Forensic Geoscience

A special issue of Geosciences (ISSN 2076-3263). This special issue belongs to the section "Geophysics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2019) | Viewed by 9600

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, Scotland, UK
Interests: soil science; soil forensics; geoforensics

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Guest Editor
Archaeology and Classics Program, American University of Rome, Via Pietro Roselli 4, 00153 Rome, Italy
Interests: archaeological methods and science; remote sensing and GIS; landscape archaeology; archaeological prospections; forensic archaeology; forensic geophysics; forensic geoscience; art crime; cultural heritage protection
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

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Guest Editor
Geoscienze Forensi Italia®- Frensic Geoscience Italy, Rome, Italy
Interests: forensic geology; forensic pedology; forensic geoscience; forensic geomorphology; remote sensing
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue of Geosciences aims to gather high-quality original research articles, reviews and technical notes on the use of geosciences for forensic investigations.Forensic Geoscience may be defined as a subdiscipline of geoscience that is concerned with the application of Earth Sciences information and methods to investigations, which may come before a court of law.

The approach to the crime scene differs by method, quality and purpose depending on whether the operators are investigators, criminologists, forensic experts, clue searching technical experts or criminal profiling specialists. Even the various branches of forensic geoscience require different approaches depending on the purpose for which the technical survey is conducted and the purposes of the investigation. However, regardless of the type of the crime and the manner of intervention, the forensic geoscientist starts from a fundamental approach, common to all the geosciences, which is to study, understand, and interpret the environment and the geographical, physical and geological territory in which the actual crime took place. This is because the forensic geoscientist must be able to search for and collect adequate information from the environment, placing it in its specific criminal context and characterizing its actual or presumed narrative.

The interpretation of the territory in order to search for a presumed burial site is carried out through the use of different instruments, involving both large and small-scale equipment. For example, remote sensing can easily provide valuable information about the area to be investigated and their use in the preliminary stages of a survey can be effective, leading to significant saving of time and energy. On a local scale, geophysical techniques allow a more accurate positioning of the buried target. A correct and careful geological analysis of the local context allows for a more accurate and comprehensive resolution of the case, focusing energy and resources in certain areas of the scene under investigation. Once the site has been identified and mapped, the geo-archaeological excavation can begin, keeping in mind the concept of stratigraphy, the law of superposition and the methodology for a proper recovery.The processing of all this information may be implemented in any geographic information system or GIS (Geographic Information System). In fact, such solutions appear to be way to link together information from different sources such as those described above, which otherwise would be impossible to correlate. The concept of GIS developed with the idea of a "container" capable of handling territorial management issues under the most varied representations, but also able to understand and absorb into a single inter-relational process all the automated procedures and databases associated with a forensic investigation.Therefore, I would like to invite you to submit articles about your recent work, experimental research or case studies, with respect to the above and/or the following topics:·   

  • Forensic Geoscience
  • Forensic Geology
  • Forensic Geophysics
  • Forensic Archaeology
  • Remote Sensing and GIS in Forensics
  • Environmental Forensics
  • Ethics and Best Practices in Forensic Geoscience    

I also encourage you to send me a short abstract outlining the purpose of the research and the principal results obtained, in order to verify at an early stage if the contribution you intend to submit fits with the objectives of the Special Issue.

Prof. Lorna Dawson
Dr. Pier Matteo Barone
Dr. Rosa Maria Di Maggio
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Geosciences is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1800 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Forensic Geology
  • Forensic Archaeology
  • Forensic Geophysics
  • Remote Sensing
  • GIS
  • Forensic Pedology
  • Forensic Geoscience
  • Environmental Forensics
  • Crime Scene Investigation

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

25 pages, 16898 KiB  
Article
An Investigation into the Theft of Concentrates and Their Upgrading to Saleable Platinum-Products
by Robert Schouwstra, Johan Mocke, Michael Duncan, Siksha Bramdeo and Yolanda Scharneck
Geosciences 2018, 8(11), 411; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8110411 - 09 Nov 2018
Viewed by 4648
Abstract
Over the years the theft of material from platinum producers has mainly taken place from high-grade areas such as the precious- and base-metal refineries and the converter and smelting operations. At some concentrators, the metallic stream, which concentrated the larger platinum group mineral [...] Read more.
Over the years the theft of material from platinum producers has mainly taken place from high-grade areas such as the precious- and base-metal refineries and the converter and smelting operations. At some concentrators, the metallic stream, which concentrated the larger platinum group mineral (PGM) grains using shaking tables (a gravity process), was also at risk due to its high grade. However, the processing of metallics was discontinued many years ago. The relative low grade of concentrator products has led to the belief that the concentrators are a low-risk area for theft. The final products are still very diluted by the gangue minerals, and to recover and purify the various metals contained in these products requires costly processing techniques (i.e., smelting and refining). High-grade stolen products are generally offered to small refineries who either further process, and package, or directly ship the material overseas for refining. In the case of stolen concentrates, the volume and value of the material would make that an unprofitable option. This assumption, as well as the risk the thieves run of being caught while removing large quantities of material from the concentrators, has resulted in management considering theft from concentrators of lesser importance than theft from the smelters or refineries. However, over the past few years investigations by protection services at concentrators have shown that high-grade platinum products are smuggled off-site. These products have been found on the concentrator as well as at illegal smelthouses where these type of products are processed further. Forensic investigations indicated that these upgraded products are much higher in grade than the normal concentrator products, characterised by high platinum contents, and contain high-density minerals such as galena (lead sulphide) and chromite. This suggests that these materials are significantly upgraded prior to smuggling these out of the operations. The method used by the perpetrators results in much of the value minerals being discarded, giving rise to concentrates that are atypical of Bushveld products. To better understand the process of upgrading these products and to get more information for the ‘fingerprinting’ database on the ‘at-risk products’, concentrator products were obtained from areas where material is stolen for further upgrading. This paper describes the upgrading process used by the illegal ‘processors’ and discusses the mineralogy and chemistry of the various products down the illegal processing chain. The study indicates that products containing coarse, liberated platinum-group minerals are the most favorable for upgrading. Flotation products with high precious metal grades and low chromite contents are preferred by the syndicate members. These are typically the first cells of the rougher banks, final concentrates, and the various cleaners and re-cleaners feeding into the final concentrates. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forensic Geoscience)
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13 pages, 18317 KiB  
Article
Forensic Investigations of Geohazards: The Norcia 2016 Earthquake
by Pier Matteo Barone and Rosa Maria Di Maggio
Geosciences 2018, 8(9), 316; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8090316 - 23 Aug 2018
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3599
Abstract
Earthquakes represent one of the world’s most significant hazards in terms of damage to human and animal life, and property. Earthquakes also cause many other related fatalities and damage to urban structures. This paper presents the forensic investigation of failures induced by the [...] Read more.
Earthquakes represent one of the world’s most significant hazards in terms of damage to human and animal life, and property. Earthquakes also cause many other related fatalities and damage to urban structures. This paper presents the forensic investigation of failures induced by the Norcia 2016 earthquake in Italy. The detailed geophysical field investigations were carried out at selected locations in two cities: Rome and Amelia. The places of investigation were 150 km and 90 km, respectively, from the epicenter. A ground penetrating radar (GPR) survey was carried out at the sites to highlight structural failures, and included a partially damaged urban bridge, and the cracked wall of a private house. These failures have been discussed with reference to the field measurements carried out. In both cases, the GPR radargram showed clear lesions along with their geometry and location. This forensic geoscientific analysis highlights the importance of detecting structural damage immediately after a geohazard event to help plan proper interventions, efforts to prevent human losses and help law enforcement to focus their forensic investigations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forensic Geoscience)
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