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Gender Equality: Empowering Women and Girls for Sustainable Development

A special issue of Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050). This special issue belongs to the section "Development Goals towards Sustainability".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2025 | Viewed by 15508

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Law, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples, Italy
Interests: sustainability accounting; supply chain digitalization; sustainable business models; blockchain and digital platforms; carbon accounting; sustainability reporting; integrated reporting; GHG protocol
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

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Guest Editor
Delhi School of Business, AU Block, Outer Ring Road, Pitampura, Delhi, India
Interests: sustainable business models; ESG; sustainability transitions; women empowerment; women entrepreneurship; entrepreneurship education

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Law, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples, Italy
Interests: corporate governance; financial reporting; public sector accounting and accountability; sustainability accounting; sustainability reporting

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Sustainable development goals (SDGs) are a critical policy for all countries in the current environment (Appolloni, Jabbour, D'Adamo, Gastaldi, and Settembre-Blundo, 2022). The ambitious Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030 are not merely intended to benefit women in the future, and women actively contribute to their realization. In addition to being a goal in and of itself, gender equality is essential for social, economic, and environmental sustainability. There are two reasons to support gender equality. First and foremost, it is an issue of social justice and human rights for women and men to have equal rights, opportunities, and responsibilities. And secondly, achieving more gender equality is a requirement for (and a reliable sign of) sustained people-centred development. In addition to being important for social justice, the perspectives, needs, and objectives of men and women must be considered to improve development processes (Ali et al., 2023).

Designing a future of well-being through sustainable business models requires immediate action (D’Adamo and Lupi, 2021). Although new technologies are an enabling factor for sustainability in transition processes, their introduction has raised several concerns; first, their accessibility creates conditions of inequality when they do not create benefits for all equally (United Nations, 2016).

Some scholars have paid attention to gender equality (Di Vaio, Hassan, and Palladino, 2023), especially for decarbonization processes (Di Vaio, Zaffar, Balsalobre-Lorente and Garofalo, 2023; UN Climate Change Conference UK, 2021). According to the UN Women Report (2017), new technologies are one of the causes of inequality and violence if women are not employed fairly in technologically advanced production and consumption models. Likewise, adopting digital technologies without the responsible behaviour of organizations can hinder achieving sustainability goals, e.g., social ones, threatening to empower women and girls for sustainable development. In this direction, SDG #5 has established priorities not only in terms of goals but also of targets. Therefore, initiatives and practices aimed at achieving the social goals of sustainability that influence performance, corporate social responsibility (CSR), and business ethics are encouraged (Carroll and Brown, 2018).

To achieve SDGs, especially SDG #5, academics and practitioners seek technical tools, accounting and reporting approaches, and practices (Bebbington and Unerman, 2018; Schaltegger, 2018). This process is vital for business as usual. Broadly reading the proposed managerial instruments can fill the gap between regulatory and research frameworks.

The Special Issue is addressed to invite scholars to highlight the current methodologies and practices for the SDG #5 initiatives and practices adopted by business organizations of private and public sectors. The cover of this Special Issue is to promote innovative and original research on the managerial accounting methodology and practices for achieving SDG #5. Significant papers of theoretical and empirical research on these topics are welcomed.

Topics:

  • Business models and SDGs #5;
  • Environmental and social accounting and SDG #5;
  • Management innovation for SDG #5;
  • SDG #5, GHG accounting, and carbon accounting;
  • Resilience theory, SDG #5, and integrated reporting;
  • SDG #5 and innovation systems;
  • SDG #5 and sustainability transitions;
  • SDG #5 initiatives/practices and business continuity.

References

Appolloni, A., Jabbour, C. J. C., D'Adamo, I., Gastaldi, M., and Settembre-Blundo, D. (2022). Green recovery in the mature manufacturing industry: The role of the green-circular premium and sustainability certification in innovative efforts. Ecological Economics, 193, 107311.

Ali, S.M., Appolloni, A., Cavallaro, F., D’Adamo, I., Di Vaio, A., Ferella, F., Gastaldi, M., Ikram, M., Kumar, N.M., Martin, M.A., et al. (2023). Development Goals towards Sustainability. Sustainability, 15, 9443.

Bebbington, J., and Unerman, J. (2018). Achieving the United Nations sustainable development goals. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal. 31(1), 2-24.

Carroll, A. B., and Brown, J. A. (2018). Corporate social responsibility: A review of current concepts, research, and issues. Corporate Social Responsibility, 2, 39-69.

D’Adamo, I., and Lupi, G. (2021). Sustainability and resilience after COVID-19: A circular premium in the fashion industry. Sustainability, 13(4), 1861.

Di Vaio, A., Hassan, R., and Palladino, R. (2023). Blockchain technology and gender equality: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Information Management, 68, 102517.

Di Vaio, A., Zaffar, A., Balsalobre-Lorente, D., and Garofalo, A. (2023). Decarbonization technology responsibility to gender equality in the shipping industry: a systematic literature review and new avenues ahead. Journal of Shipping and Trade, 8(1), 1-20.

Schaltegger, S. (2018). Linking Environmental Management Accounting: A Reflection on (Missing) Links to Sustainability and Planetary Boundaries, Social and Environmental Accountability Journal, 38 (1), 19-29.

UN Climate Change Conference UK (2021). The role of gender equality in decarbonizing transport. https://ukcop26.org/events/the-role-of-gender-equality-in-decarbonising-transport/. Accessed 13 June 2023.

United Nations (2016). The Sustainable Development Goals Report, United Nations, New York, NY.

Women, U. N. (2017). Making innovation and technology work for women. UN Women’s work in innovation and technology. New York. Recuperado a partir de La Desigualdad de Género en la Economía Digital Mexicana.

Dr. Assunta Di Vaio
Prof. Dr. Meghna Chhabra
Prof. Dr. Luigi Lepore
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • SDG #5
  • women empowerment
  • business models
  • sustainable accounting and management
  • sustainability reporting
  • sustainable practices
  • gender equality
  • women
  • female
  • sustainability transitions

