Search Results (485)

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) affects 7–9% of pregnancies worldwide and is associated with adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Nutritional therapy is a key component of GDM management. However, inconsistencies exist across international and national guidelines regarding macronutrient distribution, glycemic targets, and micronutrient supplementation. This systematic review aims to compare updated nutritional recommendations for GDM across major health organizations and identify areas of consensus, divergence, and evidence gaps. Methods: This systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines and registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251026194). A comprehensive literature search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar (concluding March 2025), along with manual searches of official websites of professional health organizations (e.g., ADA, WHO, NICE, IDF). Guidelines published within the last 10 years (or the most relevant national guideline if slightly older), available in English or with access to translation, and including explicit nutritional recommendations for GDM were included. Data were extracted on macronutrient composition, glycemic targets, and micronutrient supplementation, with evaluation of the supporting evidence and regional context, incorporating findings from recent key guideline updates. Results: In total, 12 guidelines met the inclusion criteria. While all guidelines emphasized carbohydrate moderation and adequate fiber intake, significant discrepancies were found in carbohydrate quality recommendations (e.g., low-glycemic index focus vs. total carbohydrate restriction), postprandial glucose targets (e.g., 1-h vs. 2-h measurements and varying thresholds like <120 vs. <140 mg/dL), and the use of non-routine micronutrients such as chromium, selenium, and omega-3 fatty acids (generally lacking endorsement). Recent updates from key bodies like ADA, Diabetes Canada, and KDA largely maintain these core stances but show increasing emphasis on dietary patterns and acknowledgement of CGM technology, without resolving key discrepancies. Cultural adaptability and behavioral counselling strategies were minimally addressed across most guidelines. Conclusions: Despite general agreement on the principal recommendations of nutritional management in GDM, substantial variation persists in specific recommendations, even considering recent updates. Consistent, evidence-based, and culturally adaptable guidelines incorporating implementation strategies are needed to optimize care and reduce disparities in GDM management across regions. Full article

Darboux transformations are relations between the eigenfunctions and coefficients of a pair of linear differential operators, while Painlevé equations are nonlinear ordinary differential equations whose solutions arise in diverse areas of applied mathematics and mathematical physics. Here, we describe the use of confluent Darboux transformations for Schrödinger operators, and how they give rise to explicit Wronskian formulae for certain algebraic solutions of Painlevé equations. As a preliminary illustration, we briefly describe how the Yablonskii–Vorob’ev polynomials arise in this way, thus providing well-known expressions for the tau functions of the rational solutions of the Painlevé II equation. We then proceed to apply the method to obtain the main result, namely, a new Wronskian representation for the Ohyama polynomials, which correspond to the algebraic solutions of the Painlevé III equation of type $D_7$. Full article

The main goal of our work was to evaluate approaches for modeling lateral outflow from shallow unconfined aquifers in a one-dimensional model of vertical variably-saturated flow. The HYDRUS-1D model was modified by implementing formulas representing lateral flow in an aquifer, with linear or quadratic drainage functions describing the relationship between groundwater head and flux. The results obtained by the modified HYDRUS-1D model were compared to the reference simulations with HydroGeoSphere (HGS), with explicit representation of 2D flow in unsaturated and saturated zones in a vertical cross-section of a strip aquifer, including evapotranspiration and plant water uptake. Four series of simulations were conducted for sand and loamy sand soil profiles with deep (6 m) and shallow (2 m) water tables. The results indicate that both linear and quadratic drainage functions can effectively capture groundwater table fluctuations and soil water dynamics. HYDRUS-1D demonstrates notable accuracy in simulating transient fluctuations but shows higher variability near the surface. The study concludes that both quadratic and linear drainage boundary conditions can effectively represent horizontal aquifer flow in 1D models, enhancing the ability of such models to simulate groundwater table fluctuations. Full article

End milling is a process that is widely used for producing components in aerospace applications, automobile applications, and many other fields. It is crucial to forecast a workpiece’s deformation behaviour during the machining process to choose the best process settings and maximize the part’s overall quality. Understanding the behaviour of each workpiece during the end-milling process through physical experiments is critical, but expensive. Hence, it is inevitable that a numerical study will be developed to estimate workpiece deformation with higher accuracy and less computational cost. The end-milling process on AISI 1045 is simulated in this work using a 3D finite element modelling technique. The ANSYS Workbench 2020 R1 is used to conduct an explicit dynamic analysis in the suggested model. The workpiece’s stress and deformation values throughout the machining process are estimated and examined. Full article

