Hospitals, Volume 1, Issue 1 (September 2024) – 12 articles

Background: Errors are a common occurrence in all healthcare settings, and the safety of patients is a critical concern that involves multiple factors, including the complex and demanding nature of nursing practice. Nurses, due to their continuous and direct patient care, play a pivotal role in ensuring patient safety. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the factors that contribute to errors from the perspectives of nurses in Greek hospitals, with a focus on understanding the challenges they face in their daily practice. Methods: Clinical nurses willingly and anonymously filled out a specific structured questionnaire, the Taxonomy of Error, Root Cause Analysis, and Practice-responsibility (TERCAP) tool that describes the conditions under which an error during clinical practice occurred. The study method included convenience sampling. After obtaining permission, questionnaires were distributed to hospital departments. To accommodate pandemic-related restrictions, an electronic version of the questionnaire was also created for distribution and collection. Analysis of data was accomplished via SPSS 26.0. Results: Five hundred and ninety-seven clinical nurses participated anonymously, reporting errors in almost seven out of ten cases, often attributing them to high workload and staff shortages. Errors were commonly reported during different shifts in this study. Factors such as assigning significant responsibilities to inexperienced staff and inadequate implementation guidelines were highlighted. Conclusions: The in-depth study of nursing errors provides a nuanced understanding of their causes by categorizing them based on various factors. It emphasizes the complexity of challenges and the need to integrate systemic, clinical, and individual factors into intervention strategies, including medication protocols, ongoing training, clear communication, administrative support, and fostering an open communication culture. Full article

The population of Pakistan is increasing, with approximately 2% growth. Over the years, the country’s healthcare system has struggled to meet the needs of the population. Nevertheless, because of shortages compared to population distribution, people are facing primary healthcare challenges, specifically in rural environments. Because of the absence of standard health services, