Research with Religio-Cultural Heritage in Africa

A special issue of Religions (ISSN 2077-1444).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2021) | Viewed by 25002

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
The United Graduate School of Theology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
Interests: African theology and Christianity; African religions; decoloniality; Pentecostalism

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
The Centre for Advanced Scholarship and Faculty of Theology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
Interests: African Christianity and theology; religion and politics in Africa; Pentecostalism; postcolonial theory

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Richard Alan Schwartz (2003, p.43) proposes, “religion, like sex, is an almost universal interest of the human race.” In Africa and various Africana contexts (diaspora), the centrality of research with religio-cultural heritage is widely acknowledged in the framework of the parade of disciplines (i.e., law, gender studies, psychology, sociology, political studies, international studies, historical studies, etc.).  In many African and Africana societies, it is virtually impossible to completely avoid the influence of religio-cultural thoughts and beliefs. These foundational ideas continue to impact on both individual and the institutional systems (Mbiti 1969—African context; Paris 1995—North American context). Religio-cultural heritages has retained its resilience and is a significant part of life in many African and Africana contexts.

Specifically, in many African contexts, Sub-Saharan, religio-cultural heritages manifest themselves especially during times of economic and social distress. It is very common for many politicians to seek for spiritual interventions during such times. This has resulted in the creation of national days of prayers and fasting as a means to seek solutions to national stresses. In addition, during political campaigns, some politicians consult prophets and traditional diviners for winning elections and protection from opponents who sometimes are perceived as Satanists or wizards. Hence, during political campaigns and elections, the issues of witchcraft and Satanism, even rumours of ritual killings, became highlighted in many African countries.  This is because, as Stephen Ellis and Gerrie ter Haar (2004, p. 2) underline, “it is largely through religious ideas that Africans think about the world today.” The features of African religio-cultural heritages are “the common font of inheritance or the environmental air that” many contemporary African and Africana social, religious and political institutions “breathe” (Wariboko 2018, p. 47).

However, research on religions in Africa in particular continues to be confronted with numerous methodological and theoretical challenges. On the one hand, the research has suffered from methodological weakness and imported theoretical apparatus by some African scholars. On the other hand, Africanists (Global North scholars) continue to perpetuate the utilization of Western categories and theories in the interpretation of African religio-cultural experiences and indigenous knowledge systems. This has perpetuated the Western theoretical view of Africa as a mere source of raw materials or unprocessed data.

This Special Issue seeks to engage methodological, ideological, theological, theoretical and other factors shaping various approaches to contemporary research with religio-cultural heritages in African and Africana contexts. It seeks to provide a space for nuanced, subverted and contextual approaches to understanding the dynamics and the fluidity of the research with religio-cultural heritages in Africa and Africana. African, Africana and Africanist scholars from a variety of disciplines are invited to showcase the approaches informing and shaping their research with religio-cultural heritages and its salience and resilience in various religious and public spheres (Kalu 2008). We would welcome studies engaging in religio-cultural heritages from particular disciplinary perspectives concerning various topics including, but not limited to, the following:

Decoloniality, decolonization and coloniality;
Posthuman and transhumanism;
Afrofuturism;
Nationalism and patriotism;
African Pentecostalism (megachurches, prosperity, prophetism, witchcraft);
Science and technology;
Mathematics;
Democratization and governance;
Populism;
Interreligious relations;
Conflict, peacebuilding and common good;
Religious freedom and liberalization of religion and religious spaces;
Political and social transformation;
Subversive ethnographies;
Marriage and family values;
Genders and sexualities;
Age, respect and social values;
Public universities and schools;
Gender-based violence, Incest and sexual taboos;
Ecology, public health, bioethics, and traditional medicines;
Animal sacrifice and animal rights;
Alternative economies to capitalism;
Political parties;
Elections and campaigns;
Race and racism;
Ethnicity;
Neo-Traditional leaderships;
Strengthening of social and political institutions;
The 4th Industrial Revolution;
Business and Hustling;
Laws and policy;
Development and human progress;
International relations;
Arts and poetry.

Reference:

Ellis, Stephen and Gerrie ter Haar. 2004. Worlds of Power: Religious Thought and Political Practice in Africa. London: C. Hurst and Co.

Wariboko, Nimi. 2018. The Split God: Pentecostalism and Critical Theory. Albany: SUNY Press.

Mbiti, John S. 1969. African Religions and Philosophy. London: Heinemann.

Kalu, Ogbu. 2008. African Pentecostalism: An Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Schwartz, Richard A. 2003. An Eyewitness: The 1950s. New York: Facts on Files, Inc.

Paris, Peter J. 1995. The Spirituality of African Peoples: The Search for a Common Moral Discourse. Minneapolis: Fortress Press.

