.1–17.9). Attitudes showed minimal change. No pregnancies or self-reported STI cases were documented among intervention participants during the follow-up period. Conclusions: In this two-school quasi-experimental evaluation, the SESS model was associated with improvements in perceptions and practices, though attitudinal changes were limited. Findings suggest the feasibility of integrating empowerment, social support, and digital engagement into school-based programs while highlighting the need for multi-school trials to establish effectiveness. Full article

14 pages, 1362 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Synthesis of Glyceric Acid by Mixed-Metal Oxide-Supported AuPt Alloy Catalyst in Mild Conditions

by Zhiqing Wang, Jianchuan Jin, Aiqian Jin, Shiyu Li, Xinyue Chen, Tongjie Hu, Lingqin Shen and Hengbo Yin

Catalysts 2025, 15(10), 963; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15100963 (registering DOI) - 8 Oct 2025

Abstract

Thermal valorization of surplus biomass-derived feedstocks such as glycerol into high-value chemicals represents a sustainable strategy for biomass utilization and decarbonization of chemical manufacturing. However, conventional glycerol conversion processes are often restricted to low-value C1 products owing to rapid C–C bond cleavage during thermo-oxidation. Herein, we report highly efficient Au-Pt bimetallic alloy catalysts supported on mixed-oxide catalysts that enable the selective oxidation of glycerol under ambient conditions in the absence of a base. The synergistic interaction between Au and Pt promotes preferential oxidation of the terminal hydroxyl groups while preserving the C3 backbone, thereby affording the desirable C3 product, glyceric acid. The single-factor experiments and response surface analysis demonstrated that the Au-Pt bimetallic alloy catalysts supported on the mixed oxide MgO-Al₂O₃ exhibited a glycerol conversion of up to 82.0% and a glyceric acid selectivity of 62.1% under favorable reaction conditions. Kinetic studies further indicated that the activation energy of this catalyst in the reaction system is 32.7 kJ/mol. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalytic Conversion of Small Molecules for Energy and Environmental Sustainability)

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19 pages, 5421 KB

Open AccessArticle

Improved Murine Model for the Intravital Microscopic Examination of Manifest Tumors

by Frank Tavassol, Jan Winterboer, Philipp Jehn, Matthias Kappler, Felix Tilsen and Andreas Kampmann

Cells 2025, 14(19), 1556; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14191556 (registering DOI) - 8 Oct 2025

Abstract

Animal models are essential for studying tumor pathophysiology; however, most lack the capacity for repeated in vivo observation of tumor growth and vascularization over extended periods. This study aimed to establish a novel in vivo model using the mouse dorsal skinfold chamber. Tumor induction was performed using different membrane types (two polytetrafluoroethylene meshes and a polydioxanone plate), followed by monitoring of tumor vascularization via intravital fluorescence microscopy (IVM). Tumors developed successfully over six weeks, demonstrating sustained vascular supply and enabling, for the first time, the investigation of vascular networks in advanced tumors. Among the membranes tested, the polydioxanone membrane facilitated easier chamber preparation but may negatively affect angiogenesis and promote inflammation. IVM revealed persistent microcirculation in manifested tumors over six consecutive days, allowing detailed assessment of microvascular parameters, leukocyte–endothelial interactions, and functional capillary density. This model enables repetitive, high-resolution visualization of tumor microcirculation dynamics in vivo. In conclusion, this improved mouse dorsal skinfold chamber combined with IVM provides a powerful tool for investigating tumor angiogenesis and evaluating therapeutic interventions in advanced tumors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Intravital and Live Cell Imaging)

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10 pages, 658 KB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation and Digestive Properties of Biscuits Enriched with Extrusion-Modified Dietary Fiber: Effects on Slow Transit Constipation

by Zhan Wang, Dong Tan, Kemeng Zhao, Wangyang Shen, Jie Zhu, Hongjian Zhang and Xiwu Jia

Foods 2025, 14(19), 3436; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14193436 (registering DOI) - 8 Oct 2025

Abstract

Dietary fiber (DF) is essential for digestive health, and wheat bran is a potential source because of its high fiber content. Extrusion processing enhances wheat bran’s functional properties by modifying its structure. This study aimed to examine the effects of extrusion-modified wheat bran dietary fiber (E-WBDF) on biscuits, focusing on textural, color, and digestive characteristics, and evaluate its ability to alleviate constipation using a mouse model. E-WBDF-enriched biscuits exhibited lower brightness, deeper color, reduced hardness, and a significant decline in digestion rate compared with conventional biscuits. In the mouse model, E-WBDF biscuits increased fecal volume and moisture, shortened defecation time, and accelerated small intestine transit. The results indicate that E-WBDF can enhance the physical properties of biscuits while reducing their digestion rate, thereby exhibiting a potential therapeutic effect in alleviating constipation in the mouse model. This study provides novel insights into using E-WBDF in biscuit formulations, offering a promising strategy for developing functional foods that promote digestive health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Functional Ingredients on Technological, Sensory and Health Properties of Bakery Products: 2nd Edition)

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19 pages, 1544 KB

Open AccessArticle

Passivation Remediation of Cd-Contaminated Farmland in Yongkang, China by CaAl-LDH: A Mechanism and Application Study

by Xinzhe Lu, Nan Wei, Haochen Fang, Feng Hu, Jianjun Cheng, Rui Sun, Yining Chen, Jianyu Zhang, Yanfang Chen, Xuchuan Zhang, Kokyo Oh, Tetsushi Yonekura, Xiaochen Chen, Jia Niu and Xiaozhi Wang

Agronomy 2025, 15(10), 2354; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15102354 - 7 Oct 2025

Abstract

The enrichment of cadmium (Cd) in farmland soil poses serious risks to agricultural safety and remains challenging to remediate. This study evaluated CaAl-layered double hydroxide (CaAl-LDH) as a highly efficient and stable passivator for Cd-contaminated soil. Laboratory adsorption tests demonstrated that Cd²⁺ adsorption on CaAl-LDH followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and the Langmuir model, indicating monolayer chemisorption, with a maximum capacity of 469.48 mg·g⁻¹ at pH 6. The adsorption mechanisms include surface complexation, interlayer anion exchange, dissolution–precipitation, and isomorphic substitution. A three-year field trial in Yongkang City, China showed that CaAl-LDH promoted the transformation of Cd in rhizosphere soil from the ion exchange state (F2) to the residual state (F7) and Fe–Mn oxidized state (F5), reducing the exchangeable Cd content by 26.71%. Consequently, Cd content in rice grains decreased by 68.42% in the first year and remained over 37% lower in the second year, consistently below the national food safety limit. Future research should focus on the optimization of material’s stability and application protocol. The results demonstrate that CaAl-LDH provides a cost-effective and sustainable strategy for the in situ passivation remediation of Cd-contaminated farmland, contributing to food safety and sustainable agriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heavy Metal Pollution and Prevention in Agricultural Soils)

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25 pages, 506 KB

Open AccessArticle

Values and Ethics as Education Policy: Media Framing of Ecuador’s 2024 Curriculum Reform

by Fernanda Tusa, Ignacio Aguaded and Santiago Tejedor

Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1328; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15101328 - 7 Oct 2025

Abstract

Ecuador is experiencing an unprecedented escalation of violence, organized crime and public insecurity, prompting the Ministry of Education to introduce a curricular reform through Ministerial Agreement MINEDUC-MINEDUC-2024-00060-A. This reform incorporates five new subjects—Civic Education, Ethics and Integrity, Education for Sustainable Development, Socioemotional Education, Financial Education, and Education for Road Safety and Sustainable Mobility—into the national curriculum, with the explicit aim of fostering civic responsibility, ethical behavior and social cohesion. This study examines the societal and political context of the reform and analyzes its representation in the Ecuadorian press during 2024 using qualitative content analysis of publicly accessible national news articles, including reports, chronicles, interviews and press releases. The analysis focuses on the framing of the reform’s messages, the information provided and the actors featured in the coverage. Findings reveal that media narratives strongly reflect governmental discourse, portraying Civic, Ethic and Integrity Education as a moral vitamin to counteract the erosion of values and as a strategy to reinforce national identity through civic rituals. The study concludes that the reform exemplifies the integration of educational policy with sociopolitical objectives, positioning schools as central actors in long-term efforts to address societal violence and promote ethical citizenship. Full article

