Search Results (2,566)

Winter rapeseed suffers severe damage under cold stress, which seriously restricts its growth and yield. However, differences among cultivars in leaf starch and soluble sugar, as well as their underlying molecular regulatory mechanisms under low-temperature stress, remain poorly understood. We hypothesized that winter rapeseed cultivars with differences in cold tolerance would vary in starch accumulation, soluble sugar contents, and expression of the starch and sugar metabolism-related genes under cold stress. This study aimed to investigate differences in starch accumulation, soluble sugar content, and the gene expression patterns involved in the starch and sugar metabolism pathway in the leaves of winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) cultivars with contrasting cold tolerance under cold stress. In this study, two winter rapeseed cultivars, cold-tolerant L88 and cold-sensitive T2288, received 24 h cold treatments at 22 °C (control), 4 °C, 0 °C, and −4 °C. Plant morphology and leaf ultrastructure were observed, iodine–potassium iodide (I₂-KI) staining was performed, and the starch, soluble sugar contents (sucrose, fructose, glucose, and maltose) were analyzed for each temperature regime. Transcriptome sequencing was performed exclusively at −4 °C (0 h versus 24 h). Under −4 °C stress, the two cultivars showed the greatest differences in plant phenotype and leaf ultrastructure, with the cold-sensitive cultivar Tianyou 2288 suffering more severe freezing injury. In Longyou 88, chloroplasts in mesophyll cells were swollen and contained fewer starch granules, whereas in Tianyou 2288 some chloroplasts disintegrated and large numbers of starch granules remained undegraded. As the treatment temperature decreased, leaf starch content declined in both cultivars. At −4 °C, starch content in Longyou 88 was 3.84 mg/g lower than in Tianyou 2288. The contents of soluble sugars, sucrose, glucose, and maltose in leaves increased continuously in both cultivars as stress temperature decreased and reached their maximum values at −4 °C. However, fructose content showed cultivar-specific changes. In Longyou 88, fructose content reached its maximum value of 12.59 mg/g at −4 °C, whereas in Tianyou 2288 it peaked at 7.54 mg/g at 4 °C. At −4 °C, fructose content was 6.69 mg/g higher in Longyou 88 than in Tianyou 2288. Transcriptome analysis revealed that after 24 h of −4 °C stress, Longyou 88 had more upregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) than Tianyou 2288, whereas the number of downregulated DEGs in Tianyou 2288 was approximately twice that in Longyou 88. The genes BAM1, BAM3, SUS1, SCRK1, TPS9, and E1314, which were involved in the starch and sucrose metabolism pathway, were upregulated in both cultivars, whereas BGL44 was downregulated. These findings indicate that cold-tolerance winter rapeseed is associated with enhanced starch degradation, maintenance of chloroplast structural integrity in mesophyll cells, and increased soluble sugar accumulation, providing potential physiological indicators for cold-tolerance evaluation. Full article

Background/Objectives: The demand for reducing iodinated contrast agent (ICA) dose in cerebral CT angiography (CTA) for aneurysm detection has increased due to concerns over patient safety and image quality. The aim of this study is to systematically review the diagnostic accuracy, image quality, and dose efficiency of optimized ICA protocols in CTA for intracranial aneurysm detection. We also aimed to distinguish between direct diagnostic studies reporting aneurysm sensitivity/specificity and indirect technical studies, emphasizing patient-specific tailoring using cardiac output and lean body weight. Methods: Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched up to 2 June 2026. Two reviewers independently screened studies, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias using QUADAS-2 and the NIH tool. Due to clinical and technical heterogeneity, a narrative synthesis was performed. Results: Eleven studies comprising 716 patients were included. Low tube voltage (70–80 kVp) combined with reduced iodine load (8–30 mL, 3.2–9 gI) maintained diagnostic accuracy for aneurysms >3 mm compared to standard protocols. Iterative reconstruction and deep learning improved contrast-to-noise ratio by 23–45% at reduced dose. Technical studies showed feasibility of ultra-low-volume protocols but lacked aneurysm-specific DSA validation. Conclusions: Reduced-contrast and low-kVp CTA protocols may preserve diagnostic performance for intracranial aneurysm detection while lowering iodine exposure. However, current evidence is limited by small sample sizes and heterogeneous protocols. Prospective, aneurysm-specific validation is required before clinical implementation. Full article

