Search Results (326)

Testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT) is a common tumor type in young men. Family history of TGCT and its presence in twins support the involvement of inherited genetic factors. Germline exome sequencing was performed on monozygotic twins with TGCT and their parents. The twins presented compound heterozygous variants in PDE11A (rs776984134 and rs17400325) inherited from each parent. The rs776984134 variant disrupts the canonical splice acceptor site, leading to aberrant splicing and a frameshift predicted to affect protein structure. The rs17400325 missense variant, located in the catalytic domain, reduces hydrogen bonding capacity and may impair protein stability. Both variants map to a genomic region overlapping the antisense lncRNA PDE11A-AS1. In silico transcript-level analysis predicted multiple energetically favorable RNA–RNA interactions between PDE11A and PDE11A-AS1 transcripts, with rs17400325 located within predicted hybridization regions of several isoforms. These results suggest a potential impact on PDE11A–PDE11A-AS1 pairing and post-transcriptional regulation. Additional variants in MSH6 and CTU2 were also identified and may act as potential modifiers of disease susceptibility, consistent with a multigenic contribution to TGCT risk. These findings support a contributory role for the PDE11A locus in TGCT predisposition and underscore the biological relevance of overlapping sense–antisense genomic regions in hereditary cancer studies. Full article

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, characterized by marked molecular heterogeneity, late-stage diagnosis, and limited therapeutic options. Emerging evidence highlights the interplay between cytoskeletal dynamics, epigenetic regulation, and oncogenic signaling pathways in hepatocarcinogenesis. Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6), a key regulator of cytoplasmic protein acetylation, modulates α-tubulin stability, while CTNNB1 (β-catenin) serves as a central effector of the Wnt signaling pathway. However, the existence and functional relevance of a coordinated HDAC6–TUBA1A–CTNNB1 regulatory axis in HCC remain insufficiently explored. We conducted a comprehensive integrative bioinformatic analysis using multiple publicly available datasets and platforms, including TCGA, GEO, GEPIA3, TNMplot, UALCAN, TIMER2.0, STRING, ENCORI, HPA, TargetScan, miRDB, CRISPRdb, GSCALite, and exoRBase. Gene expression, promoter methylation, survival associations, immune infiltration, regulatory RNA interactions, and therapeutic targetability were systematically evaluated. HDAC6 expression was significantly downregulated in HCC tissues, whereas TUBA1A and CTNNB1 were upregulated. Reduced HDAC6 expression was associated with poorer survival outcomes, while TUBA1A and CTNNB1 showed no significant prognostic value. Methylation analysis revealed gene-specific epigenetic alterations, including hypomethylation of CTNNB1 and differential methylation patterns in HDAC6 and TUBA1A. Immune infiltration analysis demonstrated that HDAC6 expression positively correlated with cytotoxic immune cell populations and negatively with immunosuppressive subsets. Regulatory network analyses identified lncRNA–miRNA–mRNA interactions, particularly involving SNHG1. Furthermore, in silico CRISPR targetability and extracellular vesicle (EV) transcript profiling suggested potential translational applicability of this axis. Our findings support a hypothesis of the existence of a dysregulated HDAC6–α-tubulin–β-catenin axis in HCC, linking cytoskeletal remodeling with oncogenic signaling and immune modulation. This axis may indicate a promising candidate for biomarker development and targeted therapeutic strategies, warranting further experimental validation. Full article

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as important regulatory molecules in plants, but their potential roles during modern maize breeding remain largely unexplored. This study systematically characterized lncRNA expression dynamics using transcriptome data from 137 maize inbred lines from different breeding eras in China. We identified 18,023 lncRNAs transcripts, grouped by expression trends across historical breeding eras. Comparative analysis revealed 2228 differentially expressed lncRNAs transcripts (DElncRNAs) between modern (CN2000&10s) and early (CN1960&70s) accessions. By integrating WGCNA and cis-target analysis, we identified candidate lncRNAs and putative lncRNA-PCG associations that may be associated with maize plant architecture-related processes. Further, 771 DElncRNAs were predicted to be associated with 810 protein-coding genes, and these associated genes were significantly enriched in plant hormone signal transduction. Dual-luciferase reporter assays provided preliminary experimental support that lncrna.33063 and lncrna.33068 can repress the promoter activity of ZmPIF5.2 in a heterologous transient expression system. Furthermore, we constructed a putative ceRNA-related candidate interaction network consisting of lncRNA–miRNA–mRNA triplets that include 317 candidate miRNA-lncRNA pairs and 8325 candidate miRNA-mRNA pairs, with the associated mRNAs enriched in biological processes such as morphogenesis, stimulus response, and hormone metabolism. These findings provide a set of candidate lncRNAs and lncRNA-PCG associations for future functional validation and may offer useful clues for understanding the possible roles of lncRNAs in agronomic trait-related biological processes and maize molecular breeding. Overall, this study provides candidate genetic resources and a framework for future investigation of lncRNA-associated relationships potentially related to agronomic trait variation in maize. Full article

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as pivotal regulators in mammalian skeletal muscle development, moving beyond their initial characterization as transcriptional “noise”. Unlike previous reviews that focus primarily on individual IncRNA catalogues, this review systematically integrates recent advances across five dimensions: (1) molecular characteristics and multidimensional classification of muscle related lncRNAs; (2) stage-specific expression patterns spanning embryonic myogenesis, postnatal growth, adult maintenance, and regeneration; (3) underlying molecular mechanisms including chromatin remodeling, ceRNA networks, IncRNA protein interactions, and nucleocytoplasmic trafficking; (4) pathological implications in muscular dystrophy, atrophy, and neuromuscular diseases; (5) translational applications in precision animal breeding. We critically evaluate the controversial ceRNA hypothesis and highlight quantitative limitations in current evidence. By integrating existing knowledge into a multi-layer regulatory network model and addressing current technical challenges and controversies (e.g., the ceRNA stoichiometry debate), this review provides a comprehensive roadmap for future basic research and translational applications in muscle biology. Full article

Background/Objectives: Over the past two decades, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have emerged as key regulators of gene expression, reshaping the classical view of the genome as predominantly protein-coding. Among them, microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play central roles in controlling gene expression at multiple levels. Rather than acting independently, these molecules form complex and interconnected regulatory networks, and their interplay appears particularly relevant in cancer. This review aims to examine the mechanisms underlying miRNA-lncRNA cross-regulation and to explore their functional and clinical implications in tumor biology. Methods: We performed a comprehensive analysis of the current literature focusing on studies investigating miRNA-lncRNA interactions in cancer. Particular attention was given to mechanistic insights, including the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) hypothesis, as well as alternative regulatory models involving direct RNA interactions and chromatin-associated processes. Results: miRNA-lncRNA interactions have been associated with cancer progression and therapeutic response across different tumor types, although their mechanisms are highly context-dependent. While the ceRNA hypothesis, based on competition for shared microRNA response elements (MREs), provides a useful framework, it does not fully explain all observed phenomena. Evidence shows that miRNAs can directly regulate lncRNA stability, whereas lncRNAs can influence miRNA biogenesis. Additionally, chromatin-related mechanisms suggest that these interactions extend beyond post-transcriptional regulation. These RNA networks intersect with major oncogenic pathways, including PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling, hypoxia responses, and epigenetic regulators such as EZH2, thereby affecting key cancer processes such as proliferation, epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), and metabolic reprogramming. From a clinical perspective, the stability of ncRNAs in biological fluids highlights their potential as biomarkers. Combined miRNA-lncRNA signatures may improve diagnostic and prognostic accuracy compared to single markers, although further validation is required. Therapeutic strategies targeting ncRNA networks, such as miRNA mimics, antagomiRs, and lncRNA-directed approaches, are under investigation; however, challenges related to delivery, specificity, and toxicity remain. Conclusions: miRNA-lncRNA cross-regulation represents a complex and multifaceted layer of gene regulation in cancer. A deeper understanding of these interactions could support the development of more accurate diagnostic tools and more effective RNA-based therapeutic strategies, although significant technical and biological challenges still need to be addressed. Full article