21 pages, 1488 KB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Investigation of Combustion and Nitric Oxide Formation in a 130 t/h Pulverized-Coal Boiler Under Lignite–Bituminous Coal Blending

by Chuan Zhou, Wei Zhang, Binqian Wu and Zihan Liu

Processes 2025, 13(10), 3187; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13103187 - 7 Oct 2025

Abstract

Coal blending has become a common practice in large-scale boilers due to fluctuations in fuel supply, and it has an important impact on combustion and nitric oxide (NO) formation. To clarify these effects, this study numerically investigates the combustion characteristics and NO generation in a 130 t/h tangentially fired pulverized-coal boiler under boiler maximum continuous rating (BMCR) conditions. A three-dimensional furnace model was developed based on the actual boiler geometry, and combustion was simulated using coal combustion sub-models coupled with the discrete phase model (DPM). The results indicate that increasing the proportion of bituminous coal raises the peak furnace temperature from 1856 K under unblended firing to 1959 K at 80% blending and increases the outlet NO concentration from 357 mg/m³ to 457 mg/m³. Furthermore, coal blending shifts flame intensity toward the furnace wall, enhances carbon monoxide (CO) formation in oxygen-deficient near-wall regions, and promotes NO generation in wall-adjacent high-temperature zones. These findings demonstrate that coal blending significantly influences combustion performance and pollutant emissions, highlighting the need for optimized air distribution and blending strategies in tangentially fired boilers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Processes and Systems)

15 pages, 4175 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mapping the Impact of Salinity Derived by Shrimp Culture Ponds Using the Frequency-Domain EM Induction Method

by Albert Casas-Ponsatí, José A. Beltrão-Sabadía, Evanimek B. Sabino da Silva, Lucila C. Monte-Egito, Anderson de Medeiros-Souza, Josefina C. Tapias, Alex Sendrós and Francisco Pinheiro Lima-Filho

Water 2025, 17(19), 2903; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17192903 - 7 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study investigates groundwater salinization in a section of a coastal aquifer in Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, using frequency-domain electromagnetic (FDEM) measurements. With the global expansion of shrimp farming in ecologically sensitive coastal regions, there is an urgent need to assess associated risks and promote sustainable management practices. A key concern is the prolonged flooding of shrimp ponds, which accelerates saltwater infiltration into surrounding areas. To better delineate salinization plumes, we analyzed direct groundwater salinity measurements from 14 wells combined with 315 subsurface apparent conductivity measurements obtained using the FDEM method. Correlating these datasets improved the accuracy of salinity mapping, as evidenced by reduced variance in kriging interpolation. By integrating hydrogeological, hydrogeochemical, and geophysical approaches, this study provides a comprehensive characterization of groundwater salinity in the study area. Hydrogeological investigations delineated aquifer properties and flow dynamics; hydrogeochemical analyses identified salinity levels and water quality indicators; and geophysical surveys provided spatially extensive conductivity measurements essential for detecting and mapping saline intrusions. The combined insights from these methodologies enable a more precise assessment of salinity sources and support the development of more effective groundwater management strategies. Our findings demonstrate the effectiveness of integrating geophysical surveys with hydrogeological and hydrogeochemical data, confirming that shrimp farm ponds are a significant source of groundwater contamination. This combined methodology offers a low-impact, cost-effective approach that can be applied to other coastal regions facing similar environmental challenges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Hydrogeology)

