Next Article in Journal
Multidimensional Effectiveness Evaluation of Weapon System-of-Systems Based on Hypernetwork Under Communication Constraints
Previous Article in Journal
Coupling Coordination and Decoupling Dynamics of Land Space Conflicts with Urbanization and Eco-Environment: A Case Study of Jiangsu Province, China
Previous Article in Special Issue
Time-Varying Reliability Analysis of Integrated Power System Based on Dynamic Bayesian Network
 
 
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

D2T2 Analysis of a Loss of Main Feed Water Accident

Resilience Engineering Research Group, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2QL, UK
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Systems 2025, 13(10), 927; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13100927
Submission received: 30 July 2025 / Revised: 3 October 2025 / Accepted: 14 October 2025 / Published: 21 October 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Reliability Engineering for Complex Systems)

Abstract

The availability of accurate models capturing the realistic behaviour of complex systems is critical for the safe operation and optimal management of nuclear installations. However, the dynamic nature of such systems and the resulting dense network of interdependencies existing among their parts are no match for current risk modelling techniques, which rely on oversimplifying premises. Dependencies are often simplified or ignored, with conservative assumptions introduced to compensate, leading to results of uncertain realism. Alternative methods address these limitations but often remain difficult to scale, interpret, or integrate into established Probabilistic Safety Assessment practice. The Dynamic and Dependent Tree Theory (D2T2) offers a bridging framework that preserves the familiar FT/ET structure while enabling dependencies to be represented directly at the basic-event, intermediate, or subsystem level through compact submodels. This paper applies D2T2 to a loss of main feed water accident in a boiling water reactor, capturing dependencies from maintenance strategies to subsystem interactions. Results show that D2T2 improves reliability predictions compared with conventional FT/ET, aligns closely with dynamic benchmarks, and remains computationally tractable. Beyond accuracy, the approach makes modelling assumptions explicit and transparent, promoting deeper system understanding while lowering barriers to adoption in safety-critical applications.
Keywords: system safety; component dependencies; D2T2; FT; Petri Nets; ET; Markov models system safety; component dependencies; D2T2; FT; Petri Nets; ET; Markov models

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Tolo, S.; Andrews, J. D2T2 Analysis of a Loss of Main Feed Water Accident. Systems 2025, 13, 927. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13100927

AMA Style

Tolo S, Andrews J. D2T2 Analysis of a Loss of Main Feed Water Accident. Systems. 2025; 13(10):927. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13100927

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tolo, Silvia, and John Andrews. 2025. "D2T2 Analysis of a Loss of Main Feed Water Accident" Systems 13, no. 10: 927. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13100927

APA Style

Tolo, S., & Andrews, J. (2025). D2T2 Analysis of a Loss of Main Feed Water Accident. Systems, 13(10), 927. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13100927

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop