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Autonomic Modulation and Vascular Function in Relation to Aerobic and Resistance Exercise

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A special issue of International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (ISSN 1660-4601). This special issue belongs to the section "Exercise and Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 April 2022) | Viewed by 5904

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. J. Derek Kingsley

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Chief Guest Editor

Exercise Science/Physiology, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
Interests: autonomic modulation; vascular function; resistance exercise; fibromyalgia

Dr. Kevin Ballard

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Guest Editor

Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Health; Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
Interests: vascular function; oxidative stress; insulin resistance; acute exercise

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Regular exercise is associated with numerous health benefits, including improved aerobic and muscular fitness, reduced all-cause mortality, and decreased risk for the development of chronic disease (e.g., cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes). The physiological mechanisms responsible for the reduction in CVD risk with exercise are not fully understood, but alterations in autonomic modulation and vascular function may contribute. Therefore, additional evidence is needed to further understand the effects of exercise, aerobic and resistance, on autonomic modulation and vascular function.

Prof. Dr. J. Derek Kingsley
Dr. Kevin Ballard
Guest Editors

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Keywords

Heart rate variability
Heart rate complexity
Augmentation index
Baroreflex sensitivity
Pulse wave velocity

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 699 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Resistance Training Intensity on Heart Rate Variability at Rest and in Response to Orthostasis in Middle-Aged and Older Adults

by Linda Li-Chuan Lin, Yi-Ju Chen, Tai-You Lin and Ting-Chun Weng

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(17), 10579; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710579 - 25 Aug 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2143

Abstract

Objective: Aging and deficits related to decreased physical activity can lead to higher risks of autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysfunction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of 24 weeks of resistance training (RT) at various intensities on hemodynamics as well as heart rate variability (HRV) at rest and in response to orthostatic tests in middle-aged and older adults. Methods: Forty adults were randomized into three groups: high-intensity (HEX) (80% 1-RM) (11 female, 4 male; 60 ± 4 years); low–moderate-intensity (LEX) (50% 1-RM) (nine female, four male; 61 ± 5 years); and a control group (CON) (eight female, four male; 60 ± 4 years). The RT program consisted of nine exercises, with two sets performed of each exercise two times per week for 24 weeks. Data collected included 1-RM, heart rate, and blood pressure and HRV at rest and in response to orthostasis. Results: Both the HEX (42–94%) and LEX (31.3–51.7%) groups showed increases in 1-RM (p < 0.01). The HEX group showed decreases in resting heart rate (−4.0%), diastolic blood pressure (−3.2 mmHg (−4.2%)), and low frequency/high frequency (LF/HF) (Ln ratio) (p < 0.05). Post-study, the HEX group had higher HF (Ln ms²) than the CON, adjusted for pre-study value and age (p < 0.05). Post-study, the supine–standing ratio (SSR) of LFn (normalized unit) in the HEX group was greater than that in the LEX and CON groups, while the SSR of LF/HF in the HEX group was greater than the CON (p < 0.05). In conclusion, high-intensity RT can improve resting heart rate and HRV by enhancing cardiac vagal control. High-intensity RT might also improve the orthostatic response in terms of HRV. High intensity RT might assist ANS modification and could perhaps decrease the risks of cardiovascular disease and orthostatic intolerance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Autonomic Modulation and Vascular Function in Relation to Aerobic and Resistance Exercise)

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9 pages, 570 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cardiac Autonomic Function Following Bilateral and Unilateral Upper Body Acute Resistance Exercise

by Erica M. Marshall, Jason C. Parks, Emily K. Erb, Stacie M. Humm and J. Derek Kingsley

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(10), 6077; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19106077 - 17 May 2022

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to compare cardiac autonomic responses following bilateral and unilateral upper-body (UB) acute resistance exercise (ARE). In total, 14 individuals were assessed for markers of cardiac autonomic responses via heart rate variability (HRV) and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) at rest and at 10- and 30-min following ARE. Logarithmically transformed (ln) HRV measures included: total power (ln TP), high-frequency power (ln HF power), low-frequency power (ln LF power), sympathovagal balance (ln LF: HF), and the square root of the mean squared differences of successive R-R intervals (ln RMSSD). BRS was assessed using the sequence method. Two-way repeated measures ANOVAs were used to analyze effects of UB ARE (bilateral, unilateral) across time (Rest, 10, and 30 min). There were no significant (p > 0.05) interactions. However, there were significant (p ≤ 0.05) main effects of time such that ln TP, ln HF power, ln RMSSD, and BRS decreased and did not recover within 30 min compared to Rest for both conditions. Collectively, this study suggests that bilateral and unilateral UB ARE yielded similar reductions, for at least 30 min, in respect to vagal measures of HRV and BRS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Autonomic Modulation and Vascular Function in Relation to Aerobic and Resistance Exercise)

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10 pages, 639 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of a Cool-Down after Supramaximal Interval Exercise on Autonomic Modulation

by Jason C. Parks, Erica M. Marshall, Stacie M. Humm, Emily K. Erb and J. Derek Kingsley

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(9), 5407; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095407 - 29 Apr 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1995

Abstract

Supramaximal interval exercise alters measures of autonomic modulation, while a cool-down may speed the recovery of vagal modulation. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of a cool-down (pedaling a cycle ergometer at 50 rpm against a resistance of 45 W) versus passive recovery (no pedaling) after supramaximal interval exercise on autonomic modulation. Sixteen moderately active individuals (Mean ± SD: 23 ± 3 years (men: n = 10; women: n = 6) were assessed for autonomic modulation at Rest, and 15 (R15), 30 (R30), 45 (R45) and 60 (R60) min following supramaximal interval exercise. Linear measures of autonomic modulation included natural log (ln) total power (lnTP), high-frequency power (lnHF), the ratio of low frequency (LF) to HF ln(LF/HF) ratio, root mean square of successive differences between normal heartbeats (lnRMSSD), while non-linear measures included sample entropy (SampEn) and Lempel–Ziv entropy (LZEn). Two-way repeated ANOVAs were used to evaluate the main effects of condition (cool-down, passive recovery) across time (Rest, and R15, R30, R45 and R60). There were significant (p ≤ 0.05) condition by time interactions for SampEn and LZEn, such that they decreased at 15, 30, 45 and 60 min during passive recovery compared to Rest, with the recovery of SampEn and LZEn by 60 and 45 min, respectively, during cool-down. There were significant (p ≤ 0.05) main effects of time for lnTP, lnHF and lnRMSSD, such that lnTP, lnHF and lnRMSSD were attenuated, and lnLF/HF ratio was augmented, at all recovery times compared to Rest. These data demonstrate that a cool-down increases the recovery of nonlinear measures of vagal modulation within 45–60 min after supramaximal interval exercise, compared to passive recovery in moderately active individuals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Autonomic Modulation and Vascular Function in Relation to Aerobic and Resistance Exercise)

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Autonomic Modulation and Vascular Function in Relation to Aerobic and Resistance Exercise

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