Background: Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are increasingly recognized as key regulators of gene expression, playing pivotal roles in diverse biological processes, including reproduction. This study identified and characterized lncRNAs located near fertility-associated genes in Retinta beef cattle, exploring their potential regulatory roles via DNA–RNA triplex formation using in silico approaches. Methods: We applied an integrative bioinformatics pipeline to identify potential triplex interactions, predicting structurally accessible regions within the lncRNAs and demonstrating the statistical enrichment of binding sites across known regulatory genomic elements. Results: Twelve protein-coding genes previously linked to female fertility or male scrotal circumference were analyzed, revealing 16 unique lncRNAs within ±50 kb windows, predominantly on BTA5. We predicted high-confidence triplex-forming oligonucleotides (TFOs) for most gene-lncRNA pairs. Our results suggest robustness and sequence specificity, as interactions were disrupted by sequence permutation or when a control background sequence was used. RNA secondary-structure analysis revealed that TFOs generally lie in exposed regions, supporting their accessibility for triplex formation. Furthermore, promoter and regulatory regions of fertility-associated genes were enriched in predicted triplex target sites (TTSs), with some overlapping CpG islands and enhancer regions, leading to the hypothesis that these lncRNAs might play a role in epigenetic regulation. Conclusions: Overall, these findings establish computationally derived hypotheses regarding the potential molecular mechanisms by which lncRNAs may modulate reproductive efficiency in cattle and highlight specific lncRNAs as promising targets for functional studies and marker-assisted breeding. Full article

Background and Objectives: Chromobox protein homolog 2 (CBX2), a member of the polycomb group of proteins that plays a role in chromatin remodeling, has been associated with multiple types of cancer. However, its characterization in liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) has not been fully elucidated. This study aims to systemically evaluate the expression, prognostic value, epigenetic regulation, and ncRNAs of CBX2 in LIHC. Materials and Methods: We performed a comprehensive in silico analysis to assess CBX2 expression at mRNA and protein levels, correlate its expression with clinical characteristics and prognosis, and explore DNA methylation and ncRNA-mediated regulatory networks. Multiple public databases (TIMER2.0, UALCAN, Human Protein Atlas, KM Plotter, MethSurv, miRNet, and ENCORI) were utilized to conduct expression, survival analysis, and construct a network encompassing miRNAs, lncRNAs, and pseudogenes. Results: CBX2 expression was found to be elevated in LIHC at both the mRNA and protein expression level. Increased CBX2 expression was closely linked with unfavorable clinical outcome. Methylation analysis indicated that various CpG sites, exhibiting both hypermethylation and hypomethylation patterns, were correlated with CBX2 expression and patient prognosis. Among the identified ncRNAs, hsa-miR-101-3p tended to be downregulated, whereas hsa-miR-222-3p was significantly upregulated in LIHC, and both were associated with CBX2 expression and clinical outcomes. The constructed ncRNA interaction network suggested potential associations among miRNA, lncRNAs, and pseudogenes that may be linked to tumor progression. Conclusions: Our results suggest that CBX2 was overexpressed in LIHC and may be associated with epigenetic alterations and ncRNA-related regulatory interactions. Its expression shows a relationship with clinical prognosis, suggesting that CBX2 could serve as a candidate biomarker. The proposed CBX2-associated ncRNA network represents a potential framework for further investigation, although additional experimental validation is required to confirm its biological and clinical relevance. Consequently, our findings suggest that CBX2 may serve as a potential prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target in LIHC, potentially influenced by specific epigenetic and post-transcriptional mechanisms. Full article

