Cyanophage and Algal Virus

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Viruses of Plants, Fungi and Protozoa".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2025) | Viewed by 3485

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Guest Editor
Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Interests: aquatic viruses; algae viruses; phycodnaviruses; cyanophages; genomics; evolution; virus–host interactions
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In recent decades, we have observed a growing interest in aquatic viruses and their impact on basic and applied virology. Since the early 1960s, viruses that infect cyanobacteria, or cyanophages, have been isolated and characterized, and we have learned a great deal about their impact on diversity and environmental dynamics, especially in eliminating harmful algal blooms. In the early 1980s, viruses that infect eukaryotic algae were isolated, which paved the way for exciting discoveries that expanded our knowledge of the diversity and complexity of the virosphere, including giant algal viruses. Today, in the age of omics, a wealth of evidence points to the remarkable distribution and diversity of cyanophages and algal viruses across the globe. Efforts to identify these viruses and study their biology, genomics, ecology, and evolution through innovative approaches will open new windows for advances in this field.

In this Special Issue, we aim to compile the latest research on aquatic viruses, with a particular focus on cyanophages and algal viruses. We welcome the submission of original research and review articles that cover different topics, including the description of new viruses, elucidation of virion structure, genomics and evolutionary aspects of aquatic viruses, viral ecology, and the impact of these viruses in different environments. We strive to present a comprehensive collection of up-to-date research in this broad and fascinating field of virology.

Dr. Rodrigo Araújo Lima Rodrigues
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • cyanophages
  • algal viruses
  • Algavirales
  • Phycodnaviridae
  • Marnaviridae
  • aquatic virus
  • algae bloom
  • viral diversity
  • viral ecology

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

20 pages, 1548 KB  
Article
A Polinton-like Virus of C. parva Inhibits the Population Growth of a Newly Isolated Relative of Tethysvirus ontarioense
by George R. Thomas, Ichiro Inamoto, Christine N. Palermo, Gurshan Bajaj and Steven M. Short
Viruses 2026, 18(2), 196; https://doi.org/10.3390/v18020196 - 1 Feb 2026
Viewed by 1068
Abstract
The previous discovery of genomes of Polinton-like viruses (PLVs) associated with viruses of Chrysochromulina parva stimulated this research to determine the biological nature of these putative viral hyperparasites. Purification of C. parva viruses to enable co-infection experiments led to the discovery of a [...] Read more.
The previous discovery of genomes of Polinton-like viruses (PLVs) associated with viruses of Chrysochromulina parva stimulated this research to determine the biological nature of these putative viral hyperparasites. Purification of C. parva viruses to enable co-infection experiments led to the discovery of a previously unknown virus, CpV-BQ3, which, based on sequence information and electron microscopy, is a species of Tethysvirus, a genus within the Megaviricetes. Purification and TEM imaging of CpV-PLV Moe revealed naked icosahedral particles morphologically similar to other cultivated virophages and PLVs. Mixed-infection experiments with the putative Polinton-like virus CpV-PLV Moe demonstrated that CpV-BQ3 supports its replication, whereas the putative Phycodnavirus CpV-BQ1 does not. Further, experimental infections with differing proportions of the Moe and its helper virus CpV-BQ3 revealed a dose-effect whereby high levels of Moe had a greater negative impact on BQ3 replication compared to lower levels. Conversely, high levels of Moe relative to BQ3 provided greater protection for C. parva, allowing enhanced cell survival, whereas low doses of Moe did not prevent cell lysis. Overall, the results of this study demonstrated the intimate relationship of CpV-PLV Moe with the newly discovered virus, CpV-BQ3, and C. parva, and illustrate the complex ecology of algal viruses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cyanophage and Algal Virus)
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18 pages, 5221 KB  
Article
New Isolates of Betachloroviruses Shed Light on the Diversity and Biological Complexity of an Unexplored Group of Giant Algal Viruses
by Júlia W. Souza, Lethícia R. Henriques, Roger M. Carlson, Bruna B. F. Botelho, João Victor R. P. Carvalho, João Pedro N. Santos, Eric R. G. R. Aguiar, Irina V. Agarkova, James L. Van Etten, David D. Dunigan and Rodrigo A. L. Rodrigues
Viruses 2025, 17(8), 1096; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17081096 - 8 Aug 2025
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1453
Abstract
The majority of giant algal viruses belong to the family Phycodnaviridae, class Algavirales, phylum Nucleocytoviricota. Among them, the genus Chlorovirus is the most studied, with three recognized groups based on genomics and host range, although many fundamental questions remain to [...] Read more.
The majority of giant algal viruses belong to the family Phycodnaviridae, class Algavirales, phylum Nucleocytoviricota. Among them, the genus Chlorovirus is the most studied, with three recognized groups based on genomics and host range, although many fundamental questions remain to be elucidated, particularly regarding their diversity. In this study, we focus on betachloroviruses, a poorly explored subgroup that infects the alga Micractinium conductrix Pbi. Here, we describe the isolation and genomic analysis of 11 new betachloroviruses from water samples collected in Nebraska, USA. With 25 fully sequenced genomes now available, we assessed the genomic diversity of these viruses. They have double-stranded DNA genomes ranging from 295 to 374 kbp, encoding hundreds of ORFs, of which a large number (~40%) lack known function. Comparative genomics and phylogenetic analyses revealed three species of betachlorovirus, each with high intra-species genomic identity. Notably, some isolates with over 99.5% genomic identity display markedly different plaque phenotypes, which led us to propose the use of the term genomovar among giant algal viruses, a concept potentially applicable to other giant viral groups yet to be explored. Altogether, this work advances our understanding of betachloroviruses and highlights the importance of linking viral genotype to phenotype, opening new avenues for exploring the diversity of giant algal viruses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cyanophage and Algal Virus)
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