Monocular 3D object detection is a challenging task in autonomous systems due to the lack of explicit depth information in single-view images. Existing methods often depend on external depth estimators or expensive sensors, which increase computational complexity and complicate integration into existing systems. To overcome these limitations, we propose AuxDepthNet, an efficient framework for real-time monocular 3D object detection that eliminates the reliance on external depth maps or pre-trained depth models. AuxDepthNet introduces two key components: the Auxiliary Depth Feature (ADF) module, which implicitly learns depth-sensitive features to improve spatial reasoning and computational efficiency, and the Depth Position Mapping (DPM) module, which embeds depth positional information directly into the detection process to enable accurate object localization and 3D bounding box regression. Leveraging the DepthFusion Transformer (DFT) architecture, AuxDepthNet globally integrates visual and depth-sensitive features through depth-guided interactions, ensuring robust and efficient detection. Extensive experiments on the KITTI dataset show that AuxDepthNet achieves state-of-the-art performance, with ${AP}_{3D}$ scores of 24.72% (Easy), 18.63% (Moderate), and 15.31% (Hard), and ${AP}_{BEV}$ scores of 34.11% (Easy), 25.18% (Moderate), and 21.90% (Hard) at an IoU threshold of 0.7. Full article

Hydraulic support (Hs) is an important support equipment in coal mining. With the continuous increase in coal mining intensity, stricter technical specifications have been put forward for the effectiveness of Hs. Hs is always in a dynamic coupling state with the surrounding rock. Investigating its dynamic adaptation characteristics in relation to surrounding rock is of great significance for improving its performance. In this work, a numerical analysis model of the ‘support–surrounding rock’ coupling system was established by taking the Hs (type ZZ 17000/33/72D) in the Kouzidong coal mine as an example and using explicit dynamic analysis software Ls-dyna R12. The dynamic response and pressure distribution characteristics of the hydraulic ‘support–surrounding rock’ coupling system under different mining heights and load conditions were investigated. The key vulnerable connection components of the Hs and their critical connection unit instability conditions were identified. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the structural optimization of four-column Hs, which will be beneficial in promoting the improvement of its load-bearing stability. Full article

A mesoscopic lattice Boltzmann method based on the BGK model is proposed to solve a class of two-dimensional second-order nonlinear partial differential equations by incorporating an amending function. The model provides an efficient and stable framework for simulating initial value problems of second-order nonlinear partial differential equations and is adaptable to various nonlinear systems, including strongly nonlinear cases. The numerical characteristics and evolution patterns of these nonlinear equations are systematically investigated. A D2Q4 lattice model is employed, and the kinetic moment constraints for both local equilibrium and correction distribution functions are derived in the four velocity directions. Explicit analytical expressions for these distribution functions are presented. The model is verified to recover the target macroscopic equations in the continuous limit via Chapman–Enskog analysis. Numerical experiments using exact solutions are performed to assess the model’s accuracy and stability. The results show excellent agreement with exact solutions and demonstrate the model’s robustness in capturing nonlinear dynamics. Full article

Facial action units (AUs) are used throughout animation, clinical settings, and robotics. AU recognition usually works better for these downstream tasks when it achieves high performance across all AUs. Current facial AU recognition approaches tend to perform unevenly across all AUs. Among other potential reasons, one cause is their focus on improving the overall average F1 score, where good performance on a small number of AUs increases the overall average F1 score even with poor performance on other AUs. Building on our previous success, which achieved the highest average F1 score, this work focuses on improving its performance across all AUs to address this challenge. We propose a mixture of experts as the meta-learner to combine the outputs of an explicit stacking ensemble. For our ensemble, we use a heterogeneous, negative correlation, explicit stacking ensemble. We introduce an additional measurement called Borda ranking to better evaluate the overall performance across all AUs. As indicated by this additional metric, our method not only maintains the best overall average F1 score but also achieves the highest performance across all AUs on the BP4D and DISFA datasets. We also release a synthetic dataset as additional training data, the first with balanced AU labels. Full article

In today’s aviation industry, research and studies are carried out to manufacture and design lightweight, high-performance materials. One of the materials developed in line with this goal is glass laminate aluminum-reinforced epoxy (GLARE), which consists of thin aluminum sheets and S2-glass/epoxy layers. Because of its high impact resistance and excellent fatigue and damage tolerance properties, GLARE is used in different aircraft parts, such as the wing, fuselage, empennage skins, and cargo floors. In this study, a survey was carried out and a low-velocity impact model for GLARE materials was developed using the ABAQUS (2014) version V6.14 software and compared with the results of low-velocity impact tests performed according to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D7136 standard. This article introduces a novel integrated approach that combines detailed numerical modeling with experimental validation of GLARE 4A FMLs under low-velocity impact. Leveraging ABAQUS, a robust FEM featuring explicit analysis, cohesive resin interfaces, and custom VUMAT subroutines was developed to accurately simulate energy absorption, dent depth, and delamination. The precise model’s predictions align well with test results performed according to ASTM D7136 standards, exhibiting less than a 0.1% deviation in the displacement (dent depth)–time response, along with deviations of 4.3% in impact energy–time and 5.2% in velocity–time trends at 5.5 ms. Full article

