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Exercise Testing and Interventions in Cardiovascular Disease
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Exercise Testing and Interventions in Cardiovascular Disease

A special issue of Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease (ISSN 2308-3425).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 September 2025 | Viewed by 1198

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Jong-Kyung Kim

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Kinesiology, California Baptist University, 8432 Magnolia Avenue, Riverside, CA 92504, USA
Interests: endothelial function; autonomic nervous system; cardiovascular responses; muscle metaboreflex; dietary supplementation

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality in the world. Cardiac autonomic dysfunction characterized by heightened sympathetic and reduced vagal activity plays an important role in cardiovascular mortality. The early identification of individuals at high risk for cardiovascular diseases can contribute to reduce mortality and morbidity. Cardiac autonomic function can be evaluated using various tools. A simpler and non-expensive device for cardiac autonomic balance is the assessment of heart rate (HR) recovery after exercise, rapid HR response at the onset of exercise, and HR variability. This parameter is a useful marker that could be clinically used as an independent predictor of cardiac events.

Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation is a pivotal intervention for several cardiovascular diseases and improves exercise capacity, vascular function, and quality of life. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) or blood flow restriction (BFR) training can provide a novel intervention in clinical patients whose cardiovascular function is compromised (e.g., hypertension, heart failure, coronary artery disease). This Special Issue is dedicated to the latest research on exercise testing and interventions in the management of cardiovascular diseases. It focuses on the role of exercise in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of heart conditions. The collection includes studies on the physiological effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system, innovative testing methods to assess cardiovascular health, and evidence-based interventions that improve patient outcomes. We aim to provide a comprehensive overview of how exercise science can be integrated into clinical practice to enhance cardiac care. Contributions from multidisciplinary teams are welcome, as we strive to bridge the gap between research and real-world applications in cardiovascular health.

Prof. Dr. Jong-Kyung Kim
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • sympathetic activity
  • parasympathetic activity
  • exercise testing
  • exercise intervention
  • heart rate
  • cardiac output
  • blood pressure

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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11 pages, 685 KiB  
Article
Predictive Threshold Value of the Breathing Reserve for the Decline in Cardiorespiratory Fitness Among the Healthy Middle-Aged Population
by Tao Shen, Yang Wang, Jinglin Li, Shunlin Xu, Peng Wang and Wei Zhao
J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2025, 12(3), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd12030085 - 24 Feb 2025
Viewed by 377
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the cut-off value of the breathing reserve for predicting a decline in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) among healthy middle-aged Chinese individuals. Methods: Healthy middle-aged individuals who underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) at the Peking University Third Hospital from May to October [...] Read more.
Objective: To investigate the cut-off value of the breathing reserve for predicting a decline in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) among healthy middle-aged Chinese individuals. Methods: Healthy middle-aged individuals who underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) at the Peking University Third Hospital from May to October 2021 were selected. The study included 321 participants, with an average age of 48.8 ± 5.7 years. They were divided into two groups based on the peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak): the adequate CRF group and the CRF decline group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to explore the factors influencing CRF. Results: In the male CRF decline group, heart rate, alanine aminotransferase, end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PETCO2), and breathing reserve (BR%) were significantly higher, while the oxygen uptake at the anaerobic threshold (VO2@AT) was lower. An elevated BR% was independently associated with CRF decline (OR = 1.111, 95% CI: 1.068–1.156). The female CRF decline group had significantly higher FEV1/FVC and BR% and significantly lower age, fasting glucose, hemoglobin, and VO2@AT compared to the adequate CRF group. Elevated BR% was independently associated with CRF decline (OR = 1.086, 95% CI: 1.038–1.137). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for the males showed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.769 (95% CI: 0.703–0.827) with an appropriate BR% cut-off value of 49.9%, sensitivity of 59.9%, and specificity of 77.8%. For the females, the ROC curve displayed an AUC of 0.694 (95% CI: 0.607–0.773) with an appropriate BR% cut-off value of 57.0%, sensitivity of 58.7%, and specificity of 86.0%. Conclusions: The breathing reserve was independently associated with CRF. The appropriate cut-off values for BR% to predict CRF decline were 49.9% for the males and 57.0% for the females. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Testing and Interventions in Cardiovascular Disease)
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11 pages, 473 KiB  
Article
Determinants of Longitudinal Changes in Exercise Blood Pressure in a Population of Young Athletes: The Role of BMI
by Francesca Battista, Marco Vecchiato, Kiril Chernis, Sara Faggian, Federica Duregon, Nicola Borasio, Sara Ortolan, Giacomo Pucci, Andrea Ermolao and Daniel Neunhaeuserer
J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2025, 12(2), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd12020074 - 15 Feb 2025
Viewed by 495
Abstract
AIM: Higher exercise blood pressure in adults correlates with many cardiometabolic markers. The aim of this study was to investigate the main determinants of longitudinal variations in exercise blood pressure in young athletes. METHODS: A longitudinal retrospective study was conducted on adolescent athletes [...] Read more.
AIM: Higher exercise blood pressure in adults correlates with many cardiometabolic markers. The aim of this study was to investigate the main determinants of longitudinal variations in exercise blood pressure in young athletes. METHODS: A longitudinal retrospective study was conducted on adolescent athletes who underwent at least two sport-related pre-participation screening visits, including exercise testing with a standardized incremental ramp protocol on treadmill. Blood pressure was assessed at rest (SBPrest), at the 3rd minute of exercise (SBP3min), and at peak exercise (SBPpeak). Predictors of blood pressure response (i.e., respective changes vs. baseline (Δ)) were determined by multivariate regression models after adjustment for age, sex, follow-up duration, related baseline SBP values, characteristics of sport, and ΔBMI. RESULTS: A total of 351 young athletes (mean age at baseline 13 ± 2 years, 54% boys, average follow-up duration 3.4 ± 2.2 years) were enrolled. BMI increased by 1.5 ± 1.8 kg/m2 (p < 0.001) during follow-up. At baseline, mean SBPrest was 103 ± 14 mmHg, mean SBP3min 124 ± 18 mmHg, and mean SBPpeak 154 ± 23 mmHg. A significant between-visit increase in SBPrest (ΔSBPrest 7.0 ± 17.4 mmHg; p < 0.001), ΔSBP3min (4.8 ± 11 mmHg, p < 0.001), and ΔSBPpeak (11.7 ± 24 mmHg, p < 0.001) was observed. ΔSBP3min was significantly predicted by male sex (p < 0.01), baseline BMI (p < 0.01), ΔBMI (p < 0.01), and number of practiced sports (p < 0.05), whereas ΔSBPpeak was positively predicted by male gender (p < 0.01), baseline BMI (p < 0.05), and ΔBMI (p < 0.01) and negatively by baseline resting heart rate (p < 0.01). In a logistic regression model, ΔBMI was the only independent determinant of passing from a lower to an upper quartile of SBP3min (p < 0.001), while ΔBMI and male sex were independent determinants of moving to a higher quartile of SBPpeak (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Increase in BMI during development and male sex are independent determinants of the increase in exercise blood pressure, both at light and maximal intensity, in a population of adolescent athletes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Testing and Interventions in Cardiovascular Disease)
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