Differentiated thyroid carcinoma is a morphologic diagnosis, not a direct measure of preserved thyroid function. Although most papillary, follicular, and oncocytic thyroid carcinomas retain architectural or cytologic features of follicular-cell derivation, a clinically important subset loses the molecular machinery required for effective iodine transport, organification, and radioiodine therapy. This functional divergence is central to the biology of radioiodine-indifferent and radioiodine-refractory thyroid cancer. This review examines the role of oncogenic MAPK/ERK signaling as a principal regulator of thyroid lineage suppression and therapeutic failure. Aberrant activation of the RAF–MEK–ERK axis, most prominently through BRAF^V600E, RAS alterations, and receptor tyrosine kinase fusions, does more than promote proliferation. It reshapes follicular-cell identity by repressing thyroid-lineage transcriptional programs and silencing iodine-handling genes, including SLC5A5/NIS, TPO, TG, TSHR, SLC26A4, and related components of the iodine metabolic transcriptome. This repression is mediated through coordinated transcriptional, epigenetic, and post-transcriptional mechanisms involving lineage transcription factors such as PAX8, NKX2-1, and FOXE1; chromatin-modifying programs including histone deacetylation and PRC2/EZH2-associated repression; DNA methylation; and non-coding RNA networks. Importantly, ERK-driven functional dedifferentiation is not always a fixed terminal state. Preclinical models and early clinical trials demonstrate that pharmacologic inhibition of the MAPK pathway can restore iodine avidity in selected radioiodine-refractory tumors, creating the theranostic basis for redifferentiation therapy. Iodine-124 PET/CT and lesion-level dosimetry have shown that restored iodine uptake can be measured diagnostically and then exploited therapeutically with iodine-131. However, clinical translation remains limited by inter- and intratumoral heterogeneity, incomplete durability of response, adaptive pathway reactivation, persistent epigenetic repression, tumor microenvironmental influences, and the absence of standardized dosimetric thresholds. We propose that advanced follicular-cell-derived thyroid cancers should be understood along a functional differentiation continuum rather than through morphology alone. Within this framework, radioiodine refractoriness reflects not merely treatment failure, but a therapeutically interrogable state of lineage suppression. Refinement of redifferentiation therapy will require genotype-informed patient selection, functional imaging, standardized dosimetry, rational combination strategies, and prospective trials capable of distinguishing true restoration of radioiodine therapeutic efficacy from the antiproliferative effects of kinase inhibition alone. Full article

Background: Biofilm formation on polyethylene surfaces contributes significantly to treatment failure in periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). In certain clinical situations, such as discontinued implant systems, replacement polyethylene liners may be unavailable, necessitating more complex revision procedures. This study evaluated the efficacy of a low-cost ultrasonic bath sonicator for biofilm removal and bacterial reduction on polyethylene surfaces, with and without povidone–iodine. Methods: An exploratory in vitro experimental study was performed using twenty ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) coupons (1 × 1 cm, 3 mm thickness) allocated into five groups (n = 4/group): negative control, positive control, povidone–iodine only (PVP-I), sonication only (SON), and sonication with povidone–iodine (SON+PVP-I). Biofilm formation using Staphylococcus epidermidis was established through an optimized protocol developed from sequential pilot experiments. Residual biofilm was quantified using optical density at 600 nm (OD600), while viable bacterial burden was determined by colony-forming unit counts per milliliter (CFU/mL). Results: SON demonstrated the lowest residual biofilm burden (OD600 = 0.194), whereas no culturable bacteria were detected above the assay detection limit (<10 CFU/mL) in the SON+PVP-I group. SON alone resulted in the greatest reduction in residual biofilm biomass, while the addition of PVP-I was associated with reduced recovery of culturable bacteria. Conclusions: A low-cost ultrasonic bath sonicator effectively reduced residual biofilm biomass on polyethylene surfaces, while no culturable bacteria were detected following combined sonication and povidone–iodine treatment. These findings suggest that sonication and chemical disinfection may provide complementary roles in polyethylene decontamination strategies. However, because of the exploratory study design and non-equivalent bacterial recovery procedures across treatment groups, the bacterial recovery findings should be interpreted cautiously. Further studies are required before clinical application. Full article

Coordination compounds with transition metals, especially of molybdenum, are promising cytoprotective agents. In this work, we analyzed the changes in HT-22 cell viability under the influence of molybdenum(VI) Schiff base complexes per se or in cellular injury induced by hydrogen peroxide (annexin V and propidium iodine staining assay). The results allowed to identify the most active compound with dioxidomolybdenum(VI) ion coordinated to Schiff base derived from 1S,2S-(+)-2-amino-1-(4-nitrophenyl)-1,3-propanediol and 5-methoxysalicylaldehyde, protecting the cells and possessing low cytotoxicity. We addressed a range of active concentrations (statistically significant effect from 5 µM to 50 µM) and the temporal characteristics of the effect (which is evident in 1-h preincubation regimen or adding the compound 1 h after hydrogen peroxide). Importantly, the effect was present at different levels of glucose in the medium and in cellular injury induced by glutamate. Less pronounced protective effect was seen in SH-SY5Y cells on the model of hydrogen peroxide-induced (but not in glutamate-induced) cytotoxicity. Among the possible mechanisms of cytoprotective activity, there is a direct interaction with hydrogen peroxide (measured by cyclic voltammetry), decrease in reactive oxygen species generation (DCFH-DA assay in HT-22 cells) and maintenance of catalase activity (assessed in lysates of HT-22 cells on the model of hydrogen peroxide-induced injury). Full article

Background/Objectives: Lung cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Conventional computed tomography (CT) is the preferred imaging modality for evaluating pulmonary nodules because of its high spatial resolution; however, it primarily provides morphological information, including lesion size, shape, and density. Dual-energy CT (DECT), a more recent imaging technique, uses two different energy levels to enable material decomposition and quantitative parameter assessment. These parameters may provide additional information regarding tumor perfusion, vascularization, and tissue composition. This rapid review aimed to evaluate the current evidence regarding the clinical utility of DECT in the detection, characterization, and staging of lung tumors. Methods: This rapid review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A literature search was performed in the PubMed and Cochrane Library databases for studies published between 2005 and 2026. Studies were included if they evaluated the detection, characterization, or staging of lung tumors using quantitative DECT parameters. Case reports, editorials, duplicate studies, and studies without quantitative DECT data were excluded. Descriptive data analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel. Results: A total of 24 studies were included, comprising 18 retrospective (75%) and 6 prospective studies (25%). Only one study evaluated the role of DECT in lung tumor detection, demonstrating improved detection of mixed ground-glass nodules and invasive adenocarcinoma. Significant correlations were found between iodine uptake and tumor perfusion, highlighting the potential of DECT to improve differentiation between benign and malignant lesions. Several studies also demonstrated associations between DECT parameters and tumor biomarkers, including Ki-67 Proliferation Index (Ki-67) expression, Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) mutation status, Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression, and treatment response in non-small cell lung cancer. In addition, DECT provided complementary metabolic information regarding tumor malignancy and showed correlations between iodine uptake and fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) parameters. Associations between iodine volume and tumor differentiation grade were also reported. One study demonstrated the potential role of DECT in tumor staging by predicting mediastinal lymph node metastasis. Across all included studies, iodine-based parameters (50%), radiomics and material decomposition parameters (16.67% each), and spectral attenuation parameters (12.50%) were the most frequently investigated DECT metrics. Conclusions: DECT appears to be a promising complementary imaging technique that provides quantitative perfusion-related and compositional surrogate information beyond the morphological assessment offered by conventional CT. However, the current evidence remains heterogeneous and is largely based on retrospective studies with relatively small patient cohorts. Larger prospective studies with standardized imaging protocols are necessary to further establish the clinical utility of DECT in lung tumors. Full article

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is among the most pressing challenges in modern infectious medicine, driving progressive failure of standard antibacterial therapy and rising mortality from infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens. Antibiotic potentiation through adjuvant compounds capable of restoring the activity of existing drugs represents a promising strategy to overcome resistance without developing fundamentally new antibacterial molecules. This study aimed to evaluate the antibiotic-potentiating activity of a dextrin/polyvinyl alcohol/iodine complex (D/PVA/I-1), developed at the Scientific Center for Anti-Infectious Drugs JSC (Almaty, Kazakhstan), against clinically relevant MDR reference strains. Methods: Nine reference strains, Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 33591, BAA-39), Escherichia coli (ATCC BAA-196, BAA-2523), Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC BAA-2524, 700603), Acinetobacter baumannii (ATCC BAA-1790), Streptococcus pneumoniae (ATCC BAA-660), and Haemophilus influenzae (ATCC 33930), and two clinical isolates, P. aeruginosa SCAID PHRX1-2019 and E. coli SCAID WND1-2021, were tested. Antibiotic-potentiating activity was assessed by checkerboard assay with calculation of the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI); bactericidal kinetics were evaluated by time-kill analysis. The effect of D/PVA/I-1 on cytoplasmic membrane permeability was investigated using a crystal violet uptake assay. Results: Of 45 D/PVA/I-1–antibiotic combinations tested across nine antibiotics, synergy (FICI ≤ 0.5) was demonstrated in 44.4% of cases, partial synergy in 48.9%, and additive effects in 6.7%; no antagonistic interactions were detected. The most pronounced potentiating effect occurred against Gram-positive pathogens, particularly MRSA strains (66.7% synergistic combinations). Time-kill analysis confirmed suppression of the regrowth phenotype characteristic of MDR strains under monotherapy and restoration of bactericidal activity against antibiotics to which strains exhibited intrinsic resistance. D/PVA/I-1 induced a dose- and time-dependent increase in membrane permeability in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. Conclusions: D/PVA/I-1 is an effective broad-spectrum antibiotic potentiator and represents a promising basis for combination therapy regimens against MDR infections. Full article

Follicular-cell-derived thyroid cancers that progress from differentiated tumors to poorly differentiated or anaplastic states commonly lose thyroid lineage identity, radioiodine avidity, and favorable clinical behavior. Genetic and signaling alterations within tumor cells explain part of this transition, but they do not fully account for the coexistence of different differentiation states within the same molecular subtype or even within the same lesion. Increasing functional evidence indicates that dedifferentiation is maintained by reciprocal interactions between malignant cells and the immune, stromal, metabolic, and inflammatory microenvironment. Cancer-associated fibroblast glycolysis and lactate release, IL-6/CXCL8-driven inflammatory signaling, hypoxia, transforming growth factor-beta signaling, and tumor-associated macrophage feedback can suppress thyroid lineage programs while promoting plasticity, invasion, and treatment resistance. Here, we synthesize mechanistic studies supported by genetic perturbation, co-culture, pharmacologic blockade, iodine-uptake assays, animal models, or patient-level radioiodine endpoints. We distinguish functional dedifferentiation from epithelial–mesenchymal transition, stemness, and lymph-node metastasis, and discuss therapeutic strategies that combine tumor-cell redifferentiation with targeting of microenvironmental feedback to restore durable radioiodine sensitivity. Full article

Background/Objectives: Postoperative infection is the leading cause of limb loss after microsurgical reconstruction of diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs), and povidone-iodine alone neither disrupts wound-bed biofilm nor penetrates hyperkeratotic debris. We assessed the feasibility of whole-field preoperative antisepsis with a pH-optimized sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) cleanser applied before povidone-iodine draping. Methods: Consecutive patients undergoing microsurgical DFU reconstruction (January 2023–May 2024) were grouped by date of protocol introduction into pre-protocol (n = 9) and post-protocol (n = 6) cohorts. Primary outcome: technical feasibility, assessed by protocol completion, operative time, flap survival, limb salvage, and flap revision. Secondary, descriptive: postoperative infection, early (≤30 days) or late (>30 days). Results: The protocol was delivered as specified in all six post-protocol patients, without procedural modification or attributable adverse event. Operative time did not differ (388 vs. 430 min; p = 0.596); flap survival and limb salvage were 100% in both groups, with one flap revision per group. Baseline characteristics were comparable. Early infection was similar (16.7% vs. 11.1%; p = 1.000); late infection was absent post-protocol versus 33.3% pre-protocol (OR 0.14, 95% CI 0.01–3.4); and total infection was 16.7% versus 44.4% (OR 0.33, 95% CI 0.04–3.0). Follow-up was asymmetric (4.5 vs. 24.5 months); a 6-month landmark analysis showed 0 of 3 versus 3 of 6 (p = 0.464). Conclusions: Whole-field preoperative NaOCl antisepsis was technically feasible, with no adverse effect on flap survival or limb salvage. No statistically significant differences in the parameters were detected, though the sample is too small to establish comparability. An adequately powered trial is required. Full article

