Beyond the Pipeline: Exclusionary Discipline and Youth Power in K-12 Education

A special issue of Youth (ISSN 2673-995X).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 October 2025) | Viewed by 13997

Editors


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Guest Editor
School of Social Work, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
Interests: youth power; critical race theory; abolition; mixed-methods; geospatial; community-engaged research

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Guest Editor
Department of Child Studies, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA 95053, USA
Interests: early childhood; educational equity; antiracism; anti-carceral praxis; mixed methods research; spatial data science

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Decades of scholarship on exclusionary discipline and the school-to-prison pipeline have advanced research, policy, and practice interventions to address educational inequity (see Gregory et al., 2010 for review). Embracing Noltemeyer and Mcloughlin’s (2010) conceptualization of exclusionary discipline as any incident when a student is removed from their everyday educational setting, Beyond the Pipeline: Exclusionary Discipline and Youth Power in K-12 Education welcomes papers that confront exclusionary discipline as a carceral practice in schools, address the impacts of carceral interventions across a range of educational contexts, interrogate power, examine resource distribution, and decenter the Global North. This Special Issue will interrogate, complicate, and expand scholarly discourses about exclusionary discipline, moving beyond preoccupations with disproportionalities, disparities, and the school-to-prison pipeline.

The school-to-prison pipeline suggests a direct, linear pathway from schools into carceral contexts (e.g., prisons, jails, juvenile incarceration). In the public imagination, exclusionary discipline and the school-to-prison pipeline are concepts that intersect with identity, power, resources, and other factors reinforcing the status quo arrangements of racial, gender, class, and educational hierarchies. Intersectionally marginalized and structurally oppressed youth tend to be adultified and dehumanized (Goff et al., 2008; Goff et al., 2014), and/or perceived as “problems” (Meiners, 2017) or “troublemakers” (Okonofua & Eberhardt, 2015). These overt and insidious biases may explain persistent discipline and criminalization. Yet, the prevalence of “damage-centered” narratives (Tuck, 2009) overshadows a full picture of exclusionary discipline, anti-carceral activisms, and abolition futures (Meiners, 2011) in schools.

This Special Issue will move scholarship beyond examinations of disparities and inequities in exclusionary discipline to address the fundamental problem of schools as carceral sites where exclusion is merely one aspect of a system of punishment. We invite submissions that interrogate the school-to-prison pipeline narrative, make space for youth power and radical imagination, and invite actions to transform schools to a homeplace (hooks, 2007) where all carceral interventions are abolished. Through a lens of abolitionist praxis in education (Love, 2019), this Special Issue welcomes papers that refuse race-neutral and dominant ideologies, uplift anti-carceral approaches in education, and amplify youth perspectives.

Suggested themes and article types for submissions

We are pleased to invite submissions for Beyond the Pipeline: Exclusionary Discipline and Youth Power in K-12 Education. This Special Issue aims to expand scholarship about exclusionary discipline through an inclusive platform for diverse perspectives and innovative methods. We welcome the submission formats: traditional manuscripts, including original research articles, review papers, theoretical and conceptual analyses, case studies, etc. Submissions should align with the journal’s focus.

Topic areas may include (but are not limited to) the following:

  • Intersectional and structurally conscious narratives and analysis;
  • Youth perspectives on exclusionary discipline and just futures;
  • Youth-led and youth-centered programs for justice and well-being;
  • Place-based investigations of anti-carceral and abolitionist education;
  • Complication and expansion of exclusionary discipline as a concept and practice;
  • Creative anti-carceral and youth power projects within schools and community settings;
  • Critical theoretical and methodological approaches.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

References

Goff, P. A., Eberhardt, J. L., Williams, M. J., & Jackson, M. C. (2008). Not yet human: Implicit knowledge, historical dehumanization, and contemporary consequences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(2), 292–306. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.94.2.292

Goff, P. A., Jackson, M. C., Di Leone, B. A. L., Culotta, C. M., & DiTomasso, N. A. (2014). The essence of innocence: Consequences of dehumanizing Black children. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 106(4), 526–545. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035663

Gregory, A., Skiba, R. J., & Noguera, P. A. (2010). The achievement gap and the discipline gap: Two sides of the same coin? Educational Researcher, 39(1), 59–68. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X09357621

hooks, bell. 1984. Feminist theory from margin to center. Boston: South End Press.

Meiners, E. R. (2011). Ending the school-to-prison pipeline/building abolition futures. Urban Review, 43(4), 547–565. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11256-011-0187-9

Meiners, E. R. (2017). The problem child: Provocations toward dismantling the carceral state. Harvard Educational Review, 87(1), 122-146. https://doi.org/10.17763/1943-5045-87.1.122

Noltemeyer, A. L., & Mcloughlin, C. S. (2010). Changes in exclusionary discipline rates and disciplinary disproportionality over time. International Journal of Special Education, 25(1), 59-70.

Okonofua, J., & Eberhardt, J. (2015). Two strikes: Race and the disciplining of young students. Psychological Science, 26(5), 617-624. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797615570365

Tuck, E. (2009). Suspending damage: A letter to communities. Harvard Educational Review, 79(3), 409–427.

Dr. Ceema Samimi
Dr. Brita A. Bookser
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • exclusionary discipline
  • school-to-prison pipeline
  • youth power
  • abolitionist praxis
  • social justice
  • education
  • schools

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Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 3570 KB  
Article
Punished for Surviving: ACEs, Intersectional Inequities and the Pursuit of Mental Health Support for Black Girls in Tennessee Schools
by Andrea Asha Joseph-McCatty, Dashawna J. Fussell-Ware, Kenyette Garrett, Cecily Dyan Davis and Kara James
Youth 2026, 6(2), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/youth6020069 - 29 May 2026
Viewed by 188
Abstract
This paper interrogates exclusionary discipline as a carceral practice for Black girls disproportionately exposed to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in Tennessee. Using 2017–2018 data from the Office for Civil Rights and the National Survey of Children’s Health, we describe girls’ risk for suspensions, [...] Read more.
This paper interrogates exclusionary discipline as a carceral practice for Black girls disproportionately exposed to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in Tennessee. Using 2017–2018 data from the Office for Civil Rights and the National Survey of Children’s Health, we describe girls’ risk for suspensions, access to school support staff, and girls’ exposure to nine types of ACEs. Findings show Black girls in Tennessee had 4.22 times the risk of receiving a single out-of-school suspension and had 2.28 times the risk of being arrested compared to all other girls. Black girls in TN also had a higher risk for six out of nine ACEs, with a statistically significant ACE of parental divorce. We posit that the disproportional discipline and ACEs that Black girls experience are rooted in structural inequities that undergird the abuse-to-prison pipeline. We suggest that eradicating the adversity-to-prison pipeline requires schools to view ACEs as systemic harm, not personal deficits, and adopt intersectional, healing-focused reforms led by school social workers. Full article
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24 pages, 2993 KB  
Article
Counter-Mapping School Wellbeing with Youth in Alternative Education
by Auralia Brooke
Youth 2026, 6(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/youth6010034 - 12 Mar 2026
Viewed by 1093
Abstract
In alternative education programs, school wellbeing is enacted partially through the spatialized (emplaced and embodied) lived experiences of students whose educational futures are fragile. Displaced to a series of trailers and limited to half-day attendance, the participants in this qualitative study were removed [...] Read more.
In alternative education programs, school wellbeing is enacted partially through the spatialized (emplaced and embodied) lived experiences of students whose educational futures are fragile. Displaced to a series of trailers and limited to half-day attendance, the participants in this qualitative study were removed from mainstream classes in a large urban high school to attend alternative programming. Utilizing a critical counter-mapping youth participatory action approach, 24 participants mapped their barriers and supports to school wellbeing by moving through, sitting within, and writing together in the school spaces they were no longer permitted to occupy during their studies. As a research collective, students produced twenty-six annotated counter-maps, inscribing their school histories, present tensions, and hopes for educational futures onto existing geographical maps of the building. Findings contribute to understandings of students’ perspectives on best practices for complex school interactions as a foundation for building school climates that center educational wellbeing, care, play, and relationships. In addition to insights into current spatial practices in schools and how they might be rewritten to advance an equity-orientation, this work makes visible the tensions between the school’s emphasis on academic performance and the youth’s lived experiences of injustice on the spatial and metaphorical edges of the system. Full article
