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Viruses
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Humoral Immune Response to Viruses
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Humoral Immune Response to Viruses

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Viral Immunology, Vaccines, and Antivirals".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 6 June 2026 | Viewed by 1607

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Haiyan Zhao

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
State Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
Interests: B cell; immune response; emerging viruses
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The humoral immune response plays a crucial role in the body's defense against viral infections by producing antibodies that neutralize pathogens and prevent their spread. This Special Issue focuses on the latest research in understanding the complex mechanisms of humoral immunity during viral infections. It explores how the immune system recognizes viral antigens, the generation of diverse antibody repertoires, and the role of B cells and plasma cells in viral clearance. The issue also addresses the influence of genetic, environmental, and immune memory factors on antibody responses to various viruses. Additionally, it delves into emerging therapeutic strategies that harness humoral immunity, including antibody-based therapies and vaccines. By bringing together cutting-edge studies and innovative approaches, this Special Issue aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the humoral immune response and its implications for the development of antiviral treatments and vaccines.

Prof. Dr. Haiyan Zhao
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Viruses is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • broadly neutralizing antibodies
  • protective antibodies
  • non-protective antibodies
  • epitopes
  • epitope-based vaccine design
  • B cell development
  • B cell repertoire
  • immune memory
  • vaccine development
  • plasma cells
  • antibody-based therapies

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 5986 KB  
Article
Broadly Sarbecovirus-Neutralizing Antibodies Induced by Ancestral SARS-CoV-2 Infection
by Yiwei Zhang, Zhen Zhang, Feiyang Yu, Xianying Chen, Shangyu Yang, Jingyi Lin, Genmao Liu, Xinyang Liu, Ming Guo, Yu Chen, Ke Lan and Haiyan Zhao
Viruses 2025, 17(10), 1285; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17101285 - 23 Sep 2025
Viewed by 453
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, driven by SARS-CoV-2, continues to challenge global health due to emerging variants and the potential risk posed by related sarbecoviruses. Neutralizing antibodies targeting the spike (S) glycoprotein, particularly the receptor-binding domain (RBD), play a crucial role in viral neutralization and [...] Read more.
The COVID-19 pandemic, driven by SARS-CoV-2, continues to challenge global health due to emerging variants and the potential risk posed by related sarbecoviruses. Neutralizing antibodies targeting the spike (S) glycoprotein, particularly the receptor-binding domain (RBD), play a crucial role in viral neutralization and vaccine design. Although broadly neutralizing anti-RBD antibodies have been identified, the nature of cross-reactive humoral responses induced by natural infection with ancestral SARS-CoV-2 strains remains incompletely understood. Here, we isolated 105 S-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from individuals recovered from prototype SARS-CoV-2 infection. Of these, 30 mAbs cross-recognized SARS-CoV-1, including 25 RBD-directed mAbs, of which 12 displayed cross-neutralizing activity against both viruses. Among them, mAb 12C2 potently neutralized SARS-CoV-1 and multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants, likely through mechanisms that include inhibition of membrane fusion and potential destabilization of the S trimer. Cryo-electron microscopy revealed that 12C2 engages the outer face of the RBD, overlapping with the epitope recognized by the broadly neutralizing antibody S309 derived from SARS-CoV-1 convalescent. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that ancestral SARS-CoV-2 infection can elicit robust cross-neutralizing antibody responses and provide valuable insights for the design of broadly protective antibodies and vaccines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Humoral Immune Response to Viruses)
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10 pages, 448 KB  
Article
Tixagevimab-Cilgavimab Effectively Prevents COVID-19 Infection in Patients with End-Stage Kidney Disease
by Noppakao Kongtal, Watchara Pichitsiri, Supinda Sirilak, Anyarin Wannakittirat, Busakorn Sontham, Sagoontee Inkate and Theerachai Thammathiwat
Viruses 2025, 17(9), 1216; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17091216 - 6 Sep 2025
Viewed by 741
Abstract
Patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) often exhibit suboptimal responses to COVID-19 vaccination. Tixagevimab-Cilgavimab, a neutralizing long-acting antibody (LAAB), has demonstrated effectiveness in preventing severe COVID-19 and hospitalization among immunocompromised populations. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Tixagevimab-Cilgavimab in [...] Read more.
Patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) often exhibit suboptimal responses to COVID-19 vaccination. Tixagevimab-Cilgavimab, a neutralizing long-acting antibody (LAAB), has demonstrated effectiveness in preventing severe COVID-19 and hospitalization among immunocompromised populations. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Tixagevimab-Cilgavimab in ESKD patients receiving hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, or kidney transplantation. This single-center, retrospective cohort study was conducted at Naresuan University Hospital, Phitsanulok, Thailand, and included patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) receiving maintenance hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, or kidney transplantation between June 2022 and June 2023, during the peak of the Omicron variant. Patients who received a single 150/150 mg dose of Tixagevimab-Cilgavimab were compared to those who did not, in terms of time to first COVID-19 infection and hospitalization within 6 months. Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate associations, adjusted for age, sex, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, serum creatinine, number of COVID-19 vaccine doses, and prior COVID-19 infection. Safety was assessed by comparing creatine kinase (CK) levels before and after treatment using generalized estimating equations (GEE). Of 117 patients, 58 received Tixagevimab-Cilgavimab (mean age 59 ± 15 years); 92% were on dialysis and 8% had undergone kidney transplantation. COVID-19 infection occurred in 10.3% of the LAAB group versus 11.9% in the control group. In the adjusted Cox model, LAAB use was significantly associated with a reduced risk of COVID-19 infection (adjusted HR: 0.20; 95% CI: 0.04–0.95; p = 0.043). No variables were significantly associated with hospitalization, although LAAB use showed a non-significant trend toward reduced hospitalization risk (adjusted HR: 0.08; 95% CI: 0.01–1.56; p = 0.096). No local or systemic adverse effects were reported. CK levels remained unchanged after administration. Tixagevimab-Cilgavimab was effective in reducing the risk of COVID-19 infection among ESKD patients, without evidence of adverse effects, supporting its use as a prophylactic agent in this high-risk population. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Humoral Immune Response to Viruses)
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