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The successful deployment of sustainable building construction (SBC) is connected to sound knowledge sharing. Concerning SBC, knowledge sharing has been identified to directly and indirectly increase innovation, environmental performance, cost saving, regulatory compliance awareness and so on. The necessity of enhancing SBC practice globally has been emphasised by earlier research. Consequently, this study aims to investigate knowledge-sharing elements to enhance SBC in South Africa (SA). Utilising a questionnaire survey, this study elicited data from 281 professionals in the built environment. Data analysis was performed with “descriptive statistics”, the “Kruskal–Wallis H-test”, and “principal component analysis” to determine the principal knowledge-sharing features (KSFs). This study found that “creating public awareness of sustainable practices”, the “content of SBC training, raising awareness of green building products”, “SBC integration in professional certifications”, an “information hub or repository for sustainable construction”, and “mentoring younger professionals in sustainable practices” are the most critical KSFs for SBC deployment. These formed a central cluster, the Green Education Initiative and Eco-Awareness Alliance. The results achieved a reliability test value of 0.956. It was concluded that to embrace the full adoption of SBC, corporate involvement is critical, and all stakeholders must embrace the sustainability paradigm. It is recommended that the principal knowledge-sharing features revealed in this study should be carefully considered to help construction stakeholders in fostering knowledge sharing for a sustainable built environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Chemical, Civil and Environmental Engineering)

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12 pages, 498 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Virulence of Metarhizium robertsii Strains Isolated from Forest Ecosystems Against Wax Moths (Galleria mellonella, Achroia grisella) and Pine Processionary (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) Larvae

by Spiridon Mantzoukas, Vasileios Papantzikos, Chrysanthi Zarmakoupi, Panagiotis A. Eliopoulos, Ioannis Lagogiannis and George Patakioutas

Biology 2025, 14(8), 1009; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14081009 (registering DOI) - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) are one of the most environmentally friendly ways to control a plethora of chewing insects such as T. pityocampa, G. mellonella, and A. grisella. Bioassay of EPF on these highly damaging pests is considered important in the face of climate change in order to research alternative solutions that are capable of limiting chemical control, the overuse of which increases insects’ resistance to chemical compounds. In this study, the insecticidal virulence of Metarhizium robertsii isolates, retrieved from forest ecosystems, was tested on second-instar larvae of T. pityocampa, G. mellonella, and A. grisella. Bioassays were carried out in the laboratory, where experimental larvae were sprayed with 2 mL of a six-conidial suspension from each isolate. Mortality was recorded for 144 h after exposure. Mean mortality, lethal concentrations, sporulation percentage, and sporulation time were estimated for each isolate. Metarhizium isolates resulted in the highest mortality (89.2% for G. mellonella and 90.2% for A. grisella). Based on the LC₅₀ estimates determined by the concentration–mortality relationships for the tested fungal isolates, we demonstrated significant virulence on larvae of G. mellonella, A. grisella, and T. pityocampa. Our results indicate that entomopathogenic fungi have the potential to become a very useful tool in reducing chemical applications. Full article

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9 pages, 1406 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Disaster-Based Mobile Learning System Using Technology Acceptance Model

by John A. Bacus

Eng. Proc. 2025, 103(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025103005 (registering DOI) - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

Recently, the usage of mobile phone-based games has increased due to the growing accessibility and convenience they provide. Using a descriptive-quantitative design, a disaster-based mobile application was developed in this study to enhance disaster literacy among the private senior high schools in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education in Davao City, the Philippines. The developed application was provided together with survey questionnaires to 364 students randomly selected from different schools in Davao City usingF a simple random sampling method. The technology acceptance (TAM) model was used to explain how users accepted the new technology. The mobile application was designed with features in four disaster scenarios—fire, flood, volcano, and earthquake. The results revealed a high acceptance, with an average score of the perceived usefulness (PE) of 4.52, perceived ease of use (PEOU) of 4.44, and a behavioral intention (BI) of 4.12. The students accepted the application to enhance disaster risk reduction and management. Aligned with SDG 4 and SDG 11, the application can be used to equip users with the knowledge to respond to disasters and ensure community resilience. Full article

