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Keywords = De Laval nozzle

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21 pages, 12918 KiB  
Article
Structural Designing of Supersonic Swirling Devices Based on Computational Fluid Dynamics Theory
by Qian Huang, Huirong Huang, Xueyuan Long, Yuan Tian and Jiang Meng
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(1), 151; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15010151 - 27 Dec 2024
Viewed by 725
Abstract
The supersonic swirling device is a new apparatus that can be used for natural-gas liquefaction. The structure of the supersonic swirling device has an important impact on the liquefaction efficiency. Therefore, this study presents a structural design method for supersonic cyclones based on [...] Read more.
The supersonic swirling device is a new apparatus that can be used for natural-gas liquefaction. The structure of the supersonic swirling device has an important impact on the liquefaction efficiency. Therefore, this study presents a structural design method for supersonic cyclones based on CFD theory. Using the production parameters of a liquefied natural gas (LNG) peak-shaving station as the study case, a detailed design and design comparison of each part of the supersonic swirling separator are carried out. An optimum LNG supersonic swirling separator design was obtained. To ensure that the designed supersonic swirling separator achieved better liquefaction effectiveness, it was ascertained that no large shockwaves were generated in the de Laval nozzle, the pressure loss on the swirler was small, and the swirler was able to produce a large centripetal acceleration. The opening angle of the diffuser and the length of the straight tube were designed considering the location at which normal shockwaves were generated. The location at which shockwaves are generated and the friction effect are important parameters that determine the gap size. With this design guidance, the optimal structural dimensions of the supersonic swirling device for a given processing capacity were determined as follows: a swirler with six vanes and an 8 mm wide channel; a 10D-long straight tube, an opening angle of 20° between the straight tube and the divergent section, and a gap size of 2 mm. Compared with “Twister II”, the new device has better liquefaction efficiency. Full article
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21 pages, 7066 KiB  
Article
Analysis of the Influence of Different Diameters of De Laval Supersonic Nozzles on the Key Splashing Parameters of Remaining Slag
by Viktor Sinelnikov, Dorota Kalisz, Jan Novosád, Piotr Czarnywojtek, Cezary Rapiejko, Piotr Niedzielski, Rafał Kaczorowski, Pavel Srb, Breno Totti Maia, Michal Petrů and Katarzyna Ewa Łoś (Buczkowska)
Materials 2024, 17(23), 5796; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17235796 - 26 Nov 2024
Viewed by 864
Abstract
The paper is devoted to the analysis of a supersonic nozzle system effect in gas-cooled lances on the technological parameters of slag splashing in an oxygen converter. Simulation calculations were carried out, taking into account the parameters of nozzles used in the technological [...] Read more.
The paper is devoted to the analysis of a supersonic nozzle system effect in gas-cooled lances on the technological parameters of slag splashing in an oxygen converter. Simulation calculations were carried out, taking into account the parameters of nozzles used in the technological lines of converter steel plants in Ukraine and Brazil. The problems were solved in several stages. The simulation results of the first stage revealed the influence of different nozzle diameters dcr, dex and the inlet pressure before nozzle P0 on the nitrogen consumption of one nozzle Vн. Calculations also showed the influence of the critical dcr and output dex of the nozzle diameter and nitrogen flow through one nozzle Vн on the power of injected nitrogen N1 and the depth of penetration of the stream hx into the liquid slag. The second stage was dedicated to numerical simulation of the slag splashing process, including an array of results from the first stage. The thermodynamic and physical parameters were calculated using our own computer program, while 3D simulations were conducted using the ANSYS Fluent 2023 R2 program. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Metallurgy Technologies: Physical and Numerical Modelling)
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19 pages, 11693 KiB  
Article
Quantitative and Qualitative Experimental Assessment of Water Vapor Condensation in Atmospheric Air Transonic Flows in Convergent–Divergent Nozzles
by Mirosław Majkut, Sławomir Dykas, Krystian Smołka, Tim Wittmann, Axel Kuhlmann and Florian Thorey
Energies 2024, 17(21), 5459; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17215459 - 31 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1155
Abstract
Atmospheric air, being also a moist gas, is present as a working medium in various areas of technology, including the areas of airframe aerodynamics and turbomachinery. Issues related to the condensation of water vapor contained in atmospheric air have been intensively studied analytically, [...] Read more.