To address the frequent failure of anti-falling devices in inclined shaft tunnel boring machines caused by cyclic loading and fatigue during construction, this study proposes an optimized self-responsive anti-falling device design. Based on the operational conditions of the “Tianyue” tunnel boring machine, a three-dimensional model was constructed using SolidWorks. Finite element static analysis was employed to validate structural integrity, revealing a maximum stress of 461.19 MPa with a safety factor of 1.71. Explicit dynamic simulations further demonstrated the dynamic penetration process of propellant-driven telescopic columns through concrete lining walls, achieving a penetration depth exceeding 500 mm. The results demonstrate that the device can respond to falling signals within 12 ms and activate mechanical locking. The Q690D steel structure exhibits a deformation of 5.543 mm with favorable stress distribution, meeting engineering safety requirements. The energy release characteristics of trinitrotoluene propellant and material compatibility were systematically verified. Compared to conventional hydraulic support systems, this design offers significant improvements in response speed, maintenance cost reduction, and environmental adaptability, providing an innovative solution for fall protection in complex geological environments. Full article

Machining Nomex honeycomb composite structures is crucial for manufacturing components that meet stringent industry requirements. However, the complex characteristics of this material require specialized machining techniques to avoid defects, ensure optimal surface quality, and preserve the integrity of the cutting tool. Thus, hybrid ultrasonic-vibration-assisted machining (HUSVAM) technology, using a CZ10 combined cutting tool, was introduced to overcome these limitations. To this end, a 3D numerical model based on the finite element method, developed using Abaqus/Explicit 2017 software, allows us to simulate the interaction between the cutting tool and the thin walls of the structure to be machined. The objective of this study was to validate a numerical model through experimental tests while quantifying the impact of critical machining parameters, including the rotation speed and tilt angle, on process performance, in terms of surface finish, tool wear, cutting force components and chip size. The numerical results demonstrated that HUSVAM technology allows for a significant reduction in the cutting force components, with a decrease of between 12% and 35%. Furthermore, this technology improves cutting quality by limiting the deformation and tearing of cell walls, while extending tool life through a significant reduction in wear. These improvements thus contribute to a substantial optimization of the overall efficiency of the machining process. Full article

Background/Objectives: The aim of this study was to demonstrate the importance of ⁶⁸Gallium (⁶⁸Ga)–prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA)–positron emissions tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT)(PET/CT) in prostate cancer patients for therapy management with individual analyses regarding the Gleason score, prostate specific antigen (PSA) value, and the risk groups defined by D’Amico. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 562 ⁶⁸Ga-PSMA-11-PET/CT examinations performed from January 2015 to March 2023 at University Hospital Marburg. We assessed treatment changes post ⁶⁸Ga-PSMA-11-PET/CT and categorized the cases based on PSA values, Gleason scores, and D’Amico risk groups. Results: In 415/562 (73.8%) of ⁶⁸Ga-PSMA-11-PET/CT examinations, a modification in the therapy concept was recorded. Patients categorized as high risk or patients with Gleason scores of 7 through 10 or with PSA levels above 0.5 ng/mL (particularly within the ranges of 1.01–2 ng/mL, 3.01–5 ng/mL, and values exceeding 10 ng/mL) demonstrated a statistically significant association with treatment change. While no evidence of the disease was found most frequently in 38% of cases in the “Therapy continued without explicit reference” group, in the group with the adapted therapy, there was a considerable higher proportion of local tumors (19.2%) compared to the other groups (4.4% and 1.4%). Conclusions: Our results show the high impact of ⁶⁸Ga-PSMA-PET/CT for patients with prostate cancer regarding therapy management planning, which is even more important for some patient groups. Full article

Springback represents the deflection of a workpiece after releasing the forming tools or dies, which influences the quality and precision of the final products. It is basically governed by the elastic strain recovery of the material after unloading. Most approaches only implement reverse bending to determine the final shape of the formed product. However, stretch plays significant role whe the blank is held by a blank holder. In this paper, an algorithm is presented to calculate the contributions of both stretch loads and bending moments to elastic deformation during springback for each element, and to combine them mathematically and geometrically to achieve the final shape of the product. Comparing the results of this algorithm for different sheet metal forming processes with experimental measurements demonstrates that this technique successfully predicts a wide range of springback with reasonable accuracy. The advantage of this approach is its accuracy, which is not sensitive to hardening and softening mechanisms, the magnitude of plastic deformation during the forming process, or the size of the object. The application of the proposed formulation is limited to long profiles (plane-strain cases). However, it can be extended to more general applications by adding the effect of torsion and developing equations in 3D space. Due to the explicit nature of the calculations, data-processing time would be reduced significantly compared to the sophisticated algorithms used in commercial software. Full article

Consider both the Logarithmic integral, $\mathrm{Li}\left(x\right)={lim}_{ϵ\to 0}\left\{{\int }_0^{1-ϵ}{\displaystyle \frac{du}{lnu}}+{\int }_{1+ϵ}^x{\displaystyle \frac{du}{lnu}}\right\}$, and the prime counting function $\pi \left(x\right)={\sum }_{p\le x}1$. From several recently developed known effective bounds on the prime counting function of the general form ${|\pi \left(x\right)-\mathrm{Li}\left(x\right)|<ax(lnx)}^{b}exp\left(-c\sqrt{lnx}\right)$ for $x\ge x_0$ and known constants $\{a,b,c,x_0\}$, we shall show that it is possible to establish exponentially tight effective upper and lower bounds on the prime number theorem. For $x\ge x_{\ast }$, where $x_{\ast }\le max\{x_0,17\}$, we have the following: ${\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{Li}\left(x\right)}{1+a{(lnx)}^{b+1}exp\left(-c\sqrt{lnx}\right)}}<\pi \left(x\right)<$ ${\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{Li}\left(x\right)}{1-a{(lnx)}^{b+1}exp\left(-c\sqrt{lnx}\right)}}.$ These bounds provide a modern, and very clean and explicit, version of the celebrated prime number theorem. Furthermore, it is possible to establish exponentially tight effective upper and lower bounds on the location of the $n^{th}$ prime. Specifically, we find that $p_n<{\mathrm{Li}}^{-1}\left(n\left[1+a{(ln[nlnn])}^{b+1}exp\left(-c\sqrt{ln[nlnn]}\right)\right]\right)$ for $n\ge n_{\ast }$, whereas $p_n>{\mathrm{Li}}^{-1}\left(n\left[1-a{(ln[nlnn])}^{b+1}exp\left(-c\sqrt{ln[nlnn]}\right)\right]\right)$ for $n\ge n_{\ast }$. Herein, the range of validity is explicitly bounded by some calculable constant $n_{\ast }$ satisfying $n_{\ast }\le max\{\pi \left(x_0\right),\pi \left(17\right),\pi ((1+e^{-1})$ $exp\left({\left[{\displaystyle \frac{2(b+1)}{c}}\right]}^2\right)\left)\right\}.$ These bounds provide very clean and up-to-date and explicit information on the location of the $n^{th}$ prime number. Many other fully explicit bounds along these lines can easily be developed. Overall this article presents a general algorithmic approach to converting bounds on $\left|\pi \right(x)-\mathrm{Li}(x\left)\right|$ into somewhat clearer information regarding the primes. Full article

This paper explores the common neighborhood energy ($E_{CN}\left(\mathsf{\Gamma }\right)$) of graphs derived from the dihedral group $D_{2n}$ and generalized quaternion group $Q_{4n}$, specifically the non-commuting graph (NCM-graph) and the commuting graph (CM-graph). Studying graphs associated with groups offers a powerful approach to translating algebraic properties into combinatorial structures, enabling the application of graph-theoretic tools to understand group behavior. The common neighborhood energy, defined as the sum of the absolute values of the eigenvalues of the common neighborhood (CN) matrix, i.e., ${\sum }_{i=1}^p\left|{\zeta }_i\right|$, where ${\left\{{\zeta }_i\right\}}_{i=1}^p$ are the CN eigenvalues, provides insights into the structural properties of these graphs. We derive explicit formulas for the CN characteristic polynomials and corresponding CN eigenvalues for both the NCM-graph and CM-graph as functions of n. Consequently, we establish closed-form expressions for the $E_{CN}$ of these graphs, which are parameterized by n. The validity of our theoretical results is confirmed through computational examples. This study contributes to the spectral analysis of algebraic graphs, demonstrating a direct connection between the group-theoretic structure of $D_{2n}$ and $Q_{4n}$, as well as the combinatorial energy of their associated graphs, thus furthering the understanding of group properties through spectral graph theory. Full article