Search Results (1,579)

Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is widely distributed worldwide and causes substantial economic losses to the poultry industry. Because IBV undergoes frequent mutation, prevention and control of infection remain challenging. Immunization is an important measure for the prevention and control of IB. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a rapid, sensitive, specific, and convenient method for the detection of antibodies against IBV. In this study, we firstly developed an indirect colloidal gold immunochromatographic strip for the rapid detection of antibodies against IBV based on a conserved epitope peptide. The recombinant epitope peptide recognized by N2D5 monoclonal antibody (mAb) against the N protein of IBV was expressed as a GST fusion protein (GST-N2D5) based on the conserved antigenic epitope previously identified in our laboratory. Colloidal gold-labeled GST-N2D5 was used as the detection reagent to generate visual signals. Rabbit anti-chicken IgY and mouse anti-GST mAb were immobilized on the nitrocellulose membrane as the test line (T line) and control line (C line), respectively. The optimal pH and optimal protein concentration for conjugation of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with GST-N2D5 were pH 8.5 and 72 µg/mL, respectively. Specificity was evaluated using common avian pathogens, and no cross-reactivity was observed. The detection limit of the strip for IBV-positive serum was 1:180. In addition, the assay showed good reproducibility and stability, and results could be observed within 5 min without any specialized equipment. Clinical chicken serum samples were tested using both the developed strip and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the strip showed high agreement with the ELISA. In conclusion, the established immunochromatographic strip is rapid, sensitive, specific, and easy to operate, and therefore has potential as an on-site tool for the rapid detection of antibodies against IBV, particularly in resource-limited settings. Full article

The development of nanoparticle (NP)-based drug delivery systems that combine passive tumor targeting, physiological stability, and therapeutic efficacy remains a key challenge in cancer nanomedicine. Here, we report a pH-responsive peptide-functionalized poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) NP system designed for cancer targeting. The PLGA core is coated with a short glutamic acid–lysine–histidine–phenylalanine x3 (EKHFFF) peptide shell, enabling tunable surface charge modulation around its isoelectric point and promoting environmental responsiveness. Physicochemical characterization confirms spherical NPs (~70–75 nm) with good colloidal stability, serum compatibility, and ion-dependent stability in physiological conditions. The peptide coating also provides pH-dependent modulation of the zeta potential. Evaluation of the NPs in ovarian cancer (OvCA) models, including immortalized and patient-derived cell lines (PDCLs), demonstrates efficient uptake across OvCA cell lines, with significantly enhanced internalization in PDCLs compared to immortalized cells. The EKHFFF nanoparticle (EKHFFF NP) induced minimal reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide production in macrophages, indicating low immunogenicity and favorable biocompatibility. Upon platinum loading (EKHFFF-Pt NP), the system exhibits potent cytotoxicity in both platinum-sensitive and platinum-resistant OvCA cell lines, outperforming carboplatin and showing comparable or improved efficacy relative to cisplatin in several cell lines. In vivo studies further demonstrate preferential tumor accumulation, sustained intratumoral retention, and measurable systemic circulation with a half-life of approximately 35 min. Full article

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have emerged as versatile nanocarriers for biomedical applications because of their unique physicochemical properties, including high surface area, large pore volume, excellent drug-loading capacity, controllable biodegradation, and facile surface functionalization. These characteristics have enabled the development of advanced drug delivery systems with enhanced therapeutic efficacy, targeted delivery, improved bioavailability, and reduced systemic toxicity. Recent advances in MSN synthesis, physicochemical properties, surface engineering, and functionalization strategies have significantly improved their biological performance and therapeutic potential. In particular, integrating polymers, lipids, and liposomes with MSN platforms has enhanced colloidal stability, circulation time, cellular uptake, and target specificity, thereby facilitating efficient, stimuli-responsive drug delivery. This review highlights MSN-based drug delivery systems in cancer therapy, where multifunctional nanocarriers enable site-specific delivery, controlled drug release, enhanced tumor accumulation, and reduced off-target effects. The review discusses the expanding roles of MSNs in antimicrobial therapy, wound healing, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine, emphasizing their ability to promote localized therapeutic delivery, immunomodulation, angiogenesis, and tissue regeneration. The review discusses the diagnostic and theragnostic capabilities of MSNs for disease imaging and monitoring. It also critically evaluates current challenges related to biocompatibility, biodegradation, toxicity, biological barriers, large-scale manufacturing, clinical translation, and regulatory considerations. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent progress, current limitations, and future opportunities for MSN-based platforms in targeted drug delivery and advanced biomedical applications, supporting their continued advancement toward clinical translation and precision medicine. Full article