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22 pages, 4797 KB

Open AccessArticle

Early Oral Cancer Detection with AI: Design and Implementation of a Deep Learning Image-Based Chatbot

by Pablo Ormeño-Arriagada, Gastón Márquez, Carla Taramasco, Gustavo Gatica, Juan Pablo Vasconez and Eduardo Navarro

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(19), 10792; https://doi.org/10.3390/app151910792 - 7 Oct 2025

Abstract

Oral cancer remains a critical global health challenge, with delayed diagnosis driving high morbidity and mortality. Despite progress in artificial intelligence, computer vision, and medical imaging, early detection tools that are accessible, explainable, and designed for patient engagement remain limited. This study presents a novel system that combines a patient-centred chatbot with a deep learning framework to support early diagnosis, symptom triage, and health education. The system integrates convolutional neural networks, class activation mapping, and natural language processing within a conversational interface. Five deep learning models were evaluated (CNN, DenseNet121, DenseNet169, DenseNet201, and InceptionV3) using two balanced public datasets. Model performance was assessed using accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), and Cohen’s Kappa. InceptionV3 consistently outperformed the other models across these metrics, achieving the highest diagnostic accuracy (77.6%) and DOR (20.67), and was selected as the core engine of the chatbot’s diagnostic module. The deployed chatbot provides real-time image assessments and personalised conversational support via multilingual web and mobile platforms. By combining automated image interpretation with interactive guidance, the system promotes timely consultation and informed decision-making. It offers a prototype for a chatbot, which is scalable and serves as a low-cost solution for underserved populations and demonstrates strong potential for integration into digital health pathways. Importantly, the system is not intended to function as a formal screening tool or replace clinical diagnosis; rather, it provides preliminary guidance to encourage early medical consultation and informed health decisions. Full article

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14 pages, 590 KB

Open AccessArticle

Eating Habits, Physical Activity, Body Composition and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in University Students: A Cross- Sectional Study

by Edyta Kwilosz, Monika Musijowska, Katarzyna Badora-Musiał, Emilian Zadarko and Maria Zadarko-Domaradzka

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3166; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193166 - 7 Oct 2025

Abstract

Introduction: Unhealthy eating habits combined with low levels of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness pose a serious threat to the health of young people. The aim of this research was to determine the relationship between selected components of body composition, the occurrence of eating disorders, and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and physical activity levels among university students. Material and methods: This study was conducted among 254 students at a university in Poland. It included the measurements of body height, body composition analysis using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). This research also employed the My Eating Habits (MEH) questionnaire and the short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-SF). Results: Based on body fat percentage (BF%), nearly one-fifth (19.69%) of participants were classified as obese. According to the body mass index (BMI), over one-third had excess body weight (overweight 24.02%, obesity 10.24%), while 6.7% were underweight. Eating disorders were significantly more prevalent in women (p = 0.0002). A significant relationship was observed between eating disorders and BMI, muscle mass (MM%), skeletal muscle mass (SMM%), body fat (BF%), and visceral fat (VFATL). Higher BMI, BF%, and VFATL were associated with a greater risk of developing eating disorders. Emotional overeating was significantly less common among individuals with normal body weight compared to those who were underweight or overweight. No statistically significant associations were found between students’ physical activity levels and eating habits. However, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) was significantly negatively correlated with the presence of eating disorders. Conclusions: Understanding the relationship between components of body composition, eating disorders, physical activity levels, and cardiorespiratory fitness is crucial for designing effective interventions that promote a healthier lifestyle and psychological well-being among university students. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

23 pages, 2074 KB

Open AccessReview

Crosstalk Between Allergic Inflammation and Autophagy

by Jaewhoon Jeoung, Wonho Kim and Dooil Jeoung

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(19), 9765; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26199765 - 7 Oct 2025