This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying dopaminergic injury induced by gestational and lactational atrazine (ATR) exposure in rat offspring, with a particular focus on non-coding RNA-mediated regulation. Pregnant rats were exposed to ATR during gestation and lactation. Offspring underwent behavioral testing at postnatal day 21 (PND21) and were sacrificed for midbrain tissue collection at PND28. Behavioral alterations, histopathological changes in the substantia nigra, and dopaminergic marker expression were assessed to evaluate ATR-induced neurotoxicity. Whole-transcriptome sequencing was then performed to identify differentially expressed mRNAs, miRNAs, and lncRNAs, followed by co-expression, protein–protein interaction, and competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network analyses. Key targets were validated by qRT-PCR. Candidate molecules identified from transcriptomic and ceRNA analyses were further examined in an ATR-induced neurotoxicity model established in RA-differentiated SK-N-SH cells. Dual-luciferase reporter, Ago2-RNA immunoprecipitation, and biotin-labeled RNA pull-down assays were used to examine putative binding relationships and molecular interactions. In addition, lentivirus-mediated Elavl4 overexpression was performed to further evaluate the role of this candidate regulator in ATR-induced Nurr1 downregulation. Gestational and lactational ATR exposure induced significant behavioral abnormalities in rat offspring. These changes were accompanied by histopathological alterations in the substantia nigra, including reduced TH immunoreactivity, as well as abnormal expression of dopaminergic markers, characterized by decreased TH and Nurr1 levels and increased α-syn expression. Together, these findings indicate the presence of dopaminergic injury. Whole-transcriptome analysis further revealed widespread dysregulation of mRNAs, miRNAs, and lncRNAs in ATR-exposed offspring. Subsequent integrative analysis suggested a potential ceRNA regulatory relationship among Elavl4, miR-301a-5p, and Nurr1, which was further supported by qRT-PCR. Dual-luciferase reporter, RIP, and RNA pull-down assays supported direct interactions between miR-301a-5p and both Elavl4 and Nurr1, as well as their association with the Ago2-containing silencing complex. Moreover, Elavl4 overexpression partially reversed ATR-induced Nurr1 downregulation in vitro. Gestational and lactational ATR exposure induced behavioral abnormalities and dopaminergic injury in rat offspring. Whole-transcriptome analysis combined with experimental validation suggests a potential association between the Elavl4/miR-301a-5p/Nurr1 ceRNA axis and ATR-induced dopaminergic injury, providing insight into the post-transcriptional mechanisms underlying developmental neurotoxicity. Full article

LncRNAs, defined as transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides with limited protein-coding potential, have emerged as important regulators of gene expression across multiple levels of cellular regulation. These molecules influence chromatin organization, transcriptional activity, and post-transcriptional processes through diverse interactions with DNA, RNA, and protein complexes. Although initially considered transcriptional byproducts, accumulating evidence now indicates that lncRNAs participate in a wide range of physiological processes and are implicated in numerous human diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disorders, neurological diseases, and immune related conditions. However, the strength of mechanistic evidence varies substantially across the field, with robust functional validation currently limited to a relatively small number of well-characterized lncRNAs. In many cases, proposed regulatory roles remain supported primarily by expression correlations or limited perturbation studies, highlighting the need for careful evaluation of reproducibility, context dependence, and locus-specific effects. In addition, translating lncRNA discoveries into therapeutic strategies faces several practical challenges, including efficient tissue-specific delivery, subcellular localization constraints, isoform complexity, and potential off-target effects. This review provides an overview of current knowledge on lncRNA classification, biogenesis, and molecular mechanisms, evaluates their roles in human disease, and discusses emerging therapeutic approaches in the context of translational feasibility. By integrating mechanistic insights with current limitations and unresolved questions, we highlight priorities for future research aimed at harnessing lncRNAs for diagnostic and therapeutic applications in precision medicine. Full article

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and RNA–protein complexes (RNPs) are increasingly recognized as central to the regulatory complexity of modern eukaryotes. This review proposes that the remarkable diversity of eukaryotic systems arises from the long-term integration of ancient RNA/RNP mechanisms, layered with innovations introduced by successive symbioses. We outline four interconnected levels of symbiosis contributing to this process: (1) molecular symbiosis, involving dynamic assemblies of RNAs, proteins, and membraneless organelles (MLOs); (2) genome symbiosis, driven by the expansion of non-coding and repetitive DNA; (3) intracellular symbiosis, initiated by mitochondria acquisition; and (4) intercellular symbiosis, rooted in the cellular cooperation that enables multicellularity. We highlight lncRNAs and intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) as versatile mediators that interweave interactions across scales, predominantly within phase-separated condensates. Building upon these multi-level processes, we propose the framework of integrated symbiotic pleiotropy—a concept where molecular components acquire layered functional roles as a direct consequence of successive symbiotic acquisitions. This paradigm unites information layering, functional moonlighting, molecular tinkering, and exaptation into a coherent trajectory for eukaryotic evolution. Full article

