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Terahertz and Millimeter Wave Communications for 5G and Beyond: Applications and Future Directions

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Communications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 October 2026 | Viewed by 1176

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, 35122 Padua, Italy
Interests: protocol and architecture design for wireless networks, particularly 5G and 6G cellular and vehicular networks; research in the fields of telecommunication engineering, computer science, and signal and image processing
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The emergence of terahertz (THz) and millimeter wave (mmWave) technologies is revolutionizing wireless communication systems, enabling unprecedented data rates, ultra-low latency, and massive connectivity. These advancements are crucial for realizing and shaping the future of wireless network applications beyond 5G (B5G) and toward 6G. However, several research questions remain unanswered regarding propagation and channel modeling, hardware limitations, the use of spectrum, network and protocol implementation, antenna design, security and privacy, and the role of AI in optimizing the integration between THz and mmWave systems.

In light of the unprecedented interest in this field, this Special Issue explores innovative research on THz and mmWave communication systems. We invite high-quality, original contributions that focus on, but are not limited to:

  • THz and mmWave channel modeling, propagation, and measurements.
  • Performance analysis of THz and mmWave communication systems.
  • Network architectures and protocols.
  • Novel antenna design and beamforming techniques.
  • Advanced modulation, coding, and signal processing strategies.
  • AI/ML for integration of THz and mmWave systems.
  • Cyber and physical-layer security of THz and mmWave networks.
  • Spectrum sharing, coexistence, and interference management.
  • Testbeds, experiments, and prototyping of THz and mmWave systems.
  • Standardization, regulatory, and business frameworks for THz and mmWave systems.
  • New applications and use cases for THz and mmWave systems.

Dr. Marco Giordani
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • terahertz communications
  • millimeter wave communications
  • 5G and beyond (B5G)
  • 6G
  • beamforming and antenna design
  • AI/ML in wireless communications
  • spectrum management
  • protocol design
  • hardware and testbed

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 8143 KB  
Article
300-GHz Photonics-Aided Wireless 2 × 2 MIMO Transmission over 200 m Using GMM-Enhanced Duobinary Unsupervised Adaptive CNN
by Luhan Jiang, Jianjun Yu, Qiutong Zhang, Wen Zhou and Min Zhu
Sensors 2026, 26(3), 842; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26030842 - 27 Jan 2026
Viewed by 200
Abstract
Terahertz wireless communication offers ultra-high bandwidth, enabling an extremely high data rate for next-generation networks. However, it faces challenges including severe propagation loss and atmospheric absorption, which limits the transmission rate and transmission distance. To address the problem, polarization division multiplexing (PDM) and [...] Read more.
Terahertz wireless communication offers ultra-high bandwidth, enabling an extremely high data rate for next-generation networks. However, it faces challenges including severe propagation loss and atmospheric absorption, which limits the transmission rate and transmission distance. To address the problem, polarization division multiplexing (PDM) and antenna diversity techniques are utilized in this work to increase system capacity without changing the bandwidth of transmitted signals. Meanwhile, duobinary shaping is used to solve the problem of bandwidth limitation of components in the system, and the final duobinary signals are recovered by maximum likelihood sequence detection (MLSD). A Gaussian mixture model (GMM)-enhanced duobinary unsupervised adaptive convolutional neural network (DB-UACNN) is proposed, to further deal with channel noise. Based on the technologies above, a 2 × 2 multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) photonic-aided terahertz wireless transmission system at 300 GHz is demonstrated. Experimental results have proved that the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) gain of duobinary shaping is up to 1.87 dB and 1.70 dB in X-polarization and Y-polarization. The proposed GMM-enhanced DB-UACNN also shows extra SNR gain of up to 2.59 dB and 2.63 dB in X-polarization and Y-polarization, compared to the conventional duobinary filter. The high transmission rate of 100 Gbit/s over the distance of 200 m is finally realized under a 7% hard-decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) threshold. Full article
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12 pages, 552 KB  
Article
Joint Design of Hybrid Beamforming and Phase Shifts for IRS-Assisted Multi-User mmWave Systems
by Ran Zhang and Ye Wang
Sensors 2026, 26(1), 274; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26010274 - 1 Jan 2026
Viewed by 417
Abstract
This paper presents a joint design approach for intelligent reflecting surface (IRS)-assisted multi-user millimeter-wave (mmWave) systems. Our goal is to maximize the sum-rate of all users by optimizing the hybrid beamforming at the base station and the low-resolution phase shifters (e.g., 1 bit) [...] Read more.
This paper presents a joint design approach for intelligent reflecting surface (IRS)-assisted multi-user millimeter-wave (mmWave) systems. Our goal is to maximize the sum-rate of all users by optimizing the hybrid beamforming at the base station and the low-resolution phase shifters (e.g., 1 bit) at the IRS. To address this, we first adopt a zero-force (ZF) technique to design fully-digital (FD) beamforming and develop a cross-entropy optimization (CEO) framework-based iterative algorithm to calculate IRS phase shifts. Specifically, in this framework, the probability distributions of IRS elements are updated by minimizing the CE, which can generate a solution close to the optimal one with a sufficiently high probability. Then, based on the obtained FD beamforming, an alternating minimization method is applied to acquire hybrid beamforming. Simulation results show that our proposed joint design scheme can achieve enhanced performance compared to the existing schemes while maintaining a lower computational complexity. Full article
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