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Article

Mixture of Sludge and Chicken Manure in Membrane-Less Microbial Fuel Cell for Simultaneous Waste Treatment and Energy Recovery

by
Nurul Najwa Adam Malik
1,
Muhammad Najib Ikmal Mohd Sabri
1,
Husnul Azan Tajarudin
1,
Noor Fazliani Shoparwe
2,
Hafiza Shukor
3,
Muaz Mohd Zaini Makhtar
1,4,*,
Syed Zaghum Abbas
5,
Yang-Chun Yong
5 and
Mohd Rafatullah
6,*
1
Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
2
Faculty of Bioengineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli 17600, Malaysia
3
Centre of Excellence for Biomass Utilization, Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
4
Centre for Global Sustainability Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
5
Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
6
Environmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Catalysts 2022, 12(7), 776; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12070776
Submission received: 26 April 2022 / Revised: 29 June 2022 / Accepted: 30 June 2022 / Published: 13 July 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biocatalysts Advancement for Optimum Performance in Microbial Fuel Cells and Their Sub-types)
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Abstract

In addition to disposal issues, the abundance of sludge and chicken manure has been a rising issue in Malaysia. Membrane-less microbial fuel cell (ML-MFC) technology can be considered as one of the potential solutions to the issues of disposal and electricity generation. However, there is still a lack of information on the performance of an ML-MFC powered by sludge and chicken manure. Hence, with this project, we studied the performance of an ML-MFC supplemented with sludge and chicken manure, and its operating parameters were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) through central composite design (CCD). The optimum operating parameters were determined to be 35 °C, 75% moisture content, and an electrode distance of 3 cm. Correspondingly, the highest power density, COD removal efficiency, and biomass acquired through this study were 47.2064 mW/m2, 98.0636%, and 19.6730 mg/L, respectively. The obtained COD values for dewatered sludge and chicken manure were 708 mg/L and 571 mg/L, respectively. COD values were utilized as a standard value for the substrate degradation by Bacillus subtilis in the ML-MFC. Through proximate analyses conducted by elemental analysis and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), the composition of carbon and magnesium for sludge and chicken manure was23.75% and 34.20% and 78.1575 mg/L and 71.6098 mg/L, respectively. The proposed optimal RSM parameters were assessed and validated to determine the ML-MFC operating parameters to be optimized by RSM (CCD).
Keywords: membrane-less microbial fuel cell; solid waste; sludge; chicken manure; renewable energy; operating parameters; electricity; sustainable development goals membrane-less microbial fuel cell; solid waste; sludge; chicken manure; renewable energy; operating parameters; electricity; sustainable development goals

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MDPI and ACS Style

Malik, N.N.A.; Sabri, M.N.I.M.; Tajarudin, H.A.; Shoparwe, N.F.; Shukor, H.; Makhtar, M.M.Z.; Abbas, S.Z.; Yong, Y.-C.; Rafatullah, M. Mixture of Sludge and Chicken Manure in Membrane-Less Microbial Fuel Cell for Simultaneous Waste Treatment and Energy Recovery. Catalysts 2022, 12, 776. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12070776

AMA Style

Malik NNA, Sabri MNIM, Tajarudin HA, Shoparwe NF, Shukor H, Makhtar MMZ, Abbas SZ, Yong Y-C, Rafatullah M. Mixture of Sludge and Chicken Manure in Membrane-Less Microbial Fuel Cell for Simultaneous Waste Treatment and Energy Recovery. Catalysts. 2022; 12(7):776. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12070776

Chicago/Turabian Style

Malik, Nurul Najwa Adam, Muhammad Najib Ikmal Mohd Sabri, Husnul Azan Tajarudin, Noor Fazliani Shoparwe, Hafiza Shukor, Muaz Mohd Zaini Makhtar, Syed Zaghum Abbas, Yang-Chun Yong, and Mohd Rafatullah. 2022. "Mixture of Sludge and Chicken Manure in Membrane-Less Microbial Fuel Cell for Simultaneous Waste Treatment and Energy Recovery" Catalysts 12, no. 7: 776. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12070776

APA Style

Malik, N. N. A., Sabri, M. N. I. M., Tajarudin, H. A., Shoparwe, N. F., Shukor, H., Makhtar, M. M. Z., Abbas, S. Z., Yong, Y.-C., & Rafatullah, M. (2022). Mixture of Sludge and Chicken Manure in Membrane-Less Microbial Fuel Cell for Simultaneous Waste Treatment and Energy Recovery. Catalysts, 12(7), 776. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12070776

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