Prof. Dr. Chammah Judex Kaunda
Prof. Dr. Tinyiko Sam Maluleke
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • Decoloniality, decolonization and coloniality
  • posthuman and transhumanism
  • afrofuturism
  • nationalism and patriotism
  • African Pentecostalism (megachurches, prosperity, prophetism, witchcraft)
  • science and technology
  • interreligious relations
  • race and racism
  • development and human progress
  • arts and poetry

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

11 pages, 226 KiB  
Article
Beyond the Sacred Text: Examining the Confusion, Conflicts and Complications at the Intersection of Religion and Law in Zimbabwe
by Molly Manyonganise and Lillian Mhuru
Religions 2022, 13(3), 240; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13030240 - 10 Mar 2022
Viewed by 2504
Abstract
There is a widespread tendency in modern, secular society to view law and religion as unrelated except insofar as they may, from time to time, come into conflict. However, intimate relations between the two have been constituted and constantly changed throughout history. Law [...] Read more.
There is a widespread tendency in modern, secular society to view law and religion as unrelated except insofar as they may, from time to time, come into conflict. However, intimate relations between the two have been constituted and constantly changed throughout history. Law and religion are two great interconnecting values and belief structures with their own normative, authoritative sources and mechanisms, as well as their own legislation and amendment processes and steps. However, at the practical level, the relationship between the two has not often been smooth sailing. This paper seeks to untangle the confusion, conflicts and complications that have arisen, especially in the Zimbabwean context, when legal statutes have appeared to be in opposition with religious beliefs and practices. The major question arising from such a scenario is: How are communities of faith across the religious divide supposed to react when laws demand that they act in ways that conflict with either their sacred text whether written or oral? The focus of this paper, therefore, is to simultaneously examine the place of religion in the public sphere as well as explore the impact of enacted laws on religion in Zimbabwe. This paper made use of public discourse, as presented in a WhatsApp group chat of a Bible Challenge Group which took place on 21 February 2021. Secondary sources were utilised in informing this paper’s conceptualisation of religion and the law. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research with Religio-Cultural Heritage in Africa)
10 pages, 209 KiB  
Article
“Back to Sender”: Re-Visiting the Belief in Witchcraft in Post-Colonial Zimbabwean Pentecostalism
by Kudzai Biri and Molly Manyonganise
Religions 2022, 13(1), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13010049 - 05 Jan 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 12251
Abstract
This paper is a critical analysis of the witchcraft beliefs in Pentecostalism in post-colonial Zimbabwe. While Pentecostals claim “a complete break from the past”, there have emerged new dimensions that show that the belief in witches and witchcraft is deeply entrenched among Pentecostals. [...] Read more.
This paper is a critical analysis of the witchcraft beliefs in Pentecostalism in post-colonial Zimbabwe. While Pentecostals claim “a complete break from the past”, there have emerged new dimensions that show that the belief in witches and witchcraft is deeply entrenched among Pentecostals. It also brings to the fore the underlying aspects of the creativity and innovation that are informed by African spiritual or metaphysical realities. Research since 1980 (when Zimbabwe got her independence from the British) indeed confirmed the existence of witchcraft beliefs and practices, although it was heavily suppressed in the churches. This paper re-visits the belief in witchcraft activities in Pentecostalism through examining new avenues of expression in both older and newer Pentecostal churches. The newer Pentecostal churches, in particular, those founded after 2010, have demonstrated unique innovation in theology. Thus, the belief in witchcraft and witches warrants a fresh examination in light of these new developments. We, therefore argue that the emergence of diverse newer Pentecostal churches in the midst of strong older Pentecostal churches has opened new ways of negotiating the Bible and Shona culture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research with Religio-Cultural Heritage in Africa)
10 pages, 201 KiB  
Article
Whiteness in Christianity and Decoloniality of the African Experience: Developing a Political Theology for ‘Shalom’ in Kenya
by Martin Munyao and Philemon Kipruto Tanui
Religions 2021, 12(11), 1006; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12111006 - 16 Nov 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2865
Abstract
The decolonial discourse around Christianity must not avoid dealing with Whiteness if there is going to be any fruitful decolonization. Colonialism and the Western missionary enterprise were not necessarily two distinct and unrelated entries to precolonial Kenya. How then did Christianity, for decades, [...] Read more.