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Published Papers (8 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 2083 KB  
Article
Nutrition-Sensitive Homestead Pond Polyculture Technology Empowers Women in Rural Bangladesh
by Rumana Akter, Shakuntala H. Thilsted and Nobuyuki Yagi
Sustainability 2025, 17(23), 10564; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310564 - 25 Nov 2025
Viewed by 317
Abstract
Women’s empowerment in aquatic food systems plays a critical role in increasing production and ensuring food and nutrition security. This study used qualitative data from a mixed-method study to assess whether participation in a nutrition-sensitive homestead pond polyculture systems, targeting both women and [...] Read more.
Women’s empowerment in aquatic food systems plays a critical role in increasing production and ensuring food and nutrition security. This study used qualitative data from a mixed-method study to assess whether participation in a nutrition-sensitive homestead pond polyculture systems, targeting both women and men, strengthens women’s decision-making power in fish culture, harvesting, and household food purchase. The project promoted pond polyculture technology of nutrient-rich small and large fish species, which was adopted by the majority of project households (86.3%). Fish harvesting for family consumption and sale was more frequent in project households (24% twice/week; 54.9% once/year) compared to non-project households (13%; 47.8%). Joint decision-making by both women and men on the types of fish species to culture (80.39%) and harvesting time for sale (54.9%) was more common in project households, compared to non-project households (43.48% and 21.74%, respectively). More women in project households (41.2%) decided which fish species to harvest for family consumption, including harvested fish for family consumption (7.8%) and sale (3.9%), compared to non-project households (26.1%, 4.4% and none respectively). The findings reveal three interlinked empowerment pathways: the consumption pathway, via frequent fish harvesting, the income pathway, through fish sales, and the empowerment pathway, through enhanced decision making. Full article
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30 pages, 1490 KB  
Article
GHG Accounting and Gendered Carbon Accountability in a Shipping Agency: A Single-Case Study with Ethnographic Elements
by Assunta Di Vaio and Luisa Mastellone
Sustainability 2025, 17(23), 10479; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310479 - 22 Nov 2025
Viewed by 354
Abstract
This study examines how gender dynamics shape greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting and carbon accountability in a Mediterranean maritime agency. It adopts an interpretive single-case study design with ethnographic elements, combining interviews, document analysis, and direct observations derived from insider access. The results reveal [...] Read more.
This study examines how gender dynamics shape greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting and carbon accountability in a Mediterranean maritime agency. It adopts an interpretive single-case study design with ethnographic elements, combining interviews, document analysis, and direct observations derived from insider access. The results reveal that digitalization strengthens the technical capacity for carbon accounting, particularly for Scopes 1 and 2, by making data more traceable and auditable through ERP and principal-mandated systems. Empirically, the study finds that women perform most of the carbon data work, compiling, reconciling, and uploading approximately 80% of emissions-related information, yet hold limited decision rights over strategic boundary setting and KPI definition. This imbalance highlights how operational reliability depends on gendered divisions of labor, while strategic accountability remains constrained by hierarchical decision structures. The study reframes carbon accountability as a gendered organizational practice, advancing debates on Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 5 (Gender Equality) and SDG 13 (Climate Action) in shipping. It also proposes a gender-inclusive accountability framework, including a Responsible–Accountable–Consulted–Informed (RACI) matrix with gender overlays, contractual/Application Programming Interface (API) exchanges for Scope 3, and participatory system design, and discusses implications for principals and port authorities. The findings contribute to critical and interpretive accounting by distinguishing operational from strategic accountability and demonstrating how the distribution of voice and authority conditions decarbonization credibility and effectiveness. Full article
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36 pages, 3380 KB  
Article
Advancing SDG5: Machine Learning and Statistical Graphics for Women’s Empowerment and Gender Equity
by A’aeshah Alhakamy
Sustainability 2025, 17(21), 9706; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17219706 - 31 Oct 2025
Viewed by 577
Abstract
In pursuit of sustainable development goal 5 (SDG5), this study underscores gender equity and women’s empowerment as pivotal themes in sustainable development. It examines the drivers of women’s empowerment, including education, economics, finance, and legal rights, using data from n=223 individuals, [...] Read more.
