Host–Microbiota Interactions in Periodontal Disease: Pathogenic Invasion, Immune Evasion, and Commensal Defense

A special issue of Pathogens (ISSN 2076-0817).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 August 2026 | Viewed by 567

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Biology, Muhlenberg College, 2400 W. Chew Street, Allentown, PA 18104, USA
Interests: Porphyromonas gingivalis; oral biofilms; bacterial invasion; host defense; vaping

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN 37752, USA
Interests: oral physiology; oral microbiota; host–bacteria interactions; ECIG liquids and aerosols

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Periodontal disease (PD) is one of the most widespread chronic inflammatory conditions worldwide and has significant implications that extend beyond the oral cavity. A growing body of research links PD with systemic disorders such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and neurodegenerative conditions including Alzheimer’s disease.

Central to these associations is the intricate balance between the host and the oral microbiota. Disruption of this equilibrium can enable pathogenic species such as Porphyromonas gingivalis to dominate, driving tissue destruction, evading immune responses, and contributing to disease progression. In contrast, commensal microbes may provide protective functions, supporting host defense against pathogenic invasion. How these opposing forces interact and how external influences such as smoking or vaping may further alter this dynamic remains an important and evolving area of research.

This Special Issue of Pathogens welcomes submissions that advance our understanding of host–microbiota interactions in the context of periodontal disease. We invite original research articles, reviews, and short communications addressing, but not limited to, the following topics:

  • Mechanisms of pathogen invasion and immune evasion in PD;
  • Protective roles of commensal microbes in maintaining oral health;
  • Molecular and cellular aspects of host–pathogen interactions;
  • External factors (e.g., smoking, vaping) influencing oral microbiota and host immunity;
  • Novel diagnostic, preventive, or therapeutic strategies targeting host–microbiota balance.

By integrating diverse perspectives, this Special Issue will provide a comprehensive overview of the microbial and host factors that shape periodontal and systemic health, while highlighting innovative approaches for prevention and treatment.

Dr. Giancarlo A. Cuadra
Prof. Dr. Dominic L. Palazzolo
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • oral commensal streptococci
  • oral pathogens
  • oral epithelial tissues
  • pathogenic invasion
  • host defense
  • immune evasion
  • periodontal disease
  • external factors associated with periodontal disease
  • therapeutic strategies for periodontal disease

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

22 pages, 315 KB  
Article
Salivary Prevalence of Four Oral Pathogens in Postpartum Women in Northeast Romania: An Exploratory Cross-Sectional Study
by Giorgio Nichitean, Elena Teona Cosovanu, Oana Bejan, Silvia Ionescu, Doina Ivanov, Costin Damian, Demetra Socolov, Mihaela Grigore, Cristina Daniela Dimitriu, Cezar Foia, Ionut Luchian, Diana Tatarciuc, Irina Draga Caruntu, Luminita Smaranda Iancu and Ramona Gabriela Ursu
Pathogens 2026, 15(5), 507; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens15050507 - 8 May 2026
Viewed by 333
Abstract
Background: Oral dysbiosis during pregnancy has been associated with adverse outcomes, including preterm birth, premature rupture of membranes (PROM), and low birth weight, yet oral health remains an underappreciated component of routine prenatal care. Dental caries and gingival bleeding are frequently reported during [...] Read more.
Background: Oral dysbiosis during pregnancy has been associated with adverse outcomes, including preterm birth, premature rupture of membranes (PROM), and low birth weight, yet oral health remains an underappreciated component of routine prenatal care. Dental caries and gingival bleeding are frequently reported during pregnancy and may remain clinically relevant in the immediate postpartum period, but their relationship with specific oral pathogens in postpartum women has been insufficiently characterised, particularly in Eastern European populations. Methods: This exploratory cross-sectional, single-centre study included 60 postpartum women recruited consecutively at “Cuza-Vodă” Clinical Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Iași, Romania, between December 2025 and February 2026. All participants completed a structured questionnaire covering obstetric history, demographic characteristics, and oral hygiene behaviours and underwent a standardised clinical oral examination by two calibrated examiners. Before study initiation, the two examiners underwent a joint calibration session based on the predefined visual oral assessment criteria used in this study and agreed on uniform recording procedures for visible dental caries, self-reported gingival bleeding during brushing, tooth mobility, and overall oral status. Saliva samples were collected after delivery. Genomic DNA was extracted using a magnetic-bead protocol and analysed by Real-Time PCR using TaqMan-based assays to detect four oral pathogens: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus mutans, Mycoplasma salivarium, and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Results: Most participants were primiparous (55.0%) and delivered at term (≥37 weeks of gestation; 78.3%). The prevalence of pathogen detection was: P. gingivalis 38.3% (23/60), S. mutans 70.0% (42/60), M. salivarium 71.7% (43/60), and F. nucleatum 100% (60/60). Poly-microbial carriage was common: 15.0% of participants carried all three variable pathogens simultaneously (S. mutans, M. salivarium, and P. gingivalis), and the most frequent two-pathogen combination was S. mutans + M. salivarium (30.0%). No statistically significant associations were identified between pathogen detection and clinical or obstetric variables, consistent with limited statistical power in this small convenience sample. Conclusions: This exploratory study provides the first salivary prevalence estimates for these four oral pathogens in postpartum women in Northeast Romania. The high prevalence of poly-microbial carriage, including the novel quantitative estimate for M. salivarium, provides an empirical foundation for power calculations and future confirmatory research integrating standardised periodontal assessment with pregnancy outcome data. Full article
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