Abstract

Autophagy is a conserved process that involves the degradation of damaged proteins and organelles to restore cellular homeostasis. Autophagy plays a critical role in cell differentiation, immune responses, and protection against pathogens, as well as the development and progression of allergic inflammation. Crosstalk between autophagy and signaling pathways modulates immune responses to inflammatory signals. Here, we discuss the regulatory roles of autophagy in allergic inflammation. Autophagy can promote allergic inflammation by enhancing the secretion of inflammatory mediators. Impaired autophagy resulting from the accumulation of autophagosomes can exacerbate allergic inflammation. Mast cell degranulation and activation require energy provided by mitochondrial respiration. Mast cell activation is accompanied by morphological changes and mitochondrial fragmentation. Mitochondrial fragmentation (mitophagy) induced by oxidative stress involves the degradation of defective mitochondria. Therefore, we discuss the relationship between mitophagy and allergic inflammation. Targeting autophagy and oxidative stress can be a strategy for developing anti-allergy therapeutics. In this review, we also discuss future research directions to better understand allergic diseases with respect to autophagy and develop effective anti-allergy drugs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Biology)

23 pages, 3088 KB

Open AccessArticle

PvPR10-3 Expression Confers Salt Stress Tolerance in Arabidopsis and Interferes with Jasmonic Acid and ABA Signaling

by Kaouthar Feki, Hanen Kamoun, Amal Ben Romdhane, Sana Tounsi, Wissal Harrabi, Sirine Salhi, Haythem Mhadhbi, Maurizio Trovato and Faiçal Brini

Plants 2025, 14(19), 3092; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14193092 - 7 Oct 2025

Abstract

Salt stress is a major abiotic factor limiting crop productivity worldwide, as it disrupts plant growth, metabolism, and survival. In this study, we report that the genes PvPR10-2 and PvPR10-3 were significantly up-regulated in bean leaves and stems in response to combined salt and jasmonic acid (NaCl–JA) treatment. Foliar application of JA with salt induced physiological alterations, including stem growth inhibition, H₂O₂ accumulation, and activation of antioxidant enzymes. To investigate the role of PvPR10-3 in response to salt and phytohormones, we introduced this gene into Arabidopsis and found that its heterologous expression conferred salt tolerance to the transgenic lines. Interestingly, exogenous JA contributed to salt tolerance by reducing H₂O₂ levels, inducing ROS-scavenging enzymes, and promoting the accumulation of phenolic compounds and ABA. Furthermore, gene expression analysis of the transgenic lines revealed that PvPR10-3 expression under NaCl–JA stress is associated with the induction of JA-related genes like MYC2, JAZ2, JAZ11, and JAZ12, as well as SA-responsive genes, like ALD1 and TGA2, and two ABA-independent components DREB2A and ERD1, suggesting potential coordination between JA, ABA, and SA signaling in salt stress response. Additionally, key flowering regulators (FT, GI) were upregulated in transgenic lines under NaCl–JA treatment, suggesting a previously unexplored link between salt tolerance pathways and the regulation of flowering time. Taken together, our findings suggest a role of PvPR10-3 in enhancing salt stress tolerance and the involvement of exogenous JA in tolerance potentially by modulating ROS balance, hormone-associated gene expression, and protective secondary metabolites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology and Metabolism)

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15 pages, 3339 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of the SPL Gene Family in Phalaenopsis equestris

by Xule Zhang, Lei Feng, Qingdi Hu, Yaping Hu, Xiaohua Ma and Jian Zheng

Plants 2025, 14(19), 3090; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14193090 - 7 Oct 2025