In pursuit of sustainable development goal 5 (SDG5), this study underscores gender equity and women’s empowerment as pivotal themes in sustainable development. It examines the drivers of women’s empowerment, including education, economics, finance, and legal rights, using data from n=223 individuals, primarily women (68.4%) aged 20–30 (69.6%). The research methodology integrates descriptive statistical measures, machine learning (ML) algorithms, and graphical representations to systematically explore the fundamental research inquiries that align with SDG5, which focuses on achieving gender equity. The results indicate that higher educational levels, captured through ordinal encoding and correlation analyzes, are strongly linked to increased labor market participation and entrepreneurial activity. The random forest (RF) and support vector machine (SVM) classifiers achieved overall accuracies of 89% and 93% for the categorization of experience, respectively. Although 91% of women have bank accounts, only 47% reported financial independence due to gendered barriers. Logistic regression correctly identified financially independent women with a 93% recall, but the classification of non-independent participants was less robust, with a 44% recall. Access to legal services, modeled using a neural network, was a potent predictor of empowerment (F1-score 0.83 for full access cases), yet significant obstacles persist for those uncertain about or lacking legal access. These findings underscore that, while formal institutional access is relatively widespread among educated women literate in the digital world, perceived and practical barriers in the financial and legal realms continue to hinder empowerment. The results quantify these effects and highlight opportunities for tailored, data-driven policy interventions targeting persistent gaps. Full article
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30 pages, 749 KB  
Article
The Role of Gender Diversity in Preventing Bank Failure: Empirical Evidence from Selected MENA Countries
by Sami Ben Mim, Aziza Bouzgarrou, Fatma Mabrouk and Jawaher Binsuwadan
Sustainability 2025, 17(21), 9425; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17219425 - 23 Oct 2025
Viewed by 603
Abstract
Achieving gender diversity and women’s empowerment (SDG 5) is not only a social priority but also a key driver of sustainable financial resilience. This study investigates whether the presence of women on bank boards strengthens the stability of financial institutions in the Middle [...] Read more.
Achieving gender diversity and women’s empowerment (SDG 5) is not only a social priority but also a key driver of sustainable financial resilience. This study investigates whether the presence of women on bank boards strengthens the stability of financial institutions in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), where gender diversity remains limited yet is steadily growing. Using a balanced panel of 61 commercial banks across nine MENA countries from 2012 to 2020, we assess whether board gender diversity enhances the predictive performance of Early Warning Systems (EWSs) for bank distress. Applying a logit random-effects model, our results show that a higher proportion of female directors significantly lowers the probability of bank failure and improves EWS accuracy. Further analyses reveal that gender-diverse boards foster stronger governance by reducing operating costs, boosting profitability, and supporting higher capitalization and liquidity, indicating more prudent and risk-averse oversight. Robust tests using the Z-score and System Generalized Method of Moments (System-GMM) confirm these outcomes. Moreover, a non-linear pattern emerges: the stabilizing influence of women directors is most pronounced during financial crises but less evident in stable periods. These findings underscore the strategic value of women’s leadership in banking, offering insights for policymakers and regulators aiming to advance SDG 5 and promote resilient, inclusive financial systems. Full article
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25 pages, 1299 KB  
Article
Socio-Demographic Predictors of Entrepreneurial Intentions: The Mediating Role of Perceived Gender Discrimination Among Female Students
by Ionut Antohi, Silvia Ghita-Mitrescu, Andreea-Daniela Moraru, Cristina Duhnea, Margareta Ilie and Georgiana-Loredana Schipor
Sustainability 2025, 17(20), 9181; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17209181 - 16 Oct 2025
Viewed by 644
Abstract
Understanding entrepreneurial intention among female students has become increasingly important for addressing gender disparities in business creation and fostering economic development. Pursuing to promote inclusive entrepreneurship and reduce gender gaps in business creation aligns with Sustainable Development Goals, particularly SDG 5 (gender equality). [...] Read more.
Understanding entrepreneurial intention among female students has become increasingly important for addressing gender disparities in business creation and fostering economic development. Pursuing to promote inclusive entrepreneurship and reduce gender gaps in business creation aligns with Sustainable Development Goals, particularly SDG 5 (gender equality). This study examines how demographic and social variables influence entrepreneurial intentions, with perceived gender discrimination as a potential mediating factor. Data were collected through an online survey employing a structured questionnaire and analyzed using logistic regression models incorporating mediation analysis. The sample consisted of 360 female students from a university in the South–East region of Romania. Among the six socio-demographic variables examined, marital status and income satisfaction emerge as significant predictors. The results indicated that married students expressed higher entrepreneurial intentions, while the participants with higher income satisfaction reported lower entrepreneurial intentions. Perceived gender discrimination was not a significant mediator in the tested model, and all calculated indirect effects were statistically non-significant. The findings of the study offer valuable insights for the design and implementation of local entrepreneurship policies as well as for university strategies and curricula adjustments to better support young women in their entrepreneurship endeavors. Full article
