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Metabolites
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Fungal and Mycotoxin Metabolism
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Fungal and Mycotoxin Metabolism

A special issue of Metabolites (ISSN 2218-1989). This special issue belongs to the section "Microbiology and Ecological Metabolomics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2020) | Viewed by 25595

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Silvio Uhlig

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Section for Chemistry, Oslo, Norway
Interests: toxin chemistry; small-molecule analysis; metabolomics
Dr. Christiane Kruse Fæste

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Toxinology Research Group, Oslo, Norway
Interests: biotransformation and toxicokinetics of xenobiotics; toxicodynamics; proteomics

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Mycotoxins and other fungal metabolites possess numerous biological activities. As a result, these substances may cause disease and death in plants and animals including humans or they may be exploited because of their pharmacological potentials. At the same time, mycotoxins and fungal metabolites can be modified by chemical or enzymatic reactions. The latter are important for the detoxification of mycotoxins in all living beings that are exposed to such compounds. In some cases, such enzymatic reactions may also result in bio-activation, which is known to occur in the case of aflatoxin B1. The metabolism and biotransformation of fungal metabolites in both plants and animals are commonly studied in a range of test systems and include different analytical approaches. This Special Issue is devoted to new studies in the field. We especially invite manuscripts that focus on the use of in vitro approaches for the study of mycotoxin and fungal metabolite metabolism. We also especially welcome manuscripts that focus on aspects of data extraction and processing, including structure identification of metabolites, e.g., by using new software tools.

Dr. Silvio Uhlig
Dr. Christiane Kruse Fæste
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Metabolites is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • mycotoxin metabolism
  • biotransformation
  • bioassay
  • metabolic profiling

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 4091 KiB  
Article
Extending the Metabolite Diversity of the Endophyte Dimorphosporicola tragani
by Victor González-Menéndez, Gloria Crespo, Clara Toro, Jesús Martín, Nuria de Pedro, Jose R Tormo and Olga Genilloud
Metabolites 2019, 9(10), 197; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo9100197 - 21 Sep 2019
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3496
Abstract
Fungi are one of the most prolific sources of microbial secondary metabolites. The production of new metabolites can be achieved using multiple fermentation conditions and by adding small-molecule effectors, including epigenetic modifiers. In the framework of our Natural Product screening programme targeting the [...] Read more.
Fungi are one of the most prolific sources of microbial secondary metabolites. The production of new metabolites can be achieved using multiple fermentation conditions and by adding small-molecule effectors, including epigenetic modifiers. In the framework of our Natural Product screening programme targeting the discovery of new antimicrobial compounds, we applied multiple fermentation conditions and adsorptive polymeric resins on a large collection of fungal endophytes, to increase and stimulate their fungal secondary metabolite production. During this work the endophytic fungus Dimorphosporicola tragani CF-090383 showed antimicrobial activity only when grown in presence of adsorptive polymeric resins. In addition, seven epigenetic modifiers were added to fermentations of this endophytic fungus, in an attempt to activate its cryptic pathways as well as to analyse the metabolites produced under these conditions. D. tragani was seen to produce three different mycotoxin dendrodolides when the epigenetic modifiers 5-azacytidine and valproic acid were added to the fermentations, and these compounds were further characterized. However, the fungus produced the fatty acid synthesis inhibitor cerulenin, a molecule not previously described to be produced by this fungal species, only when cultivated in presence of the XAD-16 resin. We have found that the addition of XAD-16 resin resulted in four-fold higher titers in the production of cerulenin when compared to the best production conditions described in literature for the original fungal producer strain, Cephalosporium caerulens KF-140 (=Sarocladium oryzae), in a zeolite-based fermentation, used as an ammonium ion-trapping agent. The production of cerulenin by this strain of D. tragani, represents an alternative source for the improved production of cerulenin with better yields. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal and Mycotoxin Metabolism)
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17 pages, 1310 KiB  
Article
Biotransformation of the Mycotoxin Enniatin B1 by CYP P450 3A4 and Potential for Drug-Drug Interactions
by Lada Ivanova, Ilia G. Denisov, Yelena V. Grinkova, Stephen G. Sligar and Christiane K. Fæste
Metabolites 2019, 9(8), 158; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo9080158 - 27 Jul 2019
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3856
Abstract
Enniatins (ENNs) are fungal secondary metabolites that frequently occur in grain in temperate climates. Their toxic potency is connected to their ionophoric character and lipophilicity. The biotransformation of ENNs predominantly takes place via cytochrome P450 3A (CYP 3A)-dependent oxidation reactions. Possible interaction with [...] Read more.
Enniatins (ENNs) are fungal secondary metabolites that frequently occur in grain in temperate climates. Their toxic potency is connected to their ionophoric character and lipophilicity. The biotransformation of ENNs predominantly takes place via cytochrome P450 3A (CYP 3A)-dependent oxidation reactions. Possible interaction with ENNs is relevant since CYP3A4 is the main metabolic enzyme for numerous drugs and contaminants. In the present study, we have determined the kinetic characteristics and inhibitory potential of ENNB1 in human liver microsomes (HLM) and CYP3A4-containing nanodiscs (ND). We showed in both in vitro systems that ENNB1 is mainly metabolised by CYP3A4, producing at least eleven metabolites. Moreover, ENNB1 significantly decreased the hydroxylation rates of the typical CYP3A4-substrate midazolam (MDZ). Deoxynivalenol (DON), which is the most prevalent mycotoxin in grain and usually co-occurrs with the ENNs, was not metabolised by CYP3A4 or binding to its active site. Nevertheless, DON affected the efficiency of this biotransformation pathway both in HLM and ND. The metabolite formation rates of ENNB1 and the frequently used drugs progesterone (PGS) and atorvastatin (ARVS) lactone were noticeably reduced, which indicated a certain affinity of DON to the enzyme with subsequent conformational changes. Our results emphasise the importance of drug–drug interaction studies, also with regard to natural toxins. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal and Mycotoxin Metabolism)
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Review