Atmospheric air, being also a moist gas, is present as a working medium in various areas of technology, including the areas of airframe aerodynamics and turbomachinery. Issues related to the condensation of water vapor contained in atmospheric air have been intensively studied analytically, experimentally and numerically since the 1950s. An effort is made in this paper to present new, unique and complementary results of the experimental testing of moist air expansion in the de Laval nozzle. The results of the measurements, apart from the static pressure distribution on the nozzle wall and the images obtained using the Schlieren technique, additionally contain information regarding the quantity and quality of the condensate formed due to spontaneous condensation at the transition from the subsonic to the supersonic flow in the nozzle. The liquid phase was identified using the light extinction method (LEM). The experiments were performed for three geometries of convergent–divergent nozzles with different expansion rates of 3000, 2500 and 2000 s−1. It is shown that as the expansion rate increases, the phenomenon of water vapor spontaneous condensation appears closer to the critical cross-section of the nozzle. A study was performed of the impact of the air relative humidity and pollution on the process of condensation of the water vapor contained in the air. As indicated by the results, both these parameters have a significant effect on the flow field and the pressure distribution in the nozzle. The results of the experimental analyses show that in the case of the atmospheric air flow, in addition to the pressure, temperature and velocity, other parameters must also be taken into account as boundary parameters for possible numerical analyses. Omitting information about the air humidity and pollution can lead to incorrect results in numerical simulations of transonic flows of atmospheric air. The presented results of the measurements of the moist air transonic flow field are original and fill the research gap in the field of experimental studies on the phenomenon of water vapor spontaneous condensation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Energy Efficiency and Environmental Issues)
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20 pages, 14040 KiB  
Article
Shock Wave and Aeroelastic Coupling in Overexpanded Nozzle
by Haifeng Hu, Xinni Gao, Yushan Gao and Jianwen Yang
Aerospace 2024, 11(10), 818; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace11100818 - 7 Oct 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2156
Abstract
The growing demand for increasing the engine power of a liquid rocket is driving the development of high-power De-Laval nozzles, which is primarily achieved by increasing the expansion ratio. A high-expansion-ratio for De-Laval nozzles can cause flow separation, resulting in unsteady, asymmetric forces [...] Read more.
The growing demand for increasing the engine power of a liquid rocket is driving the development of high-power De-Laval nozzles, which is primarily achieved by increasing the expansion ratio. A high-expansion-ratio for De-Laval nozzles can cause flow separation, resulting in unsteady, asymmetric forces that can limit nozzle life. To enhance nozzle performance, various separation control methods have been proposed, but no methods have been fully implemented thus far due to the uncertainties associated with simulating flow phenomena. A numerical study of a high-area-ratio rocket engine is performed to analyze the aeroelastic performance of its structure under flow separation conditions. Based on numerical methodology, the flow inside a rocket nozzle (the VOLVO S1) is analyzed, and different separation patterns are comprehensively discussed, including both free shock separation (FSS) and restricted shock separation (RSS). Since the location of the flow separation point strongly depends on the turbulence model, both the single transport equation and two-transport-equation turbulence models are simulated, and the findings are compared with the experimental results. Therefore, the Spalart–Allmaras (SA) turbulence model is the ideal choice for this rocket nozzle geometry. A wavelet is used to analyze the amplitude frequencies from 0 to 100 Hz under various pressure fluctuation conditions. Based on a clear understanding of the flow field, an aeroelastic coupling method is carried out with loosely coupled computational fluid dynamics (CFD)/computational structural dynamics (CSD). Some insights into the aeroelasticity of the nozzle under separated flow conditions are obtained. The simulation results show the significant impact of the structural response on the inherent pressure pulsation characteristics resulting from flow separation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Aeronautics)
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31 pages, 14797 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Internal Combustion Engine Nozzle Needle Profile on Fuel Atomization Quality
by Oleh Klyus, Marcin Szczepanek, Grzegorz Kidacki, Paweł Krause, Sławomir Olszowski and Leszek Chybowski
Energies 2024, 17(1), 266; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17010266 - 4 Jan 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1937
Abstract
This article presents the results of research on the impact of changing the cross-section of an atomizer’s flow channel, which is caused by changing the flow geometry of the passive part of the needle on the drop diameter distribution of the fuel spray. [...] Read more.