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22 pages, 1111 KB  
Article
Gender Profiles of Local Government Heads and Economic Capacity of Territorial Communities: Evidence from Ukraine
by Oleh Karyy, Nazar Hlynskyy, Maryiana Gvozd, Natalia Horbal, Łukasz Skowron, Ewa Golec and Nadiia Artyukhova
Sustainability 2025, 17(5), 2090; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17052090 - 28 Feb 2025
Viewed by 1435
Abstract
Achieving the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals set by the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development requires proactive measures at different levels worldwide. In particular, increasing equality and women’s empowerment (SDG 5 “Gender equality”) in public governance is a crucial step in boosting economic [...] Read more.
Achieving the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals set by the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development requires proactive measures at different levels worldwide. In particular, increasing equality and women’s empowerment (SDG 5 “Gender equality”) in public governance is a crucial step in boosting economic growth and the sustainable development of communities, regions, and countries. This research investigates the relationship between gender equality in local governance and communities’ economic development. It is based on the correlation and regression analysis of statistical data pertaining to 118 territorial communities (TCs) in Ukraine and depicts the dependence between the gender composition of the local governments and the economic capacity of the territorial communities. These findings may influence comprehensive sustainable development at the community level globally. Full article
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22 pages, 591 KB  
Article
Can Internet Use Increase Rural Women’s Income? Evidence from Underdeveloped Areas of China
by Qianqian Zhang, Apurv Maru, Chengji Yang and Hongdong Guo
Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10546; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310546 - 1 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2423
Abstract
Although the widespread use of the Internet in rural areas provides new opportunities for economic growth, whether and how rural women benefit from it remains a question. Guided by Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 5 and its targets, this study examines the impact of [...] Read more.
Although the widespread use of the Internet in rural areas provides new opportunities for economic growth, whether and how rural women benefit from it remains a question. Guided by Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 5 and its targets, this study examines the impact of Internet use on rural women’s income by using survey data from 1384 rural households in underdeveloped areas of China. The results indicate that Internet use can significantly increase rural women’s income in underdeveloped areas. Additionally, the income effects of Internet use are heterogeneous across the different purposes of Internet use, income levels, individual characteristics, and family characteristics. Further analysis reveals that increasing labor input and enhancing capital endowment are two important channels through which Internet use increases rural women’s income. The results offer further empirical support for policymakers to utilize the Internet to increase rural women’s income and contribute to poverty alleviation in underdeveloped areas. Full article
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17 pages, 299 KB  
Article
Governmental Ownership, Board Gender Diversity, and ESG Performance: Evidence from an Emerging Market
by Aref M. Eissa, Arafat Hamdy and Ahmed Diab
Sustainability 2024, 16(16), 6963; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16166963 - 14 Aug 2024
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4635
Abstract
Consistent with Sustainable Development Goal 5 (SGG 5) concerned with gender equality, this study examines the relationship between Board Gender Diversity (BGD) and environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG) performance. In addition, it investigates the moderating role of governmental ownership concerning this relation [...] Read more.
Consistent with Sustainable Development Goal 5 (SGG 5) concerned with gender equality, this study examines the relationship between Board Gender Diversity (BGD) and environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG) performance. In addition, it investigates the moderating role of governmental ownership concerning this relation by focusing on an emerging market. A sample of 71 Egyptian-listed companies on EGX100 during 2014–2019 has been examined. Both univariate and multivariate analyses are conducted to examine the relationship between BGD and ESG performance and the effect of governmental ownership on this relationship using OLS, 2SLS, and Logistic regressions. The results revealed a positive relation between BGD and ESG performance. In addition, we found that governmental ownership has a moderating effect on the relationship between BGD and ESG performance. This finding indicates that the effect of BGD on ESG performance in emerging markets is conditional on the governmental ownership, which provides a fertile environment for BGD to support ESG issues. The results add to the growing interest regarding the implications of BGD and governmental ownership for ESG performance in emerging economies. This study has significant implications for regulatory bodies, firms, and investors in emerging markets such as Egypt. It ensures that board gender diversity can enhance ESG performance in the case of governmental ownership. In addition, it highlighted the value of enforceable regulations on overseeing private firms’ ESG performance. Full article
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