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28 pages, 2734 KiB  
Review
Nidulantes of Aspergillus (Formerly Emericella): A Treasure Trove of Chemical Diversity and Biological Activities
by Najla Ali Alburae, Afrah E. Mohammed, Hajer Saeed Alorfi, Adnan Jaman Turki, Hani Zakaria Asfour, Walied Mohamed Alarif and Ahmed Abdel-Lateff
Metabolites 2020, 10(2), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo10020073 - 17 Feb 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3581
Abstract
The genus Emericella (Ascomycota) includes more than thirty species with worldwide distribution across many ecosystems. It is considered a rich source of diverse metabolites. The published classes of natural compounds that are discussed here are organized according to the following biosynthetic pathways: polyketides [...] Read more.
The genus Emericella (Ascomycota) includes more than thirty species with worldwide distribution across many ecosystems. It is considered a rich source of diverse metabolites. The published classes of natural compounds that are discussed here are organized according to the following biosynthetic pathways: polyketides (azaphilones, cyclopentenone pigments, dicyanides, furan derivatives, phenolic ethers, and xanthones and anthraquinones); shikimate derivatives (bicoumarins); mevalonate derivatives (meroterpenes, sesquiterpenes, sesterterpenes and steroids) and amino acids derivatives (alkaloids (indole-derivatives, isoindolones, and piperazine) and peptides (depsipeptides)). These metabolites produce the wide array of biological effects associated with Emericella, including antioxidant, antiproliferative, antimalarial, antiviral, antibacterial, antioxidant, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, antifungal and kinase inhibitors. Careful and extensive study of the diversity and distribution of metabolites produced by the genus Emericella (either marine or terrestrial) revealed that, no matter the source of the fungus, the composition of the culture medium effectively controls the metabolites produced. The topic of this review is the diversity of metabolites that have been identified from Emericella, along with the contextual information on either their biological or geographic sources. This review presents 236 natural compounds, which were reported from marine and terrestrial Emericella. Amongst the reported compounds, only 70.2% were biologically assayed for their effects, including antimicrobial or cytotoxicity. This implies the need for substantial investigation of alternative activities. This review includes a full discussion of compound structures and disease management, based on materials published from 1982 through December 2019. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal and Mycotoxin Metabolism)
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19 pages, 1936 KiB  
Review
Advances of Metabolomics in Fungal Pathogen–Plant Interactions
by Fangfang Chen, Ruijing Ma and Xiao-Lin Chen
Metabolites 2019, 9(8), 169; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo9080169 - 15 Aug 2019
Cited by 70 | Viewed by 7710
Abstract
Plant disease caused by fungus is one of the major threats to global food security, and understanding fungus–plant interactions is important for plant disease control. Research devoted to revealing the mechanisms of fungal pathogen–plant interactions has been conducted using genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and [...] Read more.
Plant disease caused by fungus is one of the major threats to global food security, and understanding fungus–plant interactions is important for plant disease control. Research devoted to revealing the mechanisms of fungal pathogen–plant interactions has been conducted using genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. Metabolomics research based on mass spectrometric techniques is an important part of systems biology. In the past decade, the emerging field of metabolomics in plant pathogenic fungi has received wide attention. It not only provides a qualitative and quantitative approach for determining the pathogenesis of pathogenic fungi but also helps to elucidate the defense mechanisms of their host plants. This review focuses on the methods and progress of metabolomics research in fungal pathogen–plant interactions. In addition, the prospects and challenges of metabolomics research in plant pathogenic fungi and their hosts are addressed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal and Mycotoxin Metabolism)
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24 pages, 281 KiB  
Review
Non-Volatile Metabolites from Trichoderma spp.
by Meng-Fei Li, Guo-Hong Li and Ke-Qin Zhang
Metabolites 2019, 9(3), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo9030058 - 22 Mar 2019
Cited by 67 | Viewed by 6358
Abstract
The genus Trichoderma is comprised of many common fungi species that are distributed worldwide across many ecosystems. Trichoderma species are well-known producers of secondary metabolites with a variety of biological activities. Their potential use as biocontrol agents has been known for many years. [...] Read more.
The genus Trichoderma is comprised of many common fungi species that are distributed worldwide across many ecosystems. Trichoderma species are well-known producers of secondary metabolites with a variety of biological activities. Their potential use as biocontrol agents has been known for many years. Several reviews about metabolites from Trichoderma have been published. These reviews are based on their structural type, biological activity, or fungal origin. In this review, we summarize the secondary metabolites per Trichoderma species and elaborate on approximately 390 non-volatile compounds from 20 known species and various unidentified species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal and Mycotoxin Metabolism)
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