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Biomedicines
Special Issues
Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infection
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Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infection

A special issue of Biomedicines (ISSN 2227-9059). This special issue belongs to the section "Neurobiology and Clinical Neuroscience".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 28 February 2026 | Viewed by 1260

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Mariya Ivanovska

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology—“Prof. Dr. Elissay Yanev”, Medical University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
2. Research Institute (RIMU), Medical University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
3. Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital “St. George”, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
4. Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, University Complex Pulmed, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
Interests: neuroimmunology; PNEI; stress-related disorders; CFS; IEI

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Despite its relatively high level of protection, the central nervous system (CNS) is susceptible to immune-mediated damage. Infections of the central nervous system caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses can result in acute or chronic neuroinflammation, giving rise to a range of neurological sequelae. The complex interactions among the resident glial cells, invading immune cells, and nervous tissues have been elucidated through progress in neuroimmunology, which has shed light on neuropathogenesis.

The immunological basis of neurological infections and neuroinflammatory diseases will represent the primary focus of this Special Issue. We welcome papers on CNS infections, autoimmune and parainfectious encephalitides, neuroimmune reactions to new pathogens, and post-infectious illnesses, such as long COVID-associated neuroinflammation. Immunopathogenesis, biomarker discovery, neuroimmunomodulation, the disruption of the blood brain barrier, and therapy are further topics of interest.

We especially encourage interdisciplinary submissions combining molecular biology, immunology, infectious diseases, and clinical neurology. We aim to offer readers cutting-edge insights into the immune system's role in CNS infections and immune-mediated neurological disorders through a Special Issue that bridges basic research and clinical translation.

By launching this Special Issue, we aim to promote collaboration and facilitate the development of neuroimmunology-directed diagnostics and therapies.

Dr. Mariya Ivanovska
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Biomedicines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • neuroimmunology
  • neurological infections
  • immune-mediated diseases
  • neurodegeneration
  • biomarkers
  • immunotherapy
  • neuroinflammation
  • clinical neurology

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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19 pages, 1332 KB  
Article
Comparable Immune Alterations and Inflammatory Signatures in ME/CFS and Long COVID
by Steliyan Petrov, Martina Bozhkova, Mariya Ivanovska, Teodora Kalfova, Dobrina Dudova, Ralitsa Nikolova, Katya Vaseva, Yana Todorova, Milena Aleksova, Maria Nikolova, Hristo Taskov, Marianna Murdjeva and Michael Maes
Biomedicines 2025, 13(12), 3001; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13123001 - 8 Dec 2025
Viewed by 973
Abstract
Background: Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS), also known as Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME), is a debilitating condition characterized by persistent fatigue and multisystemic symptoms, such as cognitive impairment, musculoskeletal pain, and post-exertional malaise. Recently, parallels have been drawn between ME/CFS and Long COVID, a post-viral [...] Read more.
Background: Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS), also known as Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME), is a debilitating condition characterized by persistent fatigue and multisystemic symptoms, such as cognitive impairment, musculoskeletal pain, and post-exertional malaise. Recently, parallels have been drawn between ME/CFS and Long COVID, a post-viral syndrome following infection with SARS-CoV-2, which shares many clinical features with CFS. Both conditions involve chronic immune activation, raising questions about their immunopathological overlap. Objectives: This study aimed to compare immune biomarkers between patients with ME/CFS or Long COVID and healthy controls to explore shared immune dysfunction. Methods: We analyzed lymphocyte subsets, cytokine profiles, psychological status and their correlations in 190 participants, 65 with CFS, 54 with Long COVID, and 70 healthy controls. Results: When compared to healthy subjects, results in both conditions were marked by lower levels of lymphocytes (CFS—2.472 × 109/L, p = 0.006, LC—2.051 × 109/L, p = 0.009), CD8+ T cells (CFS—0.394 × 109/L, p = 0.001, LC—0.404 × 109/L, p = 0.001), and NK cells (CFS—0.205 × 109/L, p = 0.001, LC—0.180 × 109/L, p = 0.001), and higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 (CFS—3.35 pg/mL, p = 0.050 LC—4.04 pg/mL, p = 0.001), TNF (CFS—2.64 pg/mL, p = 0.023, LC—2.50 pg/mL, p = 0.025), IL-4 (CFS—3.72 pg/mL, p = 0.041, LC—3.45 pg/mL, p = 0.048), and IL-10 (CFS—2.29 pg/mL, p = 0.039, LC—2.25 pg/mL, p = 0.018). Conclusions: Notably, there were no significant differences between CFS and Long COVID patients in the tested biomarkers. These results demonstrate that ME/CFS and Long COVID display comparable immune and inflammatory profiles, with no significant biomarker differences observed between the two groups. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infection)
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