This article presents the results of research on the impact of changing the cross-section of an atomizer’s flow channel, which is caused by changing the flow geometry of the passive part of the needle on the drop diameter distribution of the fuel spray. A three-hole type H1LMK, 148/1 atomizer with hole diameters, dN, equal to 0.34 mm, is analyzed. A nozzle with a standard (i.e., unmodified) needle and three nozzles using needles with a modified profile in the flow part of the needle, marked by the code signatures 1L, 2L, and 3L, are tested. An increasing level of fuel turbulence characterizes the needles during the flow along their flow part due to the use of one (1L), two (2L), and three (3L) de Laval toroidal nozzles, respectively, obtained by mechanically shaping the outer surface of the flow part of the spray needle. The spray produced is tested using the Malvern Spraytec STP 500 device cooperating with the dedicated Malvern version 4.0. During the tests, measurements and an analysis of the spray droplet size distribution over the entire injection duration, equal to 7 ± 2 ms, are made for each nozzle. The experiment makes it possible to determine the effect of the nozzle needles’ profiles on the time distribution of the actual droplet diameters; the time distribution of the Sauter mean droplet diameters, D[3,2]; the percentile shares of the droplet diameters Dv (10), Dv (50), and Dv (90); the distribution span during the development of the spray stream; and the time distribution of the shares of the droplets with diameters belonging to selected diameter classes D[x1−x2] in the spray. The results of the measurements of the drop diameter distribution indicate that using atomizers with a modification to the flow channel allows for an increase in the share of droplets with smaller diameters compared to the standard atomizer. Full article
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19 pages, 10055 KiB  
Article
Real Fluid Modeling and Simulation of the Structures and Dynamics of Condensation in CO2 Flows Shocked Inside a de Laval Nozzle, Considering the Effects of Impurities
by Harshit Bhatia and Chaouki Habchi
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(19), 10863; https://doi.org/10.3390/app131910863 - 29 Sep 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1784
Abstract
Because of the currently changing climate, Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is increasingly becoming an important contemporary topic. However, this technique still faces various challenges. For the compression of CO2 to its supercritical condition for efficient transport, one of the important challenges [...] Read more.
Because of the currently changing climate, Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is increasingly becoming an important contemporary topic. However, this technique still faces various challenges. For the compression of CO2 to its supercritical condition for efficient transport, one of the important challenges is mastering the two-phase flow in the pump. Indeed, phase changes that appear on the blade tips of an impeller or rotor in such pumps can lead to performance and stability issues. Moreover, these phase change phenomena (vaporization and condensation) can be significantly modified by the presence of impurities (N2, O2, H2S, etc.) whose nature depends on the source of the CO2 production. In this work, we focus on analyzing the high pressure flow behavior of CO2 mixed with varying levels of impurities in a de Laval nozzle, for which experimental results are available. Numerical simulations are performed using a real-fluid model (RFM) implemented in the CONVERGE CFD solver. In this model, a tabulation approach is used to provide the thermodynamic and transport properties of the mixture of CO2 with the impurities. The study is carried out with different inlet conditions, and the results are in good agreement with the available experimental data. In addition, the results provide insights on the interaction of the shock wave with the observed condensation phenomenon, as well as its impact on the amount of condensation and other thermodynamic variables. The research indicates that the presence of impurities mixed with CO2 significantly affects the observed condensation in gas streams, which is a crucial factor that cannot be overlooked when implementing CCS systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multiscale Modeling of Complex Fluids and Soft Matter)
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4 pages, 189 KiB  
Editorial
Advanced Cold-Spraying Technology
by Wen Sun, Adrian Wei-Yee Tan, Xin Chu and Jian Huang
Coatings 2022, 12(12), 1986; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12121986 - 18 Dec 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2261
Abstract
Cold-spraying technology is a solid-state, powder-based coating deposition and additive manufacturing (AM) technology, which utilises a high-pressure gas stream to accelerate micron-sized particles through a de-Laval nozzle for supersonic speed and impact on substrates and to generate dense, high-quality deposits [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Cold Spraying Technology)
11 pages, 2469 KiB  
Article
Resolution Characterizations of JetRIS in Mainz Using 164Dy
by Danny Münzberg, Michael Block, Arno Claessens, Rafael Ferrer, Mustapha Laatiaoui, Jeremy Lantis, Steven Nothhelfer, Sebastian Raeder and Piet Van Duppen
Atoms 2022, 10(2), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/atoms10020057 - 28 May 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2848
Abstract
Laser spectroscopic studies of elements in the heavy actinide and transactinide region help understand the nuclear ground state properties of these heavy systems. Pioneering experiments at GSI, Darmstadt identified the first atomic transitions in the element nobelium. For the purpose of determining nuclear [...] Read more.