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19 pages, 753 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In-Context Learning for Low-Resource Machine Translation: A Study on Tarifit with Large Language Models

by Oussama Akallouch and Khalid Fardousse

Algorithms 2025, 18(8), 489; https://doi.org/10.3390/a18080489 (registering DOI) - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

This study presents the first systematic evaluation of in-context learning for Tarifit machine translation, a low-resource Amazigh language spoken by 5 million people in Morocco and Europe. We assess three large language models (GPT-4, Claude-3.5, PaLM-2) across Tarifit–Arabic, Tarifit–French, and Tarifit–English translation using 1000 sentence pairs and 5-fold cross-validation. Results show that 8-shot similarity-based demonstration selection achieves optimal performance. GPT-4 achieved 20.2 BLEU for Tarifit–Arabic, 14.8 for Tarifit–French, and 10.9 for Tarifit–English. Linguistic proximity significantly impacts translation quality, with Tarifit–Arabic substantially outperforming other language pairs by 8.4 BLEU points due to shared vocabulary and morphological patterns. Error analysis reveals systematic issues with morphological complexity (42% of errors) and cultural terminology preservation (18% of errors). This work establishes baseline benchmarks for Tarifit translation and demonstrates the viability of in-context learning for morphologically complex low-resource languages, contributing to linguistic equity in AI systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Evolutionary Algorithms and Machine Learning)

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18 pages, 1270 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Litter Decomposition in Pacific Northwest Prairies Depends on Fire, with Differential Responses of Saprotrophic and Pyrophilous Fungi

by Haley M. Burrill, Ellen B. Ralston, Heather A. Dawson and Bitty A. Roy

Microorganisms 2025, 13(8), 1834; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13081834 (registering DOI) - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

Fungi contribute to ecosystem function through nutrient cycling and decomposition but may be affected by major disturbances such as fire. Some ecosystems are fire-adapted, such as prairies which require cyclical burning to mitigate woody plant encroachment and reduce litter. While fire suppresses fire-sensitive fungi, pyrophilous fungi may continue providing ecosystem functions. Using litter bags, we measured the litter decomposition at three prairies with unburned and burned sections, and we used Illumina sequencing to examine litter communities. We hypothesized that (H1) decomposition would be higher at unburned sites than burned, (H2) increased decomposition at unburned sites would be correlated with higher overall saprotroph diversity, with a lower diversity in autoclaved samples, and (H3) pyrophilous fungal diversity would be higher at burned sites and overall higher in autoclaved samples. H1 was not supported; decomposition was unaffected by burn treatments. H2 and H3 were somewhat supported; saprotroph diversity was lowest in autoclaved litter at burned sites, but pyrophilous fungal diversity was the highest. Pyrophilous fungal diversity significantly contributed to litter decomposition rates, while saprotroph diversity did not. Our findings indicate that fire-adapted prairies host a suite of pyrophilous saprotrophic fungi, and that these fungi play a primary role in litter decomposition post-fire when other fire-sensitive fungal saprotrophs are less abundant. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Ecology on a Changing Planet)

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19 pages, 14233 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Subsurface Characterization of the Merija Anticline’s Rooting Using Integrated Geophysical Techniques: Implications for Copper Exploration

by Mohammed Boumehdi, Hicham Khebbi, Doha Dchar, Lahsen Achkouch, Anwar Ain Tagzalt, Nour Eddine Berkat, Mohammed Magoua, Youssef Hahou and Othman Sadki

