Explorations into Yan Zun’s Edition and Commentary to the Daodejing: Laozi Zhigui

A special issue of Religions (ISSN 2077-1444).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2025 | Viewed by 2627

Special Issue Editors

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Yan Zun 嚴遵 (1st century CE) was a recluse who lived in Sichuan during the final years of the Western Han Dynasty. He offered lessons on the Daodejing and the Zhuangzi, and the Daoist tradition later recognized him as an immortal (xian 仙). He is credited with the authorship of two works, the Laozi zhu 老子注 (Commentary on Laozi) in two juan that has not survived, and the Laozi zhigui 老子指歸 (The Essential Meaning of Laozi) in thirteen juan, of which the first six, covering the Dao portion of the Daodejing (chapters 1-37), were lost sometime during the Song Dynasty, while the last seven juan, covering the De portion of the Daodejing (chapters 38-81), still survive.This makes the Laozi zhuigui the earliest complete edition of and commentary to the Daodejing of which any part survives. Fortunately, it also comes with a sub-commentary composed by Gushenzi 谷神子 (Master of the Spirit of the Valley). In part because only the De section survives, this work has been largely overlooked by modern scholarship, even though it held an important place in the development of post-Han Daoist religion and philosophy, especially on the thought of Wang Bi and Xuanxue Daoism, and it was consistently ranked among the most important commentaries to the Daodejing up until the Song Dynasty. Among the striking features of his commentary are his innovative and deeply influential discussions of the Dao, nothingness (wu 無), and non-action or spontaneity (ziran 自然).

This Special Issue intends to introduce Yan Zun and his edition of and commentary to the Daodejing to a wider audience, bringing the Laozi zhigui into conversation with both contemporary studies on the religion and philosophy of the Daodejing and with comparative philosophy. We are pleased to invite scholars to submit their original research works on Yan Zun and the Laozi zhigui, and we encourage papers that focus on the contributions that he and his commentary made to the Daoist tradition and to the wider tradition of Chinese religion and philosophy. We are especially interested in papers that bring the Daoism of Yan Zun and his commentary into contemporary discussions of comparative philosophy and religion. 

Suggested themes and article types for submissions:

  • Yan Zun’s worldview;
  • Yan Zun’s place in Chinese intellectual history;
  • Yan Zun’s “nothingness” in comparison;
  • The relationship between Yan Zun’s commentary and Gushenzi’s subcommentary.

We request that, prior to submitting a manuscript, interested authors initially submit a proposed title and an abstract of 200–300 words summarizing their intended contribution. Please send it to the Guest Editor or to the Assistant Editor of Religions. Abstracts will be reviewed by the Guest Editors for the purposes of ensuring a proper fit within the scope of the Special Issue. Full manuscripts will undergo a double-blind peer-review process.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Thomas Michael
Dr. Misha Tadd
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • Yan Zun
  • Laozi zhigui
  • Laozi Daodejing
  • Daoist religion and philosophy