Laser spectroscopic studies of elements in the heavy actinide and transactinide region help understand the nuclear ground state properties of these heavy systems. Pioneering experiments at GSI, Darmstadt identified the first atomic transitions in the element nobelium. For the purpose of determining nuclear properties in nobelium isotopes with higher precision, a new apparatus for high-resolution laser spectroscopy in a gas-jet called JetRIS is under development. To determine the spectral resolution and the homogeneity of the gas-jet, the laser-induced fluorescence of 164Dy atoms seeded in the jet was studied. Different hypersonic nozzles were investigated for their performance in spectral resolution and efficiency. Under optimal conditions, a spectral linewidth of about 200–250 MHz full width at half maximum and a Mach number of about 7 was achieved, which was evaluated in context of the density profile of the atoms in the gas-jet. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atomic Structure of the Heaviest Elements)
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18 pages, 607 KiB  
Article
Effect of Fluid Composition on a Jet Breaking out of a Cocoon in Gamma-Ray Bursts: A Relativistic de Laval Nozzle Treatment
by Mukesh K. Vyas
Universe 2022, 8(6), 294; https://doi.org/10.3390/universe8060294 - 24 May 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1843
Abstract
In this paper we carry out a semi-analytic general relativistic study of a Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRB) jet that is breaking out of a cocoon or stellar envelope. We solve hydrodynamic equations with the relativistic equation of state that takes care of fluid composition. [...] Read more.
In this paper we carry out a semi-analytic general relativistic study of a Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRB) jet that is breaking out of a cocoon or stellar envelope. We solve hydrodynamic equations with the relativistic equation of state that takes care of fluid composition. In short GRBs, a general relativistic approach is required to account for curved spacetime in strong gravity. The piercing of the jet through the cocoon resembles a de Laval nozzle and the jet may go through recollimation shock transitions. We show that the possibility of shock transition and the shock properties are sensitive to the matter composition and the cocoon strength. Obtained Lorentz factors in thermally driven jets comfortably reach few ×10. Full article
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11 pages, 2862 KiB  
Article
Time-Resolved Imaging of Femtosecond Laser-Induced Plasma Expansion in a Nitrogen Microjet
by Anna Gabriella Ciriolo, Rebeca Martínez Vázquez, Gabriele Crippa, Michele Devetta, Aldo Frezzotti, Daniela Comelli, Gianluca Valentini, Roberto Osellame, Caterina Vozzi and Salvatore Stagira
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 1978; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12041978 - 14 Feb 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2356
Abstract
We report on the study of ultrafast laser-induced plasma expansion dynamics in a gas microjet. To this purpose, we focused femtosecond laser pulses on a nitrogen jet produced through a homemade De Laval micronozzle. The laser excitation led to plasma generation with a [...] Read more.
We report on the study of ultrafast laser-induced plasma expansion dynamics in a gas microjet. To this purpose, we focused femtosecond laser pulses on a nitrogen jet produced through a homemade De Laval micronozzle. The laser excitation led to plasma generation with a characteristic spectral line emission at 391 nm. By following the emitted signal with a detection system based on an intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) we captured the two-dimensional spatial evolution of the photo-excited nitrogen ions with a temporal resolution on the nanosecond time scale. We fabricated the micronozzle on a fused silica substrate by femtosecond laser micromachining. This technique enabled high accuracy and three-dimensional capabilities, thus, providing an ideal platform for developing glass-based microfluidic structures for application to plasma physics and ultrafast spectroscopy. Full article
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17 pages, 3479 KiB  
Article
Numerical Study of Powder Flow Nozzle for Laser-Assisted Metal Deposition
by Romuald Petkevič, Giedrius Jočbalis, Ada Steponavičiūtė, Karolis Stravinskas, Aleksej Romanov, Rimantas Kačianauskas, Sergejus Borodinas and Genrik Mordas
Mathematics 2021, 9(22), 2913; https://doi.org/10.3390/math9222913 - 16 Nov 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3201
Abstract
Metal additive manufacturing has received much attention in the past few decades, and it offers a variety of technologies for three-dimensional object production. One of such technologies, allowing large-sized object production, is laser-assisted metal deposition, the limits of which are determined by the [...] Read more.
Metal additive manufacturing has received much attention in the past few decades, and it offers a variety of technologies for three-dimensional object production. One of such technologies, allowing large-sized object production, is laser-assisted metal deposition, the limits of which are determined by the capabilities of the positioning system. The already-existing nozzles have either a relatively low build rate or a poor resolution. The goal of this work is to develop a new nozzle with a centered particle beam at high velocity for the laser-assisted metal additive manufacturing technologies. Scientific challenges are addressed with regards to the fluid dynamics, the particle-substrate contact, and tracking of the thermodynamic state during contact. In this paper, two nozzles based on the de Laval geometry with Witoszynski and Bicubic curves of convergence zone were designed; the results showed that the average flow velocity in a Bicubic outlet curve nozzle is around 615 m/s and in Witoszynski this is 435 m/s. Investigation of particle beam formation for the Bicubic curve geometry revealed that small particles have the highest velocity and the lowest total force at the nozzle outlet. Fine particles have a shorter response time, and therefore, a smaller dispersion area. The elasto-plastic particle-surface contact showed that particles of diameter limited up to 3 μm are able to reach experimentally obtained critical velocity without additional heating. For particle sizes above 10 μm, additional heating is needed for deposition. The maximum coefficient of restitution (COR) is achieved with a particle size of 30 μm; smaller particles are characterized by the values of COR, which are lower due to a relatively high velocity. Particles larger than 30 μm are scalable, characterized by a small change in velocity and a rise in temperature as their mass increases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Analysis and Scientific Computing)
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25 pages, 6717 KiB  
Review
A Critical Review of Supersonic Flow Control for High-Speed Applications
by Abdul Aabid, Sher Afghan Khan and Muneer Baig
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(15), 6899; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11156899 - 27 Jul 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 7579
Abstract
In high-speed fluid dynamics, base pressure controls find many engineering applications, such as in the automobile and defense industries. Several studies have been reported on flow control with sudden expansion duct. Passive control was found to be more beneficial in the last four [...] Read more.
In high-speed fluid dynamics, base pressure controls find many engineering applications, such as in the automobile and defense industries. Several studies have been reported on flow control with sudden expansion duct. Passive control was found to be more beneficial in the last four decades and is used in devices such as cavities, ribs, aerospikes, etc., but these need additional control mechanics and objects to control the flow. Therefore, in the last two decades, the active control method has been used via a microjet controller at the base region of the suddenly expanded duct of the convergent–divergent (CD) nozzle to control the flow, which was found to be a cost-efficient and energy-saving method. Hence, in this paper, a systemic literature review is conducted to investigate the research gap by reviewing the exhaustive work on the active control of high-speed aerodynamic flows from the nozzle as the major focus. Additionally, a basic idea about the nozzle and its configuration is discussed, and the passive control method for the control of flow, jet and noise are represented in order to investigate the existing contributions in supersonic speed applications. A critical review of the last two decades considering the challenges and limitations in this field is expressed. As a contribution, some major and minor gaps are introduced, and we plot the research trends in this field. As a result, this review can serve as guidance and an opportunity for scholars who want to use an active control approach via microjets for supersonic flow problems. Full article
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13 pages, 2464 KiB  
Article
Power Dissipation of an Inductively Coupled Plasma Torch under E Mode Dominated Regime
by Nan Yu, Renaud Jourdain, Mustapha Gourma, Fangda Xu, Adam Bennett and Fengzhou Fang
Micromachines 2021, 12(7), 834; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12070834 - 18 Jul 2021
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 6250
Abstract
This paper focuses on the power dissipation of a plasma torch used for an optical surface fabrication process. The process utilizes an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) torch that is equipped with a De-Laval nozzle for the delivery of a highly collimated plasma jet. [...] Read more.
This paper focuses on the power dissipation of a plasma torch used for an optical surface fabrication process. The process utilizes an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) torch that is equipped with a De-Laval nozzle for the delivery of a highly collimated plasma jet. The plasma torch makes use of a self-igniting coil and an intermediate co-axial tube made of alumina. The torch has a distinctive thermal and electrical response compared to regular ICP torches. In this study, the results of the power dissipation investigation reveal the true efficiency of the torch and discern its electrical response. By systematically measuring the coolant parameters (temperature change and flow rate), the power dissipation is extrapolated. The radio frequency power supply is set to 800 W, E mode, throughout the research presented in this study. The analytical results of power dissipation, derived from the experiments, show that 15.4% and 33.3% are dissipated by the nozzle and coil coolant channels, respectively. The experiments also enable the determination of the thermal time constant of the plasma torch for the entire range of RF power. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers of Micromachines in Materials and Processing 2021)
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18 pages, 6141 KiB  
Article
Numerical Simulations of Molten Breakup Behaviors of a de Laval-Type Nozzle, and the Effects of Atomization Parameters on Particle Size Distribution
by Lianghui Xu, Xianglin Zhou, Jinghao Li, Yunfei Hu, Hang Qi, Wei Wen, Kaiping Du, Yao Ma and Yueguang Yu
Processes 2020, 8(9), 1027; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8091027 - 22 Aug 2020
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4757
Abstract
In this work, an atomizer with a de Laval-type nozzle is designed and studied by commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software, and the secondary breakup process during atomization is simulated by two-way coupling and the discrete particle model (DPM) using the Euler-Lagrange method. [...] Read more.
In this work, an atomizer with a de Laval-type nozzle is designed and studied by commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software, and the secondary breakup process during atomization is simulated by two-way coupling and the discrete particle model (DPM) using the Euler-Lagrange method. The simulation result demonstrates that the gas flow patterns greatly change with the introduction of liquid droplets, which clearly indicates that the mass loading effect is quite significant as a result of the gas-droplet interactions. An hourglass shape of the cloud of disintegrating molten metal particles is observed by using a stochastic tracking model. Finally, this simulation approach is used for the quantitative evaluation of the effects of altering the atomizing process conditions (gas-to-melt ratio, operating pressure P, and operating gas temperature T) and nozzle geometry (protrusion length h, half-taper angle α, and gas slit nozzle diameter D) on the particle size distribution of the powders produced. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section AI-Enabled Process Engineering)
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9 pages, 3002 KiB  
Article
Femtosecond Laser-Micromachining of Glass Micro-Chip for High Order Harmonic Generation in Gases
by Anna G. Ciriolo, Rebeca Martínez Vázquez, Alice Roversi, Aldo Frezzotti, Caterina Vozzi, Roberto Osellame and Salvatore Stagira
Micromachines 2020, 11(2), 165; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11020165 - 4 Feb 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3995
Abstract
We report on the application of femtosecond laser micromachining to the fabrication of complex glass microdevices, for high-order harmonic generation in gas. The three-dimensional capabilities and extreme flexibility of femtosecond laser micromachining allow us to achieve accurate control of gas density inside the [...] Read more.
We report on the application of femtosecond laser micromachining to the fabrication of complex glass microdevices, for high-order harmonic generation in gas. The three-dimensional capabilities and extreme flexibility of femtosecond laser micromachining allow us to achieve accurate control of gas density inside the micrometer interaction channel. This device gives a considerable increase in harmonics’ generation efficiency if compared with traditional harmonic generation in gas jets. We propose different chip geometries that allow the control of the gas density and driving field intensity inside the interaction channel to achieve quasi phase-matching conditions in the harmonic generation process. We believe that these glass micro-devices will pave the way to future downscaling of high-order harmonic generation beamlines. Full article
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