Background: Contrast media are essential tools in diagnostic and interventional imaging, but their relationship with acute kidney injury remains clinically relevant and conceptually debated. This narrative review aimed to synthesize current evidence on contrast media-associated nephrotoxicity, including terminology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk stratification, prevention, pharmacotherapeutic management, and clinical decision-making. Methods: A structured literature search was conducted in major biomedical databases and complemented by international guidelines and consensus statements addressing contrast-associated and contrast-induced acute kidney injury in adults exposed to intravascular contrast media. Discussion: Contemporary evidence emphasizes the distinction between contrast-associated acute kidney injury, which reflects a temporal association after exposure, and contrast-induced acute kidney injury, which implies causality. The renal risk directly attributable to modern intravenous iodinated contrast media appears to have been historically overestimated, although clinically relevant risk persists in vulnerable patients. Proposed mechanisms include renal vasoconstriction, medullary hypoxia, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, tubular epithelial injury, endothelial dysfunction, and inflammatory or apoptotic pathways. Preventive strategies should be individualized, with isotonic saline remaining the main intervention when indicated, whereas routine pharmacologic prophylaxis is not supported by consistent clinically meaningful benefit. Conclusions: Renal safety in contrast-enhanced imaging requires a balanced approach that minimizes avoidable kidney injury in high-risk patients without unnecessarily delaying clinically indicated diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. Full article

While traditionally focused on coronary anatomy, cardiac computed tomography now enables non-invasive myocardial tissue characterization. By evaluating late iodine enhancement (LIE) and extracellular volume (ECV), single-energy CT (SECT) provides a valuable alternative to cardiac magnetic resonance for assessing ischemic and non-ischemic pathologies. However, clinical implementation of SECT faces technical challenges, primarily the low contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of iodine and the reliance on image subtraction for ECV quantification, both of which increase radiation exposure and susceptibility to spatial misregistration. To address these issues, protocol optimization is essential. Evidence-based recommendations include using low tube voltages to shift the X-ray spectrum closer to the iodine K-edge, paired with high reference tube currents. Additionally, delayed acquisition timing should be tailored to specific pathological targets to account for differences in contrast kinetics, and advanced iterative or deep learning image reconstructions should be implemented to mitigate noise. Optimized SECT demonstrates diagnostic and prognostic utility in conditions like acute myocardial infarction, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, cardiac amyloidosis, and left ventricular thrombus detection. While spectral imaging represents the future, optimizing SECT through technical adjustments and standardized training is crucial for integrating myocardial characterization into routine workflows. Full article

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have attracted considerable interest as emerging CT contrast agents; however, the influence of reconstruction parameters on their quantitative detectability remains insufficiently characterized, limiting the optimization of quantitative CT imaging. This study quantitatively compared the CT imaging performance of citrate-stabilized AuNPs, PEGylated AuNPs (PEG-AuNPs), and a conventional iodinated contrast agent (BMX) under different reconstruction conditions. AuNPs were synthesized by citrate reduction and PEGylated with SH-PEG5K-COOH, followed by physicochemical characterization using dynamic light scattering, zeta potential analysis, and ICP-OES. Contrast samples (≤10 mg/mL) were imaged using a micro-CT system (50 kV, 0.43 mA) with two angular sampling intervals (0.750° and 0.500°), Gaussian and Hann reconstruction kernels, and voxel sizes of 100, 160, and 200 µm. Quantitative performance was evaluated using sensitivity, coefficient of determination (R²), background noise, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ). PEG-AuNPs exhibited the highest sensitivity (80.55 HU/mg/mL) and the lowest detection limits (LOD: 0.53 mg/mL; LOQ: 1.61 mg/mL), outperforming bare AuNPs and BMX. Voxel size was the dominant reconstruction parameter, with optimal detectability achieved at 160 µm due to an optimal balance between spatial resolution and image noise, whereas reconstruction kernel and angular sampling had comparatively minor effects. These findings provide a quantitative framework for optimizing reconstruction parameters in nanoparticle-enhanced quantitative CT imaging. Full article

A metal-free, efficient, iodine(III)-promoted oxidative transformation of allylic sulfones/allylic triflones with water participation for accessing sulfonyl ketones and triflyl allylic alcohols is reported. This strategy enables the selective construction of two SO₂-containing compounds with chemical and biological significance, and its success mainly relies on the substitution effect of the starting materials. Water serves as an eco-friendly oxygen atom source. This transformation has excellent selectivity, broad substrate scope, mild reaction conditions, and ease of scale-up. Full article

Background: The most appropriate management of glucose-lowering therapies in patients exposed to iodinated contrast media (ICM) is still debated. The recent development of antidiabetic drugs that improve cardiovascular and renal outcomes leads to questions regarding their impact on the risk of contrast-associated acute kidney injury (CA-AKI). The present study aimed to assess the effect of different glucose-lowering therapies on the rate of CA-AKI among patients undergoing coronary angiography and/or angioplasty. Methods: Diabetic patients exposed to ICM for coronary procedures were retrospectively identified and divided according to the strategy for the management of diabetes mellitus. The use of a new antidiabetic drug (NAD) was defined for patients treated with SGLT2-I, DDP4-I or GLP-1 receptor agonists on admission. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of CA-AKI within 72 h after contrast medium exposure. Results: We included 462 patients with diabetes mellitus, 51.5% treated with insulin, 44.4% treated with metformin and 50.9% receiving NAD. Among them, 48 (10.4%) experienced CA-AKI. Patients experiencing acute renal injury were more often treated with calcium channel blockers (p = 0.04) and diuretics (p = 0.004), and less often P2Y12 inhibitors (p = 0.04), and presented lower levels of hemoglobin (p = 0.02). Patients receiving NADs displayed a significantly lower occurrence of CA-AKI (33.3% vs. 53.6%, p = 0.009), mainly for those treated with SGLT2-I. On the contrary, patients treated with sulfonylureas and meglitinides displayed a significant increase in the rate of CA-AKI (10.4% vs. 3.9%, p = 0.05). The results were confirmed via multivariable analysis, with NADs and diuretics emerging as the only independent predictors of CA-AKI (NAD: adjusted OR = 0.42 [0.21–0.81], p = 0.01; diuretics: adjusted OR = 2.22 [1.14–4.35], p = 0.02). The independent predictors of CA-AKI were the use of NADs (adjusted OR = 0.45 [0.24–0.86], p = 0.02) and diuretics (adjusted OR = 2.57 [1.33–4.97], p = 0.005). Conclusions: Among patients with diabetes mellitus undergoing coronary angiographic procedures, the use of diuretics, sulfonylureas and meglitinides is associated with an increased occurrence of CA-AKI, whereas the rate of events was significantly lower among users of new antidiabetic drugs and especially SGLT2-I. Full article

Microalgal lipid production requires cultivation strategies that reduce freshwater demand while maintaining biomass productivity and improving the quality of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles for downstream applications. In this context, salinity is a relevant but still insufficiently characterized factor, particularly for Auxenochlorella protothecoides, whose response to salt stress in terms of growth dynamics, lipid productivity, and FAME composition remains poorly understood. This study investigated the effect of NaCl concentrations ranging from 0 to 50 g L⁻¹ on the growth, lipid accumulation, FAME profile, and predicted biodiesel-related properties of A. protothecoides. Growth kinetics were described using logistic and Gaussian models. The highest carrying capacity was observed at 10 g L⁻¹ NaCl, whereas the modeled optimum for specific growth rate occurred under moderate salinity, close to 20 g L⁻¹ NaCl. Lipid analyses showed that C16–C18 fatty acids (FAs) dominated across treatments, accounting for more than 90% of total FAMEs, and that increasing salinity shifted the profile from a more saturated C16:0-rich composition toward higher proportions of unsaturated C18 FAs, particularly oleic and linoleic acids. Biodiesel property estimations indicated that mild salinity (5 g L⁻¹) improved some fuel-relevant parameters relative to the other salinity treatments, including cetane number, iodine value, cold-flow-related properties, and oxidative stability. Nevertheless, the predicted viscosity values were below the EN 14214 specification range for all treatments, and oxidative stability at 5 g L⁻¹ only marginally met the European minimum requirement, indicating partial rather than full compliance with biodiesel standards. These findings indicate that salinity can be used as a practical tool to tune biomass production and lipid quality in A. protothecoides, supporting its potential use in microalgal biorefineries and oleochemical applications. Furthermore, the ability of the strain to tolerate saline conditions may support the future use of brackish water, seawater, or saline waste streams, potentially reducing freshwater demand; however, this environmental benefit was not quantified in the present study and should be validated through dedicated water-footprint or life-cycle assessment. Direct biodiesel application also remains limited by incomplete compliance with fuel standards, and further optimization through cultivation in real saline or wastewater-based media, process scale-up, blending, or downstream upgrading will be required to improve industrial feasibility. Full article