Geosciences 2025, 15(8), 305; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15080305 (registering DOI) - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the subsurface rooting of the Merija anticline in the Missour Basin, Morocco, with a focus on copper mineralization exploration. A sequential geophysical workflow was implemented, combining gravity surveys, electrical resistivity (ER), and induced polarization (IP) methods. The gravity data, acquired along spaced profiles extending from outcropping areas to Quaternary-covered zones, clearly delineated the structural continuity of the anticline beneath the cover. The application of trend filtering in covered areas allowed the removal of regional effects, successfully isolating residual anomalies associated with the buried continuation of the anticline. Interpolated Bouguer anomaly maps highlighted a major regional fault, interpreted as controlling the deep rooting of the anticline. A resistivity profile was then deployed perpendicular to this fault, providing detailed imaging of the anticline’s geometry and lithological contrasts. Complementary IP profiles conducted near the mine site targeted the detection of chargeability anomalies associated with copper mineralization dominated by malachite, confirming the electrical signature of copper mineralization, particularly within the sandstone and conglomerate formations of the Lower Cretaceous. To validate the geophysical interpretations, a drilling campaign was conducted, which confirmed the presence of the identified lithological units and the anticline rooting, as revealed by geophysical data. This approach provides a robust framework for copper exploration in the Merija area and can be adapted to similar geological contexts elsewhere. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geophysics)

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19 pages, 3316 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles: Highly Efficient Catalysts for the Biginelli Reaction

by Waleed M. Alamier, Emad M. El-Telbani, Imam Saheb Syed and Ayyob M. Bakry

Ceramics 2025, 8(3), 102; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8030102 (registering DOI) - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

This study introduces an efficient and sustainable catalytic system utilizing cobalt ferrite nanoparticles (CoFe₂O₄-NPs) for the synthesis of valuable 6-amino-2-oxo-4-phenyl (or 4-chlorophenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carbonitrile derivatives. Recognizing the limitations of traditional methods for the Biginelli reaction, we thoroughly characterized CoFe₂O₄-NPs, alongside individual iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe₂O₃-NPs) and cobalt oxide nanoparticles (CoO-NPs), using FTIR, XRD, TEM, SEM, XPS, TGA, and BET analysis. These characterizations revealed the unique structural, morphological, and physicochemical properties of CoFe₂O₄-NPs, including an optimized porous structure and significant bimetallic synergy between Fe and Co ions. Catalytic studies demonstrated that CoFe₂O₄-NPs significantly outperformed individual Fe₂O₃-NPs and CoO-NPs under mild conditions. While the latter only catalyzed the Knoevenagel condensation, CoFe₂O₄-NPs uniquely facilitated the complete Biginelli reaction. This superior performance is attributed to the synergistic electronic environment within CoFe₂O₄-NPs, which enhances reactant activation, intermediate stabilization, and proton transfer during the multi-step reaction. This work highlights the potential of CoFe₂O₄-NPs as highly efficient and selective nanocatalysts for synthesizing biologically relevant 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidines, offering a greener synthetic route in organic chemistry. Full article

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21 pages, 4909 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rapid 3D Camera Calibration for Large-Scale Structural Monitoring

by Fabio Bottalico, Nicholas A. Valente, Christopher Niezrecki, Kshitij Jerath, Yan Luo and Alessandro Sabato

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(15), 2720; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17152720 (registering DOI) - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

Computer vision techniques such as three-dimensional digital image correlation (3D-DIC) and three-dimensional point tracking (3D-PT) have demonstrated broad applicability for monitoring the conditions of large-scale engineering systems by reconstructing and tracking dynamic point clouds corresponding to the surface of a structure. Accurate stereophotogrammetry measurements require the stereo cameras to be calibrated to determine their intrinsic and extrinsic parameters by capturing multiple images of a calibration object. This image-based approach becomes cumbersome and time-consuming as the size of the tested object increases. To streamline the calibration and make it scale-insensitive, a multi-sensor system embedding inertial measurement units and a laser sensor is developed to compute the extrinsic parameters of the stereo cameras. In this research, the accuracy of the proposed sensor-based calibration method in performing stereophotogrammetry is validated experimentally and compared with traditional approaches. Tests conducted at various scales reveal that the proposed sensor-based calibration enables reconstructing both static and dynamic point clouds, measuring displacements with an accuracy higher than 95% compared to image-based traditional calibration, while being up to an order of magnitude faster and easier to deploy. The novel approach has broad applications for making static, dynamic, and deformation measurements to transform how large-scale structural health monitoring can be performed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives on 3D Point Cloud (Third Edition))

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31 pages, 3977 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Cytokinin Profile of Doliocarpus dentatus (Aubl.) Standl. From Guyana and Its Relationship with Secondary Metabolites: Insights into Potential Therapeutic Benefits

by Ewart A. Smith, Ainsely Lewis, Erin N. Morrison, Kimberly Molina-Bean, Suresh S. Narine and R. J. Neil Emery

Metabolites 2025, 15(8), 533; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo15080533 (registering DOI) - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Possessing red and white ecotypes, and utilized in traditional Guyanese medicine, Doliocarpus dentatus’ red ecotype is preferred locally for its purported superior therapeutic efficacy. Although therapeutic metabolites were detected in D. dentatus previously, phytohormones remain largely unexplored, until now. Cytokinins, phytohormones responsible for plant cell division, growth and differentiation, are gaining traction for their therapeutic potential in human health. This study screened and quantified endogenous cytokinins and correlated detected cytokinins with selected secondary metabolites. Methods: Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry was used to acquire phytohormone and metabolite data. Bioinformatics tools were used to assess untargeted metabolomics datasets via statistical and pathway analyses, and chemical groupings of putative metabolites. Results: In total, 20 of the 35 phytohormones were detected and quantified in both ecotypes, with the red ecotype displaying higher free base and glucoside cytokinin concentrations and exhibited 6.2 times the total CK content when compared to the white ecotype. Pathway analysis revealed flavonoid and monoterpenoid biosynthesis in red and white ecotypes, respectively. Positive correlations between specific cytokinins and alkaloids, and between trans-Zeatin and isopentenyladenosine riboside with phenolic compounds were observed. Conclusions: These results suggest that the red ecotype’s elevated cytokinin levels coupled with flavonoid biosynthesis enrichment support its preference in Guyanese traditional medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Metabolism)

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25 pages, 77176 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Advancing Energy Management Strategies for Hybrid Fuel Cell Vehicles: A Comparative Study of Deterministic and Fuzzy Logic Approaches

by Mohammed Essoufi, Mohammed Benzaouia, Bekkay Hajji, Abdelhamid Rabhi and Michele Calì

World Electr. Veh. J. 2025, 16(8), 444; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj16080444 (registering DOI) - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

The increasing depletion of fossil fuels and their environmental impact have led to the development of fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles. By combining fuel cells with batteries, these vehicles offer greater efficiency and zero emissions. However, their energy management remains a challenge requiring advanced strategies. This paper presents a comparative study of two developed energy management strategies: a deterministic rule-based approach and a fuzzy logic approach. The proposed system consists of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) as the primary energy source and a lithium-ion battery as the secondary source. A comprehensive model of the hybrid powertrain is developed to evaluate energy distribution and system behaviour. The control system includes a model predictive control (MPC) method for fuel cell current regulation and a PI controller to maintain DC bus voltage stability. The proposed strategies are evaluated under standard driving cycles (UDDS and NEDC) using a simulation in MATLAB/Simulink. Key performance indicators such as fuel efficiency, hydrogen consumption, battery state-of-charge, and voltage stability are examined to assess the effectiveness of each approach. Simulation results demonstrate that the deterministic strategy offers a structured and computationally efficient solution, while the fuzzy logic approach provides greater adaptability to dynamic driving conditions, leading to improved overall energy efficiency. These findings highlight the critical role of advanced control strategies in improving FCHEV performance and offer valuable insights for future developments in hybrid-vehicle energy management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power and Energy Systems for E-Mobility, 2nd Edition)