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have emerged as important regulators of gene expression and cellular homeostasis, and their dysregulation is now recognized as a hallmark of cancer. Over the past decades, extensive research has demonstrated that diverse ncRNA classes, including microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and other small ncRNA species, participate in complex regulatory networks that influence tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, and therapy response. Through mechanisms such as transcriptional regulation, post-transcriptional gene silencing, epigenetic modulation, and competitive endogenous RNA interactions, ncRNAs shape the molecular circuitry underlying cancer development. In addition to their functional roles in tumor biology, many ncRNAs are released into biological fluids and can be detected as circulating molecules in blood, urine, saliva, and other biofluids. Their remarkable stability in extracellular environments has generated considerable interest in their use as minimally invasive biomarkers in liquid biopsy applications. Emerging evidence has shown that circulating ncRNAs (c-ncRNAs) can support cancer detection, disease stratification, and treatment monitoring. This narrative review provides an integrated view that links ncRNA-mediated regulatory networks with their application as liquid biopsy biomarkers, positioning ncRNAs as comprehensive indicators of tumor conditions. Particular emphasis is placed on c-ncRNA biomarkers, the integration of multiple ncRNA classes, and multi-analyte biomarker strategies that combine ncRNAs with complementary circulating molecules such as cell-free DNA and protein markers. Finally, we discuss the technical and clinical challenges that currently limit the translation of ncRNA-based diagnostics into clinical practice and highlight future directions for advancing ncRNA-guided liquid biopsy approaches in precision oncology. Full article

Microglia, the resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS), serve as the primary reservoir of HIV-1 in the brain and play a crucial role in the development of HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). While long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as essential regulators of HIV-1 replication in T cells and macrophages, their role in microglia remains poorly understood. Here, we performed RNA sequencing of polyadenylated transcripts from a human microglial cell line exposed to HIV-1 infection or TNF-α stimulation to investigate transcriptional responses and identify lncRNAs with potential regulatory functions. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed broad overlap between viral and inflammatory responses, reflecting convergence on common molecular pathways. Among differentially expressed lncRNAs, we focused on TALAM1, which was specifically induced by HIV-1, and LINC00702, which responded to both HIV-1 and TNF-α. Validation by RT-qPCR confirmed the upregulation of TALAM1 and LINC00702 at 24 h post-infection. Furthermore, knockdown of either lncRNA affected viral genomic RNA levels, while only LINC00702 knockdown affected p55 production. Given that subcellular localization informs lncRNA function, we assessed the distribution of TALAM1 and LINC00702. TALAM1 was predominantly cytoplasmic under basal conditions but shifted toward nuclear enrichment upon HIV-1 infection, whereas LINC00702 remained primarily nuclear regardless of infection status. Consistent with their genomic context, protein interaction predictions, and pathway enrichment analyses suggested that TALAM1 may influence RNA processing and splicing, whereas LINC00702 may contribute to translational regulation and is associated with proteins involved in immune responses. Together, these findings provide an initial characterization of lncRNA responses to HIV-1 infection in a human microglial cell line and identify TALAM1 and LINC00702 as candidates for future functional studies in the context of viral infection and neuroinflammation. Full article

Cellular therapy using human cardiac mesenchymal progenitor cells (hMPCs) for regenerative medicine is hindered by poor cell survival and senescence. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are critical regulators of cellular processes, yet their role in cardiac aging remains underexplored. Here, lncRNA microarray profiling identified a novel lncRNA, XLOC_002543, upregulated in hMPCs preconditioned with cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP), which was named CoPP-Induced and SFPQ-Associated RNA Transcript (CISAT) due to its interaction with splicing factor proline and glutamine rich (SFPQ), confirmed via RNA pull-down and immunoprecipitation. CISAT was the only highly expressed transcript among seven lnc-ANKMY1-5 variants in hMPCs, as shown by RT-PCR. Notably, CISAT expression decreased in aging/senescent hMPCs, correlating with elevated p16^INK4A, a senescence marker. Overexpression of CISAT reduced p16^INK4A levels; enhanced hMPC survival, proliferation, and migration; and increased antioxidant and anti-apoptotic protein expression, while CISAT knockdown reduced resistance to H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress. In vivo, intramyocardial transplantation of CISAT-overexpressed hMPCs in an immune-deficient murine myocardial infarction model reduced fibrosis, promoted angiogenesis, and preserved cardiac function. Mechanistically, CISAT interacts with SFPQ to regulate NRF2-mediated redox homeostasis and inhibits p38 MAPK phosphorylation, mitigating senescence and enhancing cell survival. These findings suggest that targeting CISAT to modulate redox signaling and p38 MAPK pathways in aging hMPCs could improve their therapeutic efficacy for myocardial repair in heart disease. Full article

(1) Background: Swine hepatitis E (SHE) is an emerging zoonotic disease caused by the swine hepatitis E virus (SHEV). The open reading frame 3 (ORF3) protein is a recognized virulence factor of SHEV. Jaundice, the typical clinical sign of SHE, primarily results from disruptions in bile production, secretion, and excretion. However, the mechanism by which SHEV ORF3 influences bile metabolism remains unclear. (2) Methods: Building on our previous work involving adenovirus-mediated overexpression of genotype IV SHEV ORF3 in HepG2 cells and subsequent high-throughput lncRNA/transcriptome sequencing, this study performed KEGG enrichment analysis on differentially expressed lncRNAs. Candidate lncRNAs were validated via qRT-PCR. Cis-regulated target genes were predicted by integrating differentially expressed mRNA data. Furthermore, AlphaFold 3.0 was employed to analyze the molecular binding sites between lncRNA UBC (MSTRG.6881.4) and its target, UBC protein. (3) Results: We identified three lncRNAs associated with the bile secretion pathway (ko 04976) in HepG2 cells expressing genotype IV SHEV ORF3, which were further confirmed by qRT-PCR: lncRNA UBC (MSTRG.6881.4), lncRNA UBC (MSTRG.6881.9), and lncRNA UBC (MSTRG.6881.12). Bioinformatics prediction suggested six lncRNA-mRNA regulatory networks involved these lncRNAs and two downregulated UBC mRNA transcripts (ENST00000540700 and ENST00000536769). Molecular docking indicated that nucleotides 395U and 41C of lncRNA UBC (MSTRG.6881.4) could potentially bind to residues 82Lys, 88Thr, and 90Thr of the UBC protein, with predicted binding energies ranging from −4.73 to −0.75 kcal/mol. (4) Conclusions: The successful identification of bile secretion-related lncRNAs, coupled with the prediction of their regulatory networks and molecular interaction sites, has advanced our understanding of SHEV ORF3 function and the pathogenesis of SHEV infection. Full article

Accumulating studies have identified the pivotal role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in participating in host–virus interactions during virus infections. However, the regulatory roles of lncRNAs in influenza A virus (IAV) infection are still not fully elucidated. In this study, using high-throughput sequencing, we comprehensively compared the expression profiles of lncRNAs and mRNAs in mouse lungs infected either with the nonpathogenic parental (SDL124) H7N9 virus or its moderately pathogenic mouse-adapted (S8) variant. A total of 7636 significantly differentially expressed (SDE) lncRNAs were obtained in the S8-infected group compared to the mock group. As for the SDL124 group, 1042 SDE lncRNAs were identified. Subsequently, the mRNAs co-expressed with SDE lncRNAs were subjected to functional annotation and pathway enrichment analysis. The results indicated that the target mRNAs regulated by the S8 virus were mainly enriched in various immunological processes and exhibited a strong correlation with inflammatory-related signaling pathways. Moreover, 12 lncRNAs and 10 mRNAs co-expressed with SDE lncRNAs were selected and successfully verified by RT-qPCR. Among these lncRNAs, NONMMUG032982.2 and NONMMUG032328.2 exhibited strong antiviral activity against IAV. Additionally, these two lncRNAs were chosen for further in-depth bioinformatics analysis, including transcription factor prediction, coding capacity assessment, genomic location, construction of secondary structure, and prediction of potential interacting proteins. Taken together, these findings provide a cluster of lncRNAs probably associated with the virulence of IAV in mice and shed light on the anti-IAV effects of two functional lncRNAs, establishing a molecular foundation for further exploring the regulatory mechanisms of lncRNAs in IAV infection. Full article