Toxoplasmosis in Humans and Animals

A special issue of Pathogens (ISSN 2076-0817). This special issue belongs to the section "Parasitic Pathogens".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 10 February 2026 | Viewed by 706

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
UMR D 257, Risques Infectieux, Microorganismes Emergents, Aix Marseille Université, AP-HM, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
Interests: clinical microbiology; parasite; toxoplasmosis; malaria; infectious diseases; molecular biology; epidemiology studies
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UMR D257 RITMES, Aix-Marseille University, IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
Interests: field epidemiology; zoonosis; bioinformatics; genomics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Toxoplasma gondii, found on every continent, is one of the world's most ubiquitous pathogens. This intracellular protozoan belongs to the subclass Coccidia and phylum Apicomplexa. Toxoplasma gondii is theoretically capable of infecting all homeotherms (mammals and birds) and is responsible for the zoonotic disease toxoplasmosis. In humans, the primary routes of infection are the consumption of undercooked meat containing parasite cysts of plants or water contaminated with oocysts released by felines into the environment, and congenital transmission. Infection, although generally asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, can cause severe ocular, cerebral and even multivisceral damage in immunocompromised patients, fetuses, and newborns. A growing number of studies suggest that the parasite's genetic diversity plays a role in its pathogenicity, and it appears that tropical zones with low levels of human settlement are more prone to severe forms. In animals, toxoplasmosis has significant veterinary and economic implications, particularly in livestock and companion animals. Given the large reservoir of this parasite, i.e., animals (both definitive and intermediate hosts), human medicine cannot perform without veterinary medicine. The scientific progress needed to control or better understand this zoonosis calls for a multidisciplinary approach.

This Special Issue aims to bring together recent advances in the epidemiology, diagnostics, transmission dynamics, host–pathogen interactions, public health implications, and control strategies for T. gondii. We welcome original research articles, reviews, and case studies that address both human and animal aspects of the disease, with an emphasis on One Health perspectives and interdisciplinary approaches to prevention and surveillance. By highlighting recent developments and challenges, this Special Issue seeks to inform clinical practice, veterinary medicine, and public health policy.

Dr. Coralie L'Ollivier
Dr. Younes Laidoudi
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • Toxoplasma gondii
  • zoonosis
  • congenital toxoplasmosis
  • applied epidemiology
  • One Health
  • host–pathogen interaction
  • diagnostic methods
  • foodborne transmission

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 260 KB  
Article
The AB Blood Group System Phenotype Does Not Play a Role in Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Cats
by Eva Spada, Greta Tattarletti, Daniela Proverbio, Roberta Perego, Luciana Baggiani, Giulia Donato, Rosalia D’Agostino, Francesca Arcuri, Paola Galluzzo, Giuseppina Chiarenza, Valeria Blanda and Francesca Grippi
Pathogens 2025, 14(12), 1227; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14121227 - 1 Dec 2025
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Abstract
Previous studies have evaluated the association between different blood groups and human infection with Toxoplasma gondii. No similar studies exist in cats. The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of some risk or protective factors, including the AB blood [...] Read more.
Previous studies have evaluated the association between different blood groups and human infection with Toxoplasma gondii. No similar studies exist in cats. The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of some risk or protective factors, including the AB blood type system phenotypes, in T. gondii infection in cats. Feline sera and surplus EDTA anticoagulated blood samples, for which AB blood group system phenotypes had been determined, were analyzed for T. gondii antibodies (ELISA, cut-off S/P% ≥ 50% and IFAT, cut-off ≥ 1:64) and DNA (nested and real-time PCR). T. gondii status and the characteristics of signalment (gender, breed, and age), lifestyle (stray, shelter, privately-owned), origin (Northern or Southern Italy), and retroviral infection serostatus of the population were evaluated using the Chi-square test, with calculation of the Odds Ratio (OR) in cases of statistically significant association (p < 0.05). A total of 199 samples were analyzed, of which 178 were phenotype A, 15 were phenotype B, and 6 were phenotype AB. Of these, 57/199 (28.6%) were positive for T. gondii: 5 were positive at PCR, 33 at ELISA, and 19 at IFAT. Of the 57 positive cats, 52/57 were phenotype A, 3/57 phenotype B, and 2/57 phenotype AB, with no significant association with T. gondii infection. FIV seropositive cats had a higher risk (OR = 3.1, p = 0.0043) of testing T. gondii positive. This study did not find an association between T. gondii infection and the feline blood types investigated; therefore, based on our results, AB blood group system phenotypes do not seem to play a role in Toxoplasma gondii infection in cats. These findings contribute to our knowledge of the role of blood types in disease susceptibility in cats. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxoplasmosis in Humans and Animals)

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8 pages, 5026 KB  
Case Report
Intraocular Coinfection by Toxoplasma gondii and EBV Possibly Transmitted Through Unpasteurized Goat Milk in an Immunocompetent Patient: A Case Report
by Juanita Cardona-López, Francisco J. Rodríguez, Ricardo Igua and Alejandra de-la-Torre
Pathogens 2025, 14(12), 1222; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14121222 - 30 Nov 2025
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Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is the most common infectious cause of posterior uveitis in immunocompetent adults. While the parasite is typically acquired through ingestion of undercooked meat or contaminated food and water, unpasteurized goat milk has been identified as a less frequent but plausible source [...] Read more.
Toxoplasma gondii is the most common infectious cause of posterior uveitis in immunocompetent adults. While the parasite is typically acquired through ingestion of undercooked meat or contaminated food and water, unpasteurized goat milk has been identified as a less frequent but plausible source of infection. Coinfections in ocular toxoplasmosis are rare, and the role of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) in these coinfections remains poorly understood. We report the case of a 70-year-old immunocompetent male presenting with severe, refractory panuveitis in the left eye. Initial serologic testing confirmed acquired Toxoplasma gondii infection, and treatment was initiated with systemic antimicrobials and corticosteroids. Intraocular inflammation persisted despite sequential therapy with trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole, clindamycin, and azithromycin, eventually requiring pars plana vitrectomy with intravitreal clindamycin and dexamethasone due to non-clearing vitreous hemorrhage. Vitreous PCR testing revealed intraocular concurrent detection of EBV DNA, prompting combined antimicrobial and antiviral therapy. Epidemiological history revealed recent consumption of unpasteurized goat milk, suggesting a potential oral transmission route for Toxoplasma gondii. Although visual acuity improved following surgical intervention and targeted therapy, it remained markedly compromised due to the severity of the disease. This case illustrates the diagnostic value of multiplex PCR in refractory uveitis, enabling the detection of Toxoplasma gondii and the concurrent detection of EBV DNA in an immunocompetent patient. It highlights the importance of early molecular testing and detailed epidemiological assessment, including atypical transmission routes such as unpasteurized goat milk. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxoplasmosis in Humans and Animals)
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