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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21 pages, 401 KB  
Article
On the Interpretation of Ziran in the Three Commentaries on Laozi in the Han Dynasty
by Qing Yuan
Religions 2025, 16(12), 1507; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16121507 - 28 Nov 2025
Viewed by 258
Abstract
The tradition of Chinese philosophical interpretation contains an inherent tension between “objectively interpreting classics” and “subjectively constructing systems”, with three major Han Dynasty commentaries on the LaoziLaozi Zhigui, Laozi Daodejing Heshanggong Zhangju, and Laozi Xiang’er Zhu—serving as typical [...] Read more.
The tradition of Chinese philosophical interpretation contains an inherent tension between “objectively interpreting classics” and “subjectively constructing systems”, with three major Han Dynasty commentaries on the LaoziLaozi Zhigui, Laozi Daodejing Heshanggong Zhangju, and Laozi Xiang’er Zhu—serving as typical manifestations of this tradition. As a core concept of the Laozi, ziran constitutes a shared entry point for their interpretations. However, due to differences in ideological positions and construction goals, they have formed distinct interpretive approaches. Laozi Zhigui constructs a philosophical system centered on ziran. At the cosmological level, it defines ziran as both the Dao’s inherent nature of being without will or deliberate intervention and the fundamental law governing all things’ self-generation and self-sufficiency, thereby dispelling the Dao’s attribute as a ruling entity. At the practical level, it advocates “the naturalness of xingming”, proposing that rulers should practice wuwei to purify their minds while the people follow their inherent nature to achieve self-harmony, pursuing the social ideal of “returning to primal simplicity”. Its core aim is to criticize the theological teleology prevalent in the mid-to-late Western Han Dynasty and provide an alternative path of rational speculation for the intellectual circle. Laozi Daodejing Heshanggong Zhangju puts forward the idea that “the nature of the Dao is ziran”, emphasizing that ziran is the inherent nature of the Dao rather than the innate state of humans. It rejects the notion of all things generating themselves independently, highlighting the Dao’s supreme status transcending all things and its ruling role over the universe. This interpretation is closely bound to the commentary’s core tenet of “cultivating the Dao for longevity”, arguing that humans can only obtain the Dao’s nourishment by consciously aligning themselves with “the Dao’s nature as ziran” through practice. Thus, ziran becomes an “ought-to-be” state requiring active pursuit, integrating distinct health-preserving practices and preliminary religious overtones. Laozi Xiang’er Zhu undertakes a subversive reconstruction of ziran from a purely religious perspective, reducing it to a synonym for the deified Dao (Supreme Old Lord) and completely eliminating its independent philosophical status and original connotation. Abandoning the traditional understanding that “the nature of the Dao is ziran”, the commentary fully serves the construction of Taoist doctrine, completing the ideological leap from “interpreting the Laozi” to “establishing Taoist theory”. The differentiated interpretations of ziran in these three works not only demonstrate the diverse possibilities of interpreting the Laozi but also clearly reflect the historical trajectory of Han Dynasty thought transitioning from philosophical speculation to religious practice. Full article
24 pages, 408 KB  
Article
Yan Zun and the Lines of Dao: Reading Daodejing Chapter 42 Through Laozi, Heshang Gong, and Wang Bi
by Thomas Michael
Religions 2025, 16(12), 1492; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16121492 - 25 Nov 2025
Viewed by 264
Abstract
This study restores the late Western Han thinker Yan Zun to his rightful place in the history of Daoist thought. Despite the deep influence of his Laozi zhigui, its fractured transmission has led to modern neglect. This paper illuminates Yan Zun’s overlooked [...] Read more.
This study restores the late Western Han thinker Yan Zun to his rightful place in the history of Daoist thought. Despite the deep influence of his Laozi zhigui, its fractured transmission has led to modern neglect. This paper illuminates Yan Zun’s overlooked philosophy through a comparative analysis of four readings of Daodejing Chapter 42, a passage famous for its generative ambiguity. It juxtaposes Laozi’s Yangsheng phenomenology of co-presence, Heshang Gong’s Huang-Lao typological metaphysics, and Wang Bi’s Xuanxue radical metaphysics. Situated against this fully developed philosophical backdrop, Yan Zun’s commentary emerges as a sophisticated synthesis. By distinguishing between xu (emptiness) for an ontological non-being and wu (nothingness) for a generative cosmology, Yan Zun forges a unique “onto-cosmology.” He integrates a transcendent Dao as non-being with an immanent Dao as cosmogonic source, a creative tension his successors would later dissect. This analysis recovers Yan Zun both as a lost Daodejing commentator and as the architect of a pivotal, synthetic path in Daoist philosophy. Full article
16 pages, 452 KB  
Article
From Text to Praxis: Yan Zun’s Intertextual Strategies in Laozi Zhigui and the Pragmatic Synthesis of Zhouyi, Zhuangzi, and Huang-Lao Thought
by Fufu Li
Religions 2025, 16(5), 628; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16050628 - 16 May 2025
Viewed by 1067
Abstract
This paper, through a detailed textual analysis of Laozi zhigui 老子指歸, examines Yan Zun’s sophisticated intertextual strategies in elucidating the Daodejing 道德經 and explores the eclectic and inclusive conceptual framework he constructed. First, Laozi zhigui not only directly quotes or adapts phrases from [...] Read more.
This paper, through a detailed textual analysis of Laozi zhigui 老子指歸, examines Yan Zun’s sophisticated intertextual strategies in elucidating the Daodejing 道德經 and explores the eclectic and inclusive conceptual framework he constructed. First, Laozi zhigui not only directly quotes or adapts phrases from major texts such as the Zhouyi 周易, Zhuangzi 莊子, Huangdi sijing 黃帝四經, and Huainanzi 淮南子, but also incorporates concepts such as yin and yang, qiwu 齊物, and yinxun 因循 from these sources. To a considerable extent, this approach has enriched the ideological connotations of the Daodejing. Second, Yan Zun takes the core ideas of the Daodejing as a foundation to blend the philosophies of the Zhouyi, Zhuangzi, and Huang-Lao Daoism. In this way, he resolves potential conflicts among these diverse textual traditions and preserves the logical coherence and value integration of Laozi zhigui. Third, through his synthesis of these classical texts, Yan Zun develops a more comprehensive cosmological framework, alongside a practical political theory and principles for self-cultivation. Although the primary purpose of the Laozi zhigui is to elucidate the Daodejing, through his remarkable interpretive skills, Yan Zun’s concepts not only clarify the classic text but also generate novel perspectives, innovative concepts, and a distinctive intellectual framework. Full article
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