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10 pages, 1522 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Continuous Veno-Venous Hemodiafiltration on Thyroid Homeostasis in Critically Ill Patients

by Alicja Filipczyk, Magdalena A. Wujtewicz, Michał Okrągły and Karol P. Steckiewicz

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(15), 5542; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14155542 (registering DOI) - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background: Patients in Intensive Care Units (ICUs) often develop non-thyroidal illness syndrome. Potentially, thyroid hormones may be removed during continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF), as their molecular size is smaller than the filter pores’ cutoff. The study’s main aim was to assess whether the serum concentration of thyroid hormones changes over time during CVVHDF. Methods: This was a prospective observational trial that included 30 patients treated in an ICU. All patients developed acute kidney injury (AKI) and had clinical indications for implementation of CVVHDF. Blood samples were collected before initiation of CVVHDF and at 1, 2, 3, 6, 9 and 12 days after. The last sample was collected three days after CVVHDF withdrawal. Thyroid function was evaluated by determining the serum concentration of TSH, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), free triiodothyronine (fT₃), free thyroxine (fT₄), total triiodothyronine (tT₃), total thyroxine (tT₄) and reverse triiodothyronine (rT₃). We additionally calculated the total activity of peripheral deiodinases (G_D) using a mathematical model. Results: TRH and TSH levels remained mostly within normal ranges. fT4 and tT4 were in normal range or slightly below. In contrast, fT3 and tT3 were undetectably low in most patients throughout. Reverse T3 levels remained within normal limits. There were no statistically significant changes in any thyroid hormone levels over the CVVHDF treatment period. The calculated peripheral G_D activity was lower than normal, but importantly, it did not change significantly over time. Conclusions: Thyroid hormones are not lost due to hemodiafiltration. Decreased deiodinases activity is responsible for alterations in serum concentrations of thyroid hormones in patients during CVVHDF. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Intensive Care)

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12 pages, 589 KiB

Open AccessConference Report

2024 Annual Meeting of the International Network on Ectopic Calcification (INTEC)—Abstract Proceedings

by M. Leonor Cancela, Ahmed Alouane, Pietro M. Bertelli, Antonio Camacho, Robbe Derudder, Antonella Forlino, Matthew P. Harris, Marta Jacinto, Imre Lengyel, Wolfgang Link, Monzur Murshed, Andreas Pasch, Arun-Kumar Kaliya-Perumal, Daniela Quaglino, Zihan Qin, Yves Sabbagh, Elena Seminari, Marcos M. Villar, Christoph Winkler and Olivier M. Vanakker

Gout Urate Cryst. Depos. Dis. 2025, 3(3), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/gucdd3030014 (registering DOI) - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

The 3rd Annual Meeting of the International Network on Ectopic Calcification (INTEC) was held in Faro, Portugal on 12–13 September 2024. This hybrid meeting brought together researchers and clinicians focused on the molecular, (patho)physiological, and clinical aspects of ectopic calcification in hereditary and acquired conditions, as well as in aging. The findings presented in this year’s meeting emphasised the complexity of the field, offering new insights into both mechanistic pathways and translational hurdles. The abstracts of this year’s meeting are collected in this conference paper, with permission from the corresponding authors. Full article

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19 pages, 8835 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Spatial Distribution Characteristics and Driving Factors of Traditional Villages’ Tourism Transformation Level in Shaanxi, China

by Huidi Jia, Lanbo Li, Siying Wu, Ruiqi Zhao and Huan Yang

Land 2025, 14(8), 1602; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081602 (registering DOI) - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

Although numerous studies have examined the spatial patterns of traditional villages and their driving factors, limited attention has been devoted to the transformation of tourism. This study focused on traditional villages in Shaanxi Province, employing geodetector and grounded theory methods to analyze their spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors. First, most traditional villages have not developed tourism. Only 11.98% reached the relatively mature tourism stage. Second, the spatial distribution of mature traditional tourism villages is scattered and primarily clustered in Liuba County, Mizhi County, and Jia County. Third, the factors influencing spatial distribution characteristics include resource endowment, transportation accessibility, and regional economic conditions. Among these factors, the level of traditional villages, village heritage values, and the local tourism environment show the strongest explanatory power. These findings can help enhance cultural resilience, promote economic transformation and upgrading, and support the sustainable development of traditional villages. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rural Tourism Development: Land Use, Ecosystem Services, and Community Interactions)

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15 pages, 1258 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biochar Affects Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Urban Forestry Waste

by Kumuduni Niroshika Palansooriya, Tamanna Mamun Novera, Dengge Qin, Zhengfeng An and Scott X. Chang

Land 2025, 14(8), 1605; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081605 (registering DOI) - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

Urban forests are vital to cities because they provide a range of ecosystem services, including carbon (C) sequestration, air purification, and urban cooling. However, urban forestry also generates significant amounts of organic waste, such as grass clippings, pruned tree branches, and fallen tree leaves and woody debris that can contribute to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions if not properly managed. In this study, we investigated the effect of wheat straw biochar (produced at 500 °C) on GHG emissions from two types of urban forestry waste: green waste (GW) and yard waste (YW), using a 100-day laboratory incubation experiment. Overall, GW released more CO₂ than YW, but biochar addition reduced cumulative CO₂ emissions by 9.8% in GW and by 17.6% in YW. However, biochar increased CH₄ emissions from GW and reduced the CH₄ sink strength of YW. Biochar also had contrasting effects on N₂O emissions, increasing them by 94.3% in GW but decreasing them by 61.4% in YW. Consequently, the highest global warming potential was observed in biochar-amended GW (125.3 g CO₂-eq kg⁻¹). Our findings emphasize that the effect of biochar on GHG emissions varies with waste type and suggest that selecting appropriate biochar types is critical for mitigating GHG emissions from urban forestry waste. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land Use Effects on Carbon Storage and Greenhouse Gas Emissions)

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13 pages, 1169 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Scanning When Passing: A Reliable and Valid Standardized Soccer Test

by Andrew H. Hunter, Nicholas M. A. Smith, Bella Bello Bitugu, Austin Wontepaga Luguterah and Robbie S. Wilson

Biomechanics 2025, 5(3), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomechanics5030061 (registering DOI) - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: In soccer, scanning before receiving the ball helps players better perceive and interpret their surroundings, enabling faster and more effective passes. Despite its importance, no standardized tests currently incorporate scanning actions into assessments of passing abilities. In this study, we test the reliability and validity of a battery of passing tests that assess a player’s ability to control and pass the ball while also scanning for the appropriate target. Methods: We designed three passing tests that reflect different scanning demands that are routinely placed upon players during matches. Using players from the first and reserve teams of two professional clubs in Ghana (Club A, first-team n = 11, reserve-team n = 10; Club B, first-team n = 16, reserve-team n = 17), we: (i) tested the repeatability of each passing test (intraclass correlations), (ii) assessed whether the tests could distinguish between first and reserve team players (linear mixed-effects model), and (iii) examined whether players who were better in the passing tests had higher performances in 3v1 Rondo possession games (linear models). Results: All passing tests were significantly repeatable (ICCs = 0.77–0.85). Performance was highest in the 120-degree test (30.11 ± 7.22 passes/min), where scanning was not required, and was lowest in the 360-degree test (25.55 ± 5.94 passes/min), where players needed to constantly scan behind them. When players were scanning through an arc of 180 degrees, their average performance was 27.41 ± 6.14 passes/min. Overall passing performance significantly distinguished first from reserve team players (β = −1.47, t (51) = −4.32, p < 0.001)) and was positively associated with 3v1 Rondo possession performance (R² = 0.51, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Our results show that these passing tests are reliable, distinguish players across competitive levels, and correlate with performance in possession games. These tests offer a simple, ecologically valid way to assess scanning and passing abilities for elite players. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sports Biomechanics)

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