Abstract

The SQUAMOSA promoter-binding protein-like (SPL/SBP) family plays crucial roles in multiple developmental processes. Phalaenopsis equestris is a key ornamental and breeding species known for producing abundant colorful flowers on a single inflorescence. The SPL gene family in this species remains largely uncharacterized. In this study, 15 SPL genes were identified, all encoding proteins that are bioinformatically predicted to be nuclear-localized, hydrophilic, and unstable, with conserved SBP domains. Phylogenetic and collinearity analyses revealed a closer evolutionary relationship with rice SPLs than Arabidopsis SPLs. Conserved motif and gene structure analyses showed that subfamily II members possess more motifs and introns, implying functional complexity. Five PeqSPLs contained transmembrane domains, suggesting potential dual nuclear/cytoplasmic roles. Promoter analysis revealed abundant cis-elements responsive to light, stress, and phytohormones. Expression profiling across tissues showed that PeqSPL2, PeqSPL3, and PeqSPL5 exhibited broad expression and PeqSPL10 exhibited predominantly high expression in flowers, indicating possible roles in normal growth and floral development. This study provides a foundation for further functional exploration of PeqSPL genes in P. equestris. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orchid Conservation and Biodiversity)

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21 pages, 944 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Adiponectin as a Biomarker of Preeclampsia: A Systematic Review

by Inês Carrilho, Melissa Mariana and Elisa Cairrao

Reprod. Med. 2025, 6(4), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/reprodmed6040029 - 7 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Classified as a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, preeclampsia is one of the leading causes of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. The abnormal trophoblast invasion that leads to a failed transformation of the uterine spiral arteries during placentation remains the most probable cause for preeclampsia. It is known that adiponectin acts on the placenta, playing a regulatory role in placentation processes. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review is to compile scientific evidence to evaluate the role of adiponectin as a biomarker for preeclampsia. Methods: The protocol for this systematic review was registered on the PROSPERO database (ID CRD42024542403) and follows the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Overall, twenty-nine studies were selected from the PubMed and Scopus databases, including case–control, prospective and retrospective cohort, cross-sectional, and bidirectional Mendelian randomization studies. Results: From the articles analyzed, nine studies indicated an increase in adiponectin levels in preeclampsia, eleven reported a decrease, eight detected no significant changes, and in two studies, it was not possible to determine the glycoprotein levels. Analysis of the evidence quality revealed that moderate and low evidence levels predominate, with stronger evidence for decreased adiponectin levels. Conclusions: Promoting the advancement of scientific research is crucial, particularly exploring the association between adiponectin and other biomarkers. This approach could facilitate the development of screening and diagnostic methods, enabling the implementation of specific preventive and therapeutic strategies. Full article

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24 pages, 8385 KB

Open AccessArticle

Classification of Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinases and Their Transcriptional Response to Abiotic Stresses in Halophyte Nitraria sibirica

by Lu Lu, Ting Chen, Tiangui Yang, Chunxia Han, Jingbo Zhang, Jinhui Chen and Tielong Cheng

Plants 2025, 14(19), 3091; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14193091 - 7 Oct 2025

Abstract

Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) are key Ca²⁺ sensors in plants, mediating responses to abiotic stresses via phosphorylation signaling. In the halophyte Nitraria sibirica, which thrives in saline soils, we identified 19 CDPK genes (NsCDPKs) and classified them into four canonical angiosperm clades, highlighting conserved functional modules. Promoter analysis revealed diverse cis-acting elements responsive to light, hormones (ABA, MeJA, auxin, GA, SA), and abiotic stresses (drought, cold, wounding), along with numerous MYB binding sites, suggesting complex transcriptional regulation. Transcriptome profiling under salt stress (100 and 400 mM NaCl) showed induction of most NsCDPKs, with several genes significantly upregulated in roots and stems, indicating coordinated whole-plant activation. These salt-responsive NsCDPKs were also upregulated by cold but repressed under PEG-simulated drought, indicating stress-specific regulatory patterns. Fifteen MYB transcription factors, differentially expressed under salt stress, were predicted to interact with NsCDPK promoters, implicating them as upstream regulators. This study identified a potential salt- and cold-responsive CDPK regulatory module and a MYB-mediated transcriptional hierarchy in N. sibirica, providing insights into the molecular mechanisms of salinity adaptation and highlighting candidate genes that could be explored for improving salt tolerance in crop species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanisms Associated with Plant Tolerance upon Abiotic Stress—2nd Edition)

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