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Lysolecithin, characterized by its superior emulsifying and stabilizing properties, facilitates nutrient absorption and is extensively utilized in aquatic feed formulation. Nevertheless, its precise function in shrimp nutrition and physiology remains inadequately understood. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and optimal dosage of replacing 2% soybean lecithin with varying levels of soybean lysolecithin (0–2%) in the diet of Litopenaeus vannamei. Growth performance, antioxidant indices, and lipid metabolism were assessed. The results demonstrated that dietary supplementation with 0.1% lysolecithin had the best growth performance, significantly improved lipid retention and apparent crude fat digestibility, while reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the hepatopancreas and alleviating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The 0.1% group also exhibited better hepatopancreatic tissue structure and lipid metabolic homeostasis. In contrast, higher inclusion levels (≥1.5%) led to increased lipid accumulation and enhanced activities of lipid metabolic enzymes but were associated with a risk of oxidative stress and less favorable tissue morphology. No significant differences in antioxidant enzyme activities were observed among groups. It is hypothesized that lysolecithin may regulate lipid metabolism and homeostasis via the Ca²⁺/CaMKKβ/AMPK signaling pathway; further studies are required to confirm this mechanism. In conclusion, 0.1% soybean lysolecithin is recommended as the optimal dietary level for L. vannamei, supporting its feasibility as a substitute for 2% soybean lecithin in shrimp feed. Full article

The Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region has experienced rapid development in its tourism industry, establishing itself as a leading force within China’s tourism sector. However, significant regional disparities continue to hinder its sustainable development. This study adopts a mixed-methods approach to analyze the spatiotemporal evolution of domestic tourist flows and tourism industry agglomeration patterns in the region. Using city-level data from 2016 to 2022, the analysis employs a comprehensive methodology including standard deviation, coefficient of variation, standard deviation ellipse, and locational entropy. The main findings are as follows: (1) In the pre-pandemic period (2016–2019), absolute disparities in tourist flows widened, whereas relative disparities narrowed. During the pandemic (2020–2022), absolute disparities decreased, while relative disparities initially increased before contracting. (2) Tourist flows displayed a southeast–northwest gradient, with high-value areas clustered along the southeastern coast. Standard deviation ellipse analysis reveals that tourist flows were primarily distributed along the eastern coastal corridor, parallel to the coastline. Prior to the pandemic, tourism growth showed a tendency toward spatial equilibrium; however, this trend was disrupted during the pandemic, resulting in a more decentralized spatial pattern. (3) Throughout the pandemic, tourism industry concentration increased significantly in most cities. Cities with renowned scenic attractions and diversified economic structures demonstrated stronger resilience, while those heavily reliant on tourism were more vulnerable to the pandemic’s effects. Full article

The spatial configuration of cultivated land is crucial for modern agricultural production; therefore, research on cultivated land aggregation and spatial connectivity holds significant importance for enhancing agricultural production efficiency and ensuring food security. This study selected Daqing City, China, as the research area and constructed a three-level nested framework of “patch–local–regional” scales. The aggregation degree was calculated through landscape pattern indices and the MSPA model, and connectivity was evaluated using the Omniscape algorithm based on circuit theory to explore the spatiotemporal evolution patterns of cultivated land configuration and analyze their spatial correlations, proposing classified optimization strategies. The results indicate the following: (1) the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of cultivated land aggregation in Daqing City exhibit a spatial pattern of “high in the north and south, low in the middle,” with an overall declining trend from 2000 to 2020; (2) high-connectivity areas are primarily distributed in Lindian County in the north and Zhaozhou and Zhaoyuan Counties in the south, while low-connectivity areas are concentrated in the central urban area and surrounding regions; (3) the aggregation degree and connectivity demonstrate positive spatial correlation, with the Global Moran’s index increasing from 0.358 in 2000 to 0.413 in 2020; and (4) based on the aggregation degree and connectivity characteristics, the study area can be classified into four types: scattered imbalance–isolated dysfunction, regular imbalance–connected dysfunction, scattered improvement–connected optimization, and regular improvement–connected optimization. This study provides new research perspectives for cultivated land protection. The proposed multi-scale aggregation–connectivity research method and classification system offer important reference value for the efficient utilization and management optimization of cultivated land. Full article

Short-term passenger flow prediction provides critical data-driven support for optimizing resource allocation, guiding passenger mobility, and enhancing risk response capabilities in urban rail transit systems. To further improve prediction accuracy, this study proposes a hybrid SMA-VMD-Informer-BiLSTM prediction model. Addressing the challenge of error propagation caused by non-stationary components (e.g., noise and abrupt fluctuations) in conventional passenger flow signals, the Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD) method is introduced to decompose raw flow data into multiple intrinsic mode functions (IMFs). A Slime Mould Algorithm (SMA)-based optimization mechanism is designed to adaptively tune VMD parameters, effectively mitigating mode redundancy and information loss. Furthermore, to circumvent error accumulation inherent in serial modeling frameworks, a parallel prediction architecture is developed: the Informer branch captures long-term dependencies through its ProbSparse self-attention mechanism, while the Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) network extracts localized short-term temporal patterns. The outputs of both branches are fused via a fully connected layer, balancing global trend adherence and local fluctuation characterization. Experimental validation using historical entry flow data from Weihouzhuang Station on Xi’an Metro demonstrated the superior performance of the SMA-VMD-Informer-BiLSTM model. Compared to benchmark models (CNN-BiLSTM, CNN-BiGRU, Transformer-LSTM, ARIMA-LSTM), the proposed model achieved reductions of 7.14–53.33% in $f_{mse}$, 3.81–31.14% in $f_{rmse}$, and 8.87–38.08% in $f_{mae}$, alongside a 4.11–5.48% improvement in $R^2$. Cross-station validation across multiple Xi’an Metro hubs further confirmed robust spatial generalizability, with prediction errors bounded within $f_{mse}$: 0.0009–0.01, $f_{rmse}$: 0.0303–0.1, $f_{mae}$: 0.0196–0.0697, and $R^2$: 0.9011–0.9971. Furthermore, the model demonstrated favorable predictive performance when applied to forecasting passenger inflows at multiple stations in Nanjing and Zhengzhou, showcasing its excellent spatial transferability. By integrating multi-level, multi-scale data processing and adaptive feature extraction mechanisms, the proposed model significantly mitigates error accumulation observed in traditional approaches. These findings collectively indicate its potential as a scientific foundation for refined operational decision-making in urban rail transit management, thereby significantly promoting the sustainable development and long-term stable operation of urban rail transit systems. Full article

Two-pore channel 2 (TPC2) is a member of the endolysosomal ion channel family, playing critical roles in intracellular calcium signaling and endomembrane dynamics. This review provides an in-depth analysis of TPC2, covering its structural and functional properties, physiological roles, and involvement in human diseases. We discuss current experimental approaches to studying TPC2, including heterologous expression in plant vacuoles and computational modeling strategies. Particular emphasis is placed on the structural determinants of ion permeation, with a focus on the selectivity filter and the central cavity’s influence on channel kinetics. Furthermore, we explore emerging roles of TPC2 in viral infections, particularly SARS-CoV-2, and in cancer, including melanoma progression and neoangiogenesis. The inhibitory potential of natural compounds, such as naringenin, is also examined. By offering a comprehensive overview of current knowledge and methodologies, this review underscores the potential of TPC2 as a promising pharmacological target in both infectious and neoplastic diseases. Full article

Background: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) has been implicated in recurrent wheezing, but mechanisms and diagnostic markers remain debated. Multichannel intraluminal impedance-pH (MII-pH) monitoring improves reflux detection compared to pH-metry, while bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cytology may provide evidence of aspiration-related airway inflammation. Objectives: This study aims to examine the relationship between reflux characteristics, BAL cytology and clinical outcomes in preschool children with severe recurrent wheeze. Methods: Preschool-aged children undergoing combined MII-pH and bronchoscopy for severe recurrent wheeze were included. BAL samples were assessed for lipid-laden macrophages (LLM). Associations between reflux parameters, BAL cytology and response to antireflux treatment were analysed. Results: GERD was identified in 70% of participants, with weakly acidic and proximal reflux episodes predominating. Children with GERD exhibited significantly higher percentages of LLM compared with those without GERD (12% vs. 1%, p < 0.001). LLM percentage correlated with multiple reflux characteristics, including weakly acidic, liquid and proximal reflux (p < 0.047; p < 0.047 and p < 0.047, respectively), as well as symptom indices (p < 0.001). Following antireflux therapy, wheezing episodes were substantially reduced. Conclusions: GERD, particularly weakly acidic and proximal reflux, is associated with airway inflammation and recurrent wheeze in preschool children. BAL LLM percentage may serve as a surrogate marker of reflux-related microaspiration. MII-pH monitoring enhances diagnostic accuracy beyond pH-metry and may help guide targeted antireflux interventions. Full article

The present study utilized two prominent emotion theories to investigate intention and behavior involved in propagating threatening social media messages. Participants were randomly assigned to different blocks of tweets/Xs with the same word count but different topics/sentiments. The topics in Study 1 (N = 619) were neutral and illegal border crossing, whereas the topics in Study 2 (N = 577) were the virulent risk of COVID-19 and the potential risks of newly developed vaccines. Dissemination intention was gauged by the number of tweets that participants wanted to share. Participants were also asked to summarize the messages to observe their behavioral engagement with the information, specifically through time spent on the task and the number of words written. An intention–behavior disjoint was found under all threatening topics and on both sides of the political divide. Fearful participants showed engaging intentions (wanted to share more tweets) but disengaging behaviors (wrote fewer words and submitted their summaries sooner). The necessary and sufficient conditions for the intention–behavior disjoint seemed to be the presence of threatening contents and subjective fear. Communicating risks can spark interest, but it is important not to burden the audience with too much fear, or they may stop spreading the word. Full article

In this paper, the use of nilpotent Lie algebras as the basis for homomorphic encryption based on additive operations is explored. The $g$-setting is set up over $g{l}_n\left({\mathbb{Z}}_q\right)$) and the group $G=exp\left(g\right)$, and it is noted that the exponential and logarithm series are truncated by nilpotency in a natural way. From this, an additive symmetric conjugation scheme is constructed: given a message element $M$ and a central randomizer $U\in z\left(g\right),$ we encrypt $=Kexp\left(M+U\right)K^{-1}$ and decrypt to $M=log\left(K^{-1}CK\right)-U$. The scheme is additive in nature, with the security defined in the IND-CPA model. Integrity is ensured using an encrypt-then-MAC construction. These properties together provide both confidentiality and robustness while preserving the homomorphic functionality. The scheme realizes additive homomorphism through a truncated BCH-sum, so it is suitable for ciphertext summations. We implemented a prototype and took reproducible measurements (Python 3.11/NumPy) of the series $\{{10,10}^2,{10}^3,{10}^4,{10}^5\}$ over 10 iterations, reporting the medians and 95% confidence intervals. The graphs exhibit that the latency per operation remains constant at fixed values, and the total time scales approximately linearly with the batch size; we also report the throughput, peak memory usage, $\mid C\mid /\mid M\mid$ expansion rate, and achievable aggregation depth. The applications are federated reporting, IoT telemetry, and privacy-preserving aggregations in DBMS; the limitations include its additive nature (lacking general multiplicative homomorphism), IND-CPA (but not CCA), and side-channel resistance requirements. We place our approach in contrast to the standard FHE building blocks BFV/BGV/CKKS nd the emerging NIST PQC standards (FIPS 203/204/205), as a well-established security model with future engineering optimizations. Full article

In this study, the insufficient ability of tartary buckwheat protein (TBP) to stabilize Pickering emulsions was addressed by preparing TBP–sodium alginate (SA) composite particles via cross-linking and systematic optimization of the preparation parameters. The results showed that at a pH of 9.0 with 1.0% (w/v) TBP and 0.2% (w/v) SA, the zeta potential of the prepared TBP–SA composite particles was significantly more negative, and the particle size was significantly larger, than those of TBP, while emulsifying activity index and emulsifying stability index increased to 53.76 m²/g and 78.78%, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the formation of a dense network structure; differential scanning calorimetry revealed a thermal denaturation temperature of 83 °C. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and surface hydrophobicity results indicated that the complex was formed primarily through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions between TBP and SA, which induced conformational changes in the protein. The Pickering emulsion prepared with 5% (w/v) TBP–SA composite particles and 60% (φ) oil phase was stable during 4-month storage, at a high temperature of 75 °C, high salt conditions of 600 mM, and pH of 3.0–9.0. The stabilization mechanisms may involve: (1) strong electrostatic repulsion provided by the highly negative zeta potential; (2) steric hindrance and mechanical strength imparted by the dense interfacial network; and (3) restriction of droplet mobility due to SA-induced gelation. Full article

Cultivated land quality is critical for soil productivity and scientific fertilization. This study analyzed its evolution and impact on soil productivity across three ecological regions (southern, central, and northern Shanxi) in Shanxi Province, China, from 1998 to 2021). Using data from 8 long-term experimental sites (1998–2021) and 50 monitoring stations (2016–2021), we employed random forest analysis to evaluate temporal trends in key soil indicators. The results show the following: (1) Northern Shanxi exhibited the greatest improvement in soil fertility, with organic matter increasing by 98.2%, total nitrogen by 57.2%, available phosphorus by 131.7%, and available potassium by 17.1%. (2) Nitrogen fertilizer application increased across all regions, while phosphorus and potassium inputs generally declined. (3) Crop yields improved substantially—southern Shanxi wheat and maize increased by 15.3% and 20.9%, respectively, while central and northern Shanxi maize yields rose by 30.9% and 75.4%. Random forest models identified regional characteristics (40%), nitrogen fertilization (20%), and available phosphorus (18%) as primary influencing factors. Although cultivated land quality improved overall, soil fertility remained medium to low. Region-specific management strategies are recommended: rational nitrogen use in all regions; nitrogen control with phosphorus supplementation in the south; focused improvement of available phosphorus and potassium in the center; and increased organic fertilizer in the north. These measures support scientific nutrient management and sustainable agricultural production. Full article

With the rapid development of China’s tourism industry, the homogenization of regional tourism images has become a growing concern. To address this, this study quantifies the similarities and differences in tourism image perception across China’s 31 provinces, focusing on 350 5A-level destinations, analyzing 757,046 tourist reviews collected from Ctrip.com in 2024. Using a three-dimensional framework (cognitive, affective, and overall image), we analyze social media data through natural language processing, random forest regression, and social network analysis. Key findings include the following: (1) most comments are positive, with Jiangsu and Chongqing showing high cognitive image similarity but low overall similarity; (2) cognitive image significantly impacts affective image, especially through unique tourism resources; (3) an inter-provincial similarity–difference matrix reveals significant perceptual differences among provinces. This study provides a novel methodological approach for multidimensional image evaluation and offers crucial empirical insights for regional policy-making aimed at optimizing land and tourism resource allocation, balancing regional disparities, and promoting sustainable land use and development across China. Full article

High non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) during negative energy balance in dairy cattle can impair reproduction. While their effects on oocyte maturation and preimplantation embryo development are known, their impact during fertilisation is largely unexplored. This study examined the effects of high NEFA exposure exclusively during in vitro fertilisation (IVF). Bovine oocytes were matured in vitro and fertilised under physiological or high NEFA concentrations. High NEFA concentrations decreased fertilisation, cleavage, and blastocyst rates. Reactive oxygen species production in zygotes was not affected, but blastocysts derived from the High-NEFA group had fewer cells. Spermatozoa exposed to high NEFA concentrations exhibited increased plasma membrane and acrosome damage, higher DNA fragmentation, and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential. The expression of H3K27me3, a repressive histone mark normally erased from fertilisation to embryonic genome activation, was higher in 2-cell than in 4-cell embryos on day 2 after IVF, but only in the High-NEFA group. This delayed H3K27me3 loss, along with increased DNA damage, could partially explain the reduced blastocyst formation observed. In conclusion, high NEFA concentrations can impair pre-implantation embryo development during zygote formation, potentially via effects on both the oocyte and spermatozoon. The latter warrants further investigation using an intracytoplasmic sperm injection model. Full article

Organic fertilizer granulation represents a promising strategy for modifying nitrogen (N) release from compost in soil. Nevertheless, there is a lack of large-scale field trials exploring its impact on tobacco production and soil N supply. This research conducted a preliminary study by employing ¹⁵N tracing technology to investigate the effects of granular compost on soil N transformation and supply; on the yield and quality of tobacco leaves; and on the distribution of granular compost-derived N among the different soil N pools and tobacco plant organs. The results revealed that the 2 cm diameter granule organic fertilizer treatment (G2) significantly increased tobacco leaf yield by 15% compared to conventional fertilization (CK). However, the 4 cm diameter granule organic fertilizer (G4) treatment resulted in a reduction in leaf yield. Notably, the quality of tobacco leaves remained unaffected compared to conventional fertilization treatment; the N content ranged from 15 to 25 g kg⁻¹, which was within the high-quality range. The results also indicated that direct N supply to the tobacco from granular compost was limited. The G2 and G4 treatments provided 2.8% and 2.2% of the N in the fertilizer to the tobacco plants, respectively, with more than 93% of the N in the tobacco plants derived from the soil. Therefore, both of these particle sizes of granular compost facilitated the absorption of soil N by tobacco plants. At the end of the growth period, the N content derived from the G4 granular fertilizer in the soil was significantly higher than that from the G2 fertilizer. This may be due to the slower nutrient release mechanism and longer release period of the G4 fertilizer compared to G2. Our results suggested that granulated compost fertilizer (both G2 and G4) has the potential to enhance soil N supply. Despite the elevated nitrogen levels observed in leaves treated with 4 cm diameter granular fertilizer, an integrated assessment of yield performance demonstrates that the 2 cm diameter granular organic fertilizer delivers superior economic benefits. However, G2 may also have a higher potential for N loss. Further investigations under field conditions are necessary to validate the applicability of granular fertilizer of different particle sizes and its specific mechanisms of impact. Full article