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20 pages, 259 KB  
Article
Navigating the School-Prison Nexus in Pursuit of Educational Attainment
by Cynthia Valencia-Ayala, Jeanne McPhee, Elizabeth McBride and Johanna B. Folk
Youth 2026, 6(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/youth6010028 - 1 Mar 2026
Viewed by 1193
Abstract
Current school level practices and policies reproduce and reify carceral logics in schools through the disproportionate exclusion, removal, policing, and surveillance of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous students from low-income backgrounds. Given the link between school-based discipline and youth incarceration, we sought to understand [...] Read more.
Current school level practices and policies reproduce and reify carceral logics in schools through the disproportionate exclusion, removal, policing, and surveillance of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous students from low-income backgrounds. Given the link between school-based discipline and youth incarceration, we sought to understand how young people experience and respond to inequitable discipline practices in educational settings. In this two-part study, we conceptually explore the mechanisms by which schools function as an extension of the carceral system through inequitable disciplinary practices and seek to empirically understand how students perceive and experience school-level carceral logics and the processes that lead students into the juvenile legal system. Study 1 consisted of three focus groups (N = 24) with high school students from historically marginalized backgrounds and explored youth perceptions of and experiences with discipline. Study 2 consisted of six focus groups (N = 28) with community college students who were incarcerated as youth, to understand their trajectories and educational experiences before, during, and following their incarceration. Taken together, the studies illuminate the intersection of schools and prisons as complex systems that historically marginalized students must navigate to access their education, leveraging skills and collective resilience to do so. Full article
26 pages, 504 KB  
Article
The Indignant Generation: Black Male Counternarratives of School Disaffection, Carceral Discipline, and Racial Threat Theory
by Marcia J. Watson-Vandiver
Youth 2026, 6(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/youth6010025 - 23 Feb 2026
Viewed by 1075
Abstract
This phenomenological study explores the experiences of Black males in U.S. public schools and draws parallels between Black millennials and the “indignant generation,” a term Lawrence Jackson uses to describe African American life between 1934–1960. While the purview of school discipline discourse is [...] Read more.
This phenomenological study explores the experiences of Black males in U.S. public schools and draws parallels between Black millennials and the “indignant generation,” a term Lawrence Jackson uses to describe African American life between 1934–1960. While the purview of school discipline discourse is saturated with conversations on racial disparities, the exigent problem still remains. As such, this research provides a nuanced probe into concepts of discontent and indignation within Black students. In doing so, this study recasts Black male students as experts, not observers, within educational research. Using counter-storytelling as the theoretical and analytical framework, this study examines both student engagement and school disaffection through the lens of “Black male positionality.” Participants (Black males, ages 25–35, n = 9) provide individual reflections of their past schooling experiences and also detail critical needs in educational reform. Using semi-structured interviews, participants provide in-depth, retrospective perspectives of schooling and reconceptualize renewed possibilities of educational reform for Black students today. The study’s major findings demonstrate school carcerality was evident via counterproductive discipline policies and semblances of “untapped potential” among students. The study’s findings surface important topics in Black education and help to broaden the scope of research to explore concepts of Blackness, being, and belonging within phenomenological studies. Full article
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16 pages, 259 KB  
Article
“Schooling for Me Was the Door to Incarceration”: Exploring Formerly Incarcerated Students’ Experiences and Freedom Dreams to Radically Reimagine School