Background: In solid-organ transplant recipients, hypomagnesemia is a frequent and persistent complication, predominantly related to long-term use of calcineurin inhibitors. Oral magnesium supplementation is often ineffective due to poor adherence, gastrointestinal adverse effects, and high treatment costs. Objectives: This pilot study aimed to (i) develop a topical magnesium formulation for use in renal transplant recipients with persistent hypomagnesemia; (ii) evaluate the influence of formulation excipients on magnesium release from pharmaceutical preparations; and (iii) preliminarily assess the clinical outcomes, functional parameters, patient satisfaction, and tolerability associated with topical magnesium lipogel use in renal transplant recipients with persistent hypomagnesemia. Materials and Methods: Three lipogel formulations containing magnesium orotate, citrate, or sulfate were prepared and characterized in terms of organoleptic properties, pH, colloidal stability, and rheological behavior. In vitro magnesium release was evaluated using Franz diffusion cells. The formulation demonstrating the most favorable release profile, magnesium orotate lipogel, was administered twice daily for two months to 21 renal transplant recipients with persistent hypomagnesemia who had shown inadequate response, intolerance, or non-adherence to oral magnesium supplementation. Laboratory parameters were assessed at baseline and after treatment. Patient satisfaction was evaluated using the Lübeck questionnaire, while physical activity and exercise capacity were assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and metabolic equivalent task (MET) calculations. Results: Franz cell studies demonstrated superior magnesium release from the magnesium orotate lipogel compared with the other formulations. After two months, serum magnesium levels were higher than baseline (1.554 ± 0.124 vs. 1.448 ± 0.111 mg/dL, p < 0.001), although they remained below the normal reference range. No significant changes were observed in eGFR or hsCRP. Moderate-intensity physical activity increased significantly (310.475 ± 92.505 vs. 279.286 ± 89.907 MET-min/week, p < 0.001), while vigorous-intensity activity did not change significantly. No relevant adverse effects were reported. Patient satisfaction was high across all evaluated domains, including practicability (86.6%), efficacy (96.4%), tolerability (97.1%), and trust in medical professionals (97.6%). Conclusions: In this pilot study, topical magnesium orotate lipogel was well tolerated and accepted by renal transplant recipients with persistent hypomagnesemia. Serum magnesium levels and moderate physical activity improved over the two-month observation period, although magnesium levels remained below the normal range. These preliminary findings warrant confirmation in larger, randomized, placebo-controlled studies. Full article

Biochar has traditionally been investigated as a soil amendment for improving fertility, carbon sequestration, and nutrient retention. However, recent advances in fine milling, colloidal stabilization, and nanotechnology have enabled the development of biochar-derived materials for foliar application. Unlike conventional soil application, foliar delivery enables direct interaction with leaf tissues, potentially providing faster physiological responses, improved resource-use efficiency, and complementary functions to existing plant biostimulants. This review critically evaluates the scientific basis, agronomic performance, and regulatory implications of foliar biochar applications across diverse crop systems. We synthesize and compare major formulation types, including finely milled suspensions, aqueous extracts, nano-biochar dispersions, and biochar-based composite carriers, based on their formulation characteristics, application methods, and reported biological effects. Across multiple crops, foliar biochar has been associated with enhanced chlorophyll content, improved gas exchange, strengthened antioxidant systems, better osmotic adjustment, and increased nutrient uptake, particularly under abiotic stresses such as salinity, drought, and heat. Mechanistically, these responses are linked to surface deposition effects, redox-active functional groups, modulation of leaf microclimate, and delivery of soluble bioactive compounds. Nevertheless, outcomes remain highly context-dependent, influenced by feedstock origin, pyrolysis conditions, particle size, formulation chemistry, dose, and crop species. Potential risks including phytotoxicity, nanoparticle exposure, environmental fate, and regulatory ambiguity especially for nano-scale formulations pose additional challenges for large-scale adoption. By integrating physiological, agronomic, environmental, and legislative perspectives, this review also highlights key barriers to commercialization, including formulation stability, limited field-scale validation, environmental safety, and regulatory uncertainty, while identifying research priorities needed to determine whether foliar biochar can become a scalable and scientifically validated biostimulant for sustainable agriculture. Full article

Gene delivery with cationic polymers requires balancing DNA compaction, colloidal stability, and intracellular release, yet for imine-linked low-molecular-weight polyethyleneimine (PEI) vectors, quantitative relationships connecting the N/P ratio with the full property–transfection cascade remain undefined. Here, two amphiphilic non-viral vectors were prepared by linking a hydrophobic benzene–siloxane core (TAS) to hyperbranched PEI (800 or 2000 Da) through reversible imine bonds and complexed with DNA across a broad N/P range (10–600). Polyplexes were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), ζ-potential, agarose gel electrophoresis, transfection via green fluorescent protein (GFP) imaging and luciferase assay in HeLa cells. Both vectors formed spherical nano-entities (AFM diameters ~30 nm for TAS-PEI800; ~100 nm for TAS-PEI2000). TAS-PEI2000 achieved complete DNA retardation at N/P ≈ 30 versus N/P ≈ 150 for TAS-PEI800, consistent with its higher charge density (ζ = +37.59 vs. +18.35 mV). Transfection efficiency was superior for TAS-PEI2000 across most N/P ratios; however, TAS-PEI2000 displayed an optimal transfection efficiency at N/P ≈ 100 (ζ ≈ 3.84 mV), beyond which efficiency declined, indicating a binding–release trade-off. Cell viability remained >77% across the N/P range for TAS-PEI800, but dropped below 25% at N/P ≥ 400 for TAS-PEI2000. A phenomenological logistic model identified characteristic transition thresholds (θ ≈ 60 for TAS-PEI800; θ ≈ 40 for TAS-PEI2000), capturing the onset of cooperative self-assembly; however, the post-optimum decline observed for TAS-PEI2000 requires additional inhibitory terms. These findings demonstrate that PEI molecular weight governs both the N/P threshold required for efficient transfection and the width of the therapeutic window, thereby providing structure–activity descriptors for the rational design of imine-linked polyplex systems. Full article

Akebia trifoliata is an underutilized fruit with distinctive sensory characteristics and potential for beverage development; however, its application is limited by flavor-balance and suspension-stability challenges. This study optimized the formulation and short-term physical stability of A. trifoliata cloudy juice using single-factor tests, orthogonal experiments, and fuzzy mathematical sensory evaluation. Each treatment was independently prepared in triplicate (n = 3), with each preparation considered an experimental replicate. The effects of pulp, sugar, and citric acid concentrations on sensory quality were evaluated, with citric acid identified as the dominant factor affecting overall acceptability. The highest-performing basic formulation among the tested combinations contained 14% pulp, 8% sugar, and 0.05% citric acid, yielding a cloudy juice with characteristic aroma, smooth texture, and balanced sweet–sour taste. To improve short-term suspension stability, pectin, guar gum, xanthan gum, sodium alginate, and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose were assessed. Pectin showed the strongest individual stabilizing effect, although excessive viscosity reduced sensory acceptability. Orthogonal optimization identified a compound stabilizer system of 0.03% pectin, 0.05% guar gum, and 0.06% xanthan gum as the formulation providing the most favorable balance between the suspension stability coefficient and trained-panel sensory score among the tested combinations. The fuzzy mathematical evaluation approach provided a structured framework for integrating multiple sensory and stability-related indicators into formulation decisions. These findings provide a practical basis for the formulation and short-term stability screening of A. trifoliata cloudy juice as a value-added beverage and support broader utilization of this indigenous fruit resource. Long-term storage stability, microbial safety, bioactive properties, rheological behavior, and consumer acceptance require further evaluation. Full article

Machine learning is increasingly used to relate molecular descriptors, formulation variables, and biophysical measurements to aggregation, viscosity, solubility, and shelf-life outcomes. The evidence is promising but uneven. Most published datasets contain tens to a few hundred antibodies, use different assays and endpoint definitions, and rely mainly on internal validation. Direct evidence for bispecific antibodies, antibody–drug conjugates, mRNA–lipid nanoparticles, and viral vectors remains limited. This structured critical review evaluates what current models can support, how data and validation choices shape reported performance, and where claims exceed the available evidence. We searched PubMed through 30 June 2026 using predefined queries for machine learning, biopharmaceutical formulation, colloidal stability, advanced modalities, and shelf-life modelling. Studies were assessed by molecular diversity, formulation coverage, endpoint quality, split strategy, external validation, and decision relevance. The strongest current use cases are early antibody developability screening, high-concentration viscosity classification, formulation ranking within a defined experimental domain, and image-based particle classification. Long-term shelf-life prediction may benefit from hybrid kinetic and machine learning models, but real-time confirmation remains necessary. Progress will depend less on larger algorithms than on better labels, molecule-level validation, shared reference datasets, and clear uncertainty reporting. Full article

Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) causes a highly fatal disease that severely impacts small ruminant production and global food security. This study aimed to develop a rapid, user-friendly colloidal gold immunochromatographic test strip for detecting PPRV-specific antibodies using a double-antigen sandwich format. Bioinformatic analysis using DNASTAR Protean was performed to predict candidate antigenic regions in the PPRV H and N proteins. Three predicted candidate regions from each protein were selected and incorporated into the design of the recombinant fusion antigen PPRV-H₃N₃EP. The recombinant antigen was expressed in E. coli, purified, and refolded to obtain a final concentration of 8.52 mg/mL. The strip was assembled with colloidal gold-labeled fusion protein as the detection probe and unlabeled protein coated on the test line, plus an independent mouse IgG/goat anti-mouse IgG control system. Performance evaluation showed that the results were readable within 10–15 min. The strip showed satisfactory analytical sensitivity and cross-reactivity performance, consistent qualitative results in within-batch repeatability testing, and preliminary short-term storage stability. In a comparative evaluation using sheep serum samples and a commercial competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit, the overall agreement reached 97.9%. Collectively, the constructed PPRV-H₃N₃EP antigen enabled a simple, rapid, and reliable strip assay suitable for field detection of PPRV antibodies and post-vaccination monitoring, while also providing a methodological reference for developing antibody tests for other pathogens. Full article

Stable emulsified oil droplets are difficult to separate because of persistent interfacial films and colloidal stability. Garlic-extract-functionalized Fe₃O₄ magnetic colloids, operationally denoted Allicin@Fe₃O₄, were prepared by in situ coprecipitation as organic–inorganic building blocks for gel-like interfacial capture. The sample name identifies the allicin-containing garlic-extract route and does not imply that allicin was proven to be the predominant surface species. SEM, FTIR, and XRD supported deposition of an organic, sulfur/oxygen-containing surface layer and retention of crystalline Fe₃O₄, but these methods are not species-specific. The colloids removed more than 95% of emulsified oil within 20 min and reached an experimental equilibrium apparent uptake of approximately 380 mg·g⁻¹. Tests across pH 3–11, 0–50 g·L⁻¹ NaCl, 15–55 °C, and representative coexisting ions showed robust but condition-dependent removal. Removal remained above 90% after five reuse cycles and was approximately 84% after ten cycles. Calculations using allicin as a representative garlic organosulfur molecule suggest how polar sulfur/oxygen regions and allyl segments could favor oil–droplet anchoring and association; they do not establish the surface composition of the extract-derived coating. The capture behavior is consistent with transient, gel-like particle–droplet association coupled to magnetic recovery. These results connect bio-derived surface functionalization, gel-related colloidal structuring, and magnetic separation under the tested batch conditions. Full article

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains challenging to treat because of the limited therapeutic efficacy and insufficient selectivity of conventional therapies. To overcome these limitations, multifunctional nanoplatforms integrating biomimetic strategies and combination therapy have attracted increasing attention. Single-modality therapies are often limited by insufficient therapeutic efficacy and restricted mechanisms of action, highlighting the need for biomimetic nanoplatforms that integrate combination therapeutic strategies for enhanced antitumor performance. Methods: Herein, a biomimetic strategy-based nanoplatform (DI-ZM) was constructed via a combination of ZIF-8 biomineralization, physical adsorption of dihydroartemisinin (DHA) and indocyanine green (ICG), followed by HepG2 cell membrane coating to achieve homologous interaction. This design enables integrated chemotherapy, photothermal therapy (PTT), and photodynamic therapy (PDT) within a single system. Results: The resulting DI-ZM nanoparticles exhibited a hydrodynamic diameter of approximately ~200 nm with good colloidal stability and high drug-loading capacity. Under 808 nm laser irradiation, DI-ZM achieved a temperature elevation to ~66 °C within 5 min, together with efficient ROS generation. Compared with uncoated nanoparticles, the biomimetic membrane coating significantly enhanced cellular uptake and homologous targeting ability, as confirmed by CLSM and flow cytometry analysis. Benefiting from the biomimetic membrane coating, DI-ZM further exhibited improved homologous targeting and cellular uptake, which contributed to enhanced intracellular ROS generation. This was accompanied by significant mitochondrial membrane depolarization and apoptosis rates exceeding 80% in HepG2 cells under laser irradiation, ultimately resulting in markedly enhanced cytotoxicity. In addition, the biomimetic membrane coating also enabled efficient penetration of DI-ZM into multicellular tumor spheroids, indicating its improved tumor-penetration capability. In vivo antitumor studies further revealed effective tumor suppression with a tumor inhibition rate of approximately 97%, along with acceptable systemic tolerance in HepG2 tumor-bearing mice. Conclusion: The biomimetic membrane-coated ZIF-8 nanoplatform integrating chemotherapy with ICG-mediated phototherapy (photothermal and photodynamic therapy) provides an effective strategy for the combination therapy against HCC. Full article

This study introduces a novel food-grade protein–β-glucan nanoparticle system based on Fusarium venenatum protein isolate and Fuscoporia torulosa β-glucans, designed as a multifunctional ingredient for improving the physicochemical stability, bioaccessibility, and functional performance of peach juice beverages. Therefore, this study aimed to develop and evaluate a functional peach juice enriched with protein–β-glucan nanoparticles and to investigate their effects on physicochemical stability, gastrointestinal behavior, metabolic enzyme inhibition, antioxidant retention, and sensory acceptance. Protein–β-glucan nanoparticles produced from Fusarium venenatum protein isolate and Fuscoporia torulosa β-glucans were incorporated into peach juice formulations (V1–V4) and characterized using dynamic light scattering, zeta potential analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). In vitro gastrointestinal digestion was performed to assess β-glucan bioaccessibility, protein digestibility, antioxidant activity, and release kinetics, while α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition assays, sensory evaluation, digital sensory analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and exploratory multivariate analysis were used to evaluate relationships among formulation characteristics and functional performance. The nanoparticles formed stable colloidal systems with mean particle sizes ranging from 176 to 229 nm and maintained structural integrity during 28 days of refrigerated storage. Nanoparticle-enriched formulations exhibited higher β-glucan bioaccessibility, improved antioxidant retention, and stronger α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities, with the greatest effects observed in V4. Protein digestibility remained high across all formulations, while sensory evaluation revealed improved overall liking and purchase intention. PCA indicated that nanoparticle concentration was the main factor differentiating the formulations based on their physicochemical and functional characteristics. Overall, protein–β-glucan nanoparticles enhanced the physicochemical, functional, and sensory properties of peach juice, supporting their application as multifunctional ingredients for functional beverage development. Full article

Conventional powdered catalysts for biomass valorization face critical operational limitations regarding recovery and reusability at an industrial scale. To address these challenges, this study developed innovative structured catalysts based on cordierite monoliths coated with carbon derived from oil palm waste, an abundant agricultural byproduct whose improper disposal poses environmental concerns. The carbonaceous layer was functionalized with sulfonic groups and tin (Sn) species to provide synergistic Brønsted and Lewis acid sites. In addition, colloidal silica was incorporated as a binder, significantly improving coating adhesion and homogeneity. Physicochemical characterization confirmed the successful incorporation of sulfonic groups and SnO_x species into the carbonaceous material, leading to dual Brønsted/Lewis acidity, with the B/L ratio increasing from 0.05 in AC to 0.07 in AC20p10Sn. Catalytic evaluation showed that the functionalized monoliths exhibited near 100% of glucose conversion with moderate selectivity towards 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF). Notably, despite the surface deposition of solid byproducts, the monolithic architecture successfully eliminated complex downstream separation processes. Furthermore, the structured catalyst exhibited excellent stability, maintaining its catalytic performance over five consecutive cycles. This approach provides a sustainable pathway for structured carbon-coated monoliths derived from biomass waste while overcoming the handling bottlenecks of traditional powder systems by improving catalyst recovery, reusability, and scalability. Full article

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant Vibrio parahaemolyticus poses a challenge to sustainable shrimp aquaculture and highlights the need for effective antibacterial alternatives. In this study, silver nanoparticles were biosynthesized using Eri silk fibroin (ESF) as both a reducing and stabilizing biopolymer. Eri silkworms can be reared on cassava leaves, an abundant agricultural by-product in Thailand, thereby supporting waste valorization and the circular bioeconomy. Optimal synthesis was achieved at an AgNO₃-to-ESF weight ratio of 1:4, 60 °C, and 4 h, yielding 82.8% ESF-AgNPs with a particle size of 10.8 ± 2.3 nm and a polydispersity index of 0.19 ± 0.01. TEM, XRD, and XPS confirmed the formation of well-dispersed metallic Ag⁰. The particles remained colloidally stable for at least four weeks. ESF-AgNPs exhibited minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of 12.5 and 25 µg/mL, respectively; inhibited biofilm formation by 52.45–99.98%; and increased intracellular reactive oxygen species generation. After 72 h, silver release reached 5.70% in deionized water and 9.30% in TSB containing 3% NaCl. Artemia franciscana survival remained 96.2% after 24 h at the MBC. These findings support ESF as a sustainable platform for producing antibacterial and antibiofilm AgNPs with a preliminary safety margin, although further in vivo efficacy and chronic-toxicity studies are required before practical application. Full article

Synthetic azo dyes are the largest class of industrial colorants having widespread application in textile, food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Moreover, they are persistent and toxic, threatening aquatic environments as well as human health. Disperse red 1 (DR1), a mono-azo dye belonging to the disperse dye group and widely used in polyester dyeing, cosmetics, and other applications, is of particular concern due to its mutagenic potential and resistance to conventional treatment processes. The present study investigated an integrated DR1 removal strategy using thermotolerant Bacillus licheniformis Tol1 as well as its EPS-stabilized biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). With a maximum tolerable concentration of 0.5 g L⁻¹, B. licheniformis Tol1 showed a maximum decolorization of 70.86% (0.2 g L⁻¹, 55 °C). However, response surface methodology (RSM) based on the Box–Behnken design showed an actual decolorization efficiency of 73.13%. The artificial neural network (ANN) model predicted an accuracy of R² = 0.9933, confirming the robustness and reliability of the experimental findings. To enhance dye removal efficiency, Tol1 EPS-stabilized AgNPs were synthesized via a green method and characterized using UV-Vis, SEM-EDAX, TEM, AFM, FTIR, DLS and zeta potential. Characterization of AgNP confirmed the formation of spherical stable AgNPs with an average size of 19.99 ± 0.38 nm, indicating polydisperse colloids nature with moderate electrostatic stability. A sunlight/H₂O₂-assisted process (photocatalytic experiments) demonstrated DR1 decolorization (80.72 ± 1.72% within 5 h under sunlight) following pseudo-first-order kinetics (k = 0.271 h⁻¹). Furthermore, FTIR analysis confirmed the degradation of the chemical structure of DR1 through the disappearance of the characteristic azo (–N=N–) bond, indicating cleavage of the dye molecule. Overall, the present study provides a dual biological–nanotechnological approach for DR1 decolorization using single bacteria as well as its polysaccharide-stabilized AgNP, a sustainable eco-friendly future approach. However, further studies on complete mineralization, transformation products, toxicity evaluation, detailed catalyst reusability, and silver (Ag) leaching are needed to facilitate the practical implementation for wastewater treatment. Full article