Viral Pathogenesis and Novel Vaccines for Fish Viruses

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Animal Viruses".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2025) | Viewed by 1776

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Institute of Marine & Environmental Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
Interests: molecular biology of aquatic RNA viruses; viral pathogenesis; virulence; reverse genetics; recombinant vaccines; oral vaccines

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Many RNA viruses significantly impact the aquaculture industry, including infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV), infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV), salmonid alphavirus (SAV), piscine orthoreovirus (PRV), nervous necrosis virus (NNV), Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) and piscine myocarditis virus (PCMV). These viruses primarily affecting fish populations cause significant mortality rates and economic losses in aquaculture operations.

This Special Issue aims to cover the aspects of viral pathogenesis and virulence of these RNA viruses that constitute strategic targets for the development of novel vaccines. We accept original research and review articles about viral pathogenesis, molecular determinants of virulence, and the new generation of vaccines that include recombinant protein-based, nucleic acid-based, recombinant attenuated or virus vector-based (using reverse genetics) and nanoparticle-based oral vaccines against these RNA viruses.

Dr. Vikram Vakharia
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • fish
  • RNA viruses
  • viral pathogenesis
  • virulence
  • reverse genetics
  • recombinant vaccines
  • oral vaccines

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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19 pages, 2688 KB  
Article
Development of a Novel Virus-Like Particle-Based Vaccine Against PRV-1 Suitable for DIVA Strategies
by Claudia Galleguillos-Becerra, Matias Cardenas, Yesseny Vásquez-Martínez, Francisca Tapia, Zulema Yañez, Tomas Cancino, Iván Valdés and Marcelo Cortez-San Martín
Viruses 2025, 17(12), 1578; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17121578 - 2 Dec 2025
Viewed by 540
Abstract
Piscine orthoreovirus genotype 1 (PRV-1) is an emerging viral pathogen in salmon aquaculture that causes Heart and Skeletal Muscle Inflammation (HSMI), with high prevalence in salmon-producing countries such as Chile. A significant obstacle in PRV-1 vaccine development is the inability to culture the [...] Read more.
Piscine orthoreovirus genotype 1 (PRV-1) is an emerging viral pathogen in salmon aquaculture that causes Heart and Skeletal Muscle Inflammation (HSMI), with high prevalence in salmon-producing countries such as Chile. A significant obstacle in PRV-1 vaccine development is the inability to culture the virus in vitro, which limits the scalability and production of traditional inactivated or DNA-based vaccine strategies. This study describes the development of a novel virus-like particle (VLP)-based vaccine against PRV-1. Recombinant VLP were produced by co-expressing the six structural proteins of PRV-1 (λ1, λ2, μ1, σ1, σ2, σ3) using a baculovirus-based expression system in insect cells. In addition, to enable differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) strategies, the σ1 protein was modified by adding of a cmyc epitope tag. The results demonstrated that the native VLP vaccine (VLP6n) significantly reduced viral loads in Atlantic salmon challenged with PRV-1. Moreover, in rainbow trout, the cmyc-tagged VLP-like vaccine (VLP6c) elicited a specific antibody response against the cmyc epitope, allowing differentiation between vaccinated and naturally infected fish. Overall, this VLP-based vaccine platform represents a promising strategy for controlling PRV-1 prevalence in salmon-producing counties, supporting the implementation of serological surveillance programs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Pathogenesis and Novel Vaccines for Fish Viruses)
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Review

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21 pages, 3336 KB  
Review
Toward Effective Vaccines Against Piscine Orthoreovirus: Challenges and Current Strategies
by Daniela Espinoza and Andrea Rivas-Aravena
Viruses 2025, 17(10), 1372; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17101372 - 14 Oct 2025
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Abstract
Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) is a globally distributed viral pathogen that causes heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and affects other salmonids, yet no commercial vaccines are currently available. Major barriers to vaccine development include the inability [...] Read more.
Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) is a globally distributed viral pathogen that causes heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and affects other salmonids, yet no commercial vaccines are currently available. Major barriers to vaccine development include the inability to propagate PRV in cell lines and the low, variable immunogenicity of its proteins, particularly the outer capsid protein σ1, which mediates viral attachment. This protein is hypothesized to be immunologically relevant due to its homology with Mammalian orthoreoviruses. Recombinant σ1 expressed in conventional systems exhibits poor antibody recognition, whereas structural modifications such as lipidation or fusion with molecular chaperones improve epitope exposure. Formalin-inactivated vaccines have shown inconsistent protection, often failing to elicit robust innate or adaptive responses, especially under cohabitation challenge. In contrast, DNA vaccines encoding σ1 and the non-structural protein μNS have demonstrated partial efficacy, likely due to enhanced intracellular expression and antigen presentation. Nonetheless, the considerable variability observed in immune responses among individual fish and viral genotypes, together with suggestions that PRV may interfere with antiviral pathways, represent additional barriers to achieving consistent vaccine efficacy. This review summarizes the current status of PRV vaccine development and discusses future directions for rational design based on optimized antigens and intracellular delivery platforms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Pathogenesis and Novel Vaccines for Fish Viruses)
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