by Asianya Jones and Addison Duane
Youth 2026, 6(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/youth6010023 - 20 Feb 2026
Viewed by 1118
Abstract
Endemic racism, operationalized through exclusionary discipline practices contributes to the “spirit murdering” of youth of color in schools. While the school-to-prison pipeline frames the funneling of students into the (in)justice system, the school-to-prison nexus expands this understanding by interrogating the reality that schools [...] Read more.
Endemic racism, operationalized through exclusionary discipline practices contributes to the “spirit murdering” of youth of color in schools. While the school-to-prison pipeline frames the funneling of students into the (in)justice system, the school-to-prison nexus expands this understanding by interrogating the reality that schools are prison for many. Thus, education abolitionists call for a systemic account of “schooling” to embrace creative risk and radical possibility in the pursuit of liberation. However, existing literature has not substantively centered the voices of youth directly involved in these carceral systems, nor invited them to dream. This study asks: based on formerly incarcerated students’ experiences in school and prison, what must educational systems do to disrupt the school-to-prison pipeline? Guided by qualitative methods, we conducted semi-structured interviews with formerly incarcerated college students (four women, two men; majority Latinx/Hispanic) and conducted member checking. Our reflexive thematic analysis uncovered a troubling truth: schools frequently ignored and misinterpreted trauma, grief, and internalized pain among high school students. Participants described internal battles (i.e., mental health challenges) that often showed up externally as “behaviors” (e.g., fighting, skipping school, substance use) that resulted in exclusionary discipline. Equally important, participants re-imagined schools as homeplaces—sites of care, belonging, and agency. These narratives illuminate the need to dismantle punitive systems, center insights from those at the center of the experiences, and build just, loving, and equitable schools. Full article
13 pages, 244 KB  
Article
Restorative Times: An Entangled Exploration of White Time, Hospitality, and Restorative Justice in Schools
by Daniel Thalkar
Youth 2026, 6(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/youth6010021 - 9 Feb 2026
Viewed by 1141
Abstract
This paper explores the entanglement of the coloniality of time, justice, and emancipatory horizons through the lens of restorative justice in public schools. The author utilizes Jacques Derrida’s theory of hospitality in order to demonstrate how restorative justice, as an open spacetime of [...] Read more.
This paper explores the entanglement of the coloniality of time, justice, and emancipatory horizons through the lens of restorative justice in public schools. The author utilizes Jacques Derrida’s theory of hospitality in order to demonstrate how restorative justice, as an open spacetime of impossible choices, creates liberatory possibilities. The author utilizes Charles Mills’ “white time” to deconstruct racial capitalism’s notions of time as they manifest in schools and to reflect upon how restorative justice’s orientation towards relational, fluid temporalities offers a means through which the ethico-ontoepistemological assumptions that underlie oppressive systems in schooling can be questioned and transformed. A restorative justice approach grounded in hospitality, this theoretical paper argues, offers a way through the oppressive temporality of White Time. Full article
21 pages, 283 KB  
Article
“Adults See Everything as Dangerous Except Themselves”: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Safety, Policing, and Protection in Schools
by Shareen Rawlings Springer
Youth 2026, 6(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/youth6010014 - 30 Jan 2026
Viewed by 1262
Abstract
This article explores how ideologies and discourses of school safety and policing operate within the U.S. educational system and shape broader understandings of safety, punishment, and mass incarceration. Guided by corpus-assisted discourse studies (CADS) and Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), it examines three questions: [...] Read more.
This article explores how ideologies and discourses of school safety and policing operate within the U.S. educational system and shape broader understandings of safety, punishment, and mass incarceration. Guided by corpus-assisted discourse studies (CADS) and Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), it examines three questions: how different educational community members define safety (and for whom), how policing is constructed as safe or unsafe, and how these narratives position certain students as threats. Analyzing school board meetings, online public comments, and conversations with students within the context of a 2020 local decision to remove School Resource Officers from Eugene, Oregon, public schools, the study identifies common and contested discursive strategies about policing and youth across social and historical contexts. A central finding is the role of adultism in sustaining links between schools and prisons, normalizing compliance, silence, and the disappearance of youth who challenge adult authority. These adultist discourses position students as belonging to adults and construct dissent as danger, enabling surveillance, policing, and incarceration to circulate as commonsense approaches to “community safety.” From these findings, the article introduces YouthCrit as an emergent conceptual framework grounded in youth analyses of adultism. In turn, YouthCrit offers a framework for scholars, educators, and practitioners to challenge deficit narratives about students while centering youth presence and perspectives in school-based research and within social movements for community safety. Full article
25 pages, 318 KB  
Article
“This Kind of Technology Can… Treat Students Like Threats”: Black Youth Experiences, Reflections, and Articulations of Digital Discipline Under the New Jim Code
by Tiera Tanksley and Brian Cabral
Youth 2026, 6(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/youth6010012 - 30 Jan 2026
Viewed by 3020
Abstract
Believed by many to be the “silver bullet” that will bring an end to educational inequality, AI technologies continue to proliferate within schools and classrooms, promising to bolster academic achievement, spark student engagement, and ensure campus safety while lessening the burden of overworked [...] Read more.
Believed by many to be the “silver bullet” that will bring an end to educational inequality, AI technologies continue to proliferate within schools and classrooms, promising to bolster academic achievement, spark student engagement, and ensure campus safety while lessening the burden of overworked and systemically underpaid teachers. Despite this hype, a growing body of critical research is revealing that many of the AI technologies used in schools are rife with algorithmic biases that exacerbate, rather than remediate, educational inequity for historically marginalized students. We extend the work of scholars who have called attention to the rise of tech-mediated racism and the New Jim Code to consider how the proliferation of AI technologies into K-12 schools has worked to hide, speed up, and automate educational inequities for Black students, giving rise to a techno-educational carceral apparatus. To do so, we analyze youth interviews, youth-generated video blogs, and weekly journal reflections of 46 Black students that participated in a critical technology summer course. Full article
19 pages, 293 KB  
Article
Not a Neutral Space: Early Childhood Education as a Site of Exclusion and Liberation
by Chelsea T. Morris, Aniva Lumpkins, Lisa Fox and Danielle Lansing
Youth 2025, 5(4), 126; https://doi.org/10.3390/youth5040126 - 27 Nov 2025
Viewed by 1758
Abstract
Research on exclusionary discipline often focuses on school-aged children (kindergarten to twelfth grade), overlooking carceral logics in early childhood education (ECE). This paper advances a conceptual understanding and policy-oriented analysis that situates exclusion in preschool, child care, and other ECE settings as systemic [...] Read more.
Research on exclusionary discipline often focuses on school-aged children (kindergarten to twelfth grade), overlooking carceral logics in early childhood education (ECE). This paper advances a conceptual understanding and policy-oriented analysis that situates exclusion in preschool, child care, and other ECE settings as systemic rather than individual, showing how surveillance, sorting, and regulation disproportionality affect young children. We demonstrate how diagnostic gatekeeping, inequitable access, and formal and informal removals are design choices embedded in systems that reproduce racialized and classed hierarchies. At the same time, ECE holds transformative potential. We highlight abolitionist and decolonizing approaches already in practice, including culturally sustaining and community-rooted models, healing-centered and trauma-responsive care, and reimagining classrooms as “homeplace” spaces of resistance and care. We conclude with recommendations for policy, research, and practice that reject surveillance and exclusion, expand access, and center family and community leadership. If exclusion begins before the pipeline, so must liberation. Full article
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