The decolonial discourse around Christianity must not avoid dealing with Whiteness if there is going to be any fruitful decolonization. Colonialism and the Western missionary enterprise were not necessarily two distinct and unrelated entries to precolonial Kenya. How then did Christianity, for decades, live side by side with colonialism? In this article, we contend that Colonialism in Kenya could not have been possible without the missionary enterprise activity. The impact of that unholy relationship is felt and sustained in contemporary forms of violence. Unfortunately, critics of such a discourse dismiss the decolonial efforts in African Christianity citing intellectual activism. Such voices of dissent may not be far from the truth as Jesus’ ministry involved elements of activism. Whenever he confronted oppressive institutional structures, he used activism tempered with a degree of pacifism. Looking at the history of historical injustices in Kenya, we see instances whereby missionary Christianity conveniently abetted injustices for colonial structures to sustain the oppression of the indigenous Africans. Such injustices have been unresolved to date because the oppressive structures are still in place in the shape of neocolonialism. Land, for example, is a present source of conflict in Kenya. In the precolonial African ontology, the land was in harmony with the people. For land to be taken away from its owners, a separation of the people from the land had to happen. This was facilitated by a Christian theology that created existential dualism, violently separating the African bodies from their souls and the person from the community. Hence, Christian doctrine that emphasized ‘saving souls’ and ‘personal salvation’ was entrenched. This separation and fragmentation are fundamental to Whiteness. Whiteness universalizes truth, even theology; it puts a face of neutrality that obscures specificity. Such has made the church uncritical of oppressive and unjust political structures. Whiteness realizes that it is hard to enter into something that is in harmony. Therefore, separation needs to happen for Whiteness to succeed. Unfortunately, much of our theological understanding today is tempered with a neocolonial mindset that separates the soul from the body for Christian triumphalism. It anesthetizes the pain of oppression with the eschatological promise of future deliverance. This paper will analyze the impact of Whiteness in Kenya during and after colonialism to demonstrate how the British explorer–settler–missionary alliance ‘oiled’ the religious and economic disenfranchising of African people. Secondly, it proposes a political theology that will restore ‘Shalom’ in a socially, economically, and spiritually broken country. It is such a theology undertaken in Africa that will confront oppressive structures and identify with the marginalized communities in Kenya. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research with Religio-Cultural Heritage in Africa)
16 pages, 288 KiB  
Article
The “Closet” and “Out of the Closet” versus “Private Space” and “Public Space”: Indigenous Knowledge System as the Key to Understanding Same-Sex Sexualities in Rural Communities
by Lindiwe P Khuzwayo-Magwaza
Religions 2021, 12(9), 711; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12090711 - 02 Sep 2021
Viewed by 2223
Abstract
This paper is produced from the author’s Ph.D. project on indigenous same-sex sexualities. It interrogates the way same-sex sexualities or homosexuality is understood in the West and how the Western interpretations of sexualities and genders are imposed on African rural communities. The paper [...] Read more.
This paper is produced from the author’s Ph.D. project on indigenous same-sex sexualities. It interrogates the way same-sex sexualities or homosexuality is understood in the West and how the Western interpretations of sexualities and genders are imposed on African rural communities. The paper argues that such Western impositions impede our understanding of same-sex relationships, and it threatens any attempt made to bring sexual orientation awareness programmes to rural areas. The study is framed on African indigenous knowledge systems to accommodate African indigenous perspectives on same-sex sexualities. This approach introduces indigenised same-sex discourse into contemporary discourses. The study was conducted in rural communities of Kwa Zulu Natal (KZN), where families of same-sex individuals (SSI) reside. The research employed a qualitative methodology that involved SSI, families, traditional and Church leaders. Triangulation methods involve individual interviews, focus groups, and workshops, this method is meant to validate research findings. The results reveal that, before Western debates on African same-sex sexualities, the idea of the “closet or out of the closet” did not exist, instead people lived a private life. Meaning, approaching sexual discourse by respecting this choice gives people of different sexualities the privacy they want, and this is regarded as a “safe place” for them. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research with Religio-Cultural Heritage in Africa)
15 pages, 249 KiB  
Article
‘I Am an African’
by Benson Ohihon Igboin
Religions 2021, 12(8), 669; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12080669 - 23 Aug 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3589
Abstract
The question, who is an African? in the context of understanding African identity has biological, historical, cultural, religious, political, racial, linguistic, social, philosophical, and even geographical colourations. Scholars as well as commentators have continued to grapple with it as it has assumed a [...] Read more.
The question, who is an African? in the context of understanding African identity has biological, historical, cultural, religious, political, racial, linguistic, social, philosophical, and even geographical colourations. Scholars as well as commentators have continued to grapple with it as it has assumed a syncretistic or intersectional characterisation. The same applies to, “what is Africa?” because of the defined Western construct of its geography. This foray of concepts appears to be captured in ‘I am an African’, a treatise that exudes the telos of African past, present and the unwavering hope that the future of Africans and Africa is great in spite of the cynicism and loss of faith that the present seems to have foisted on the minds of many an African. Through a critical analysis, it is argued that African religion has a value that is capable of resolving the contentious identity crisis of an African. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research with Religio-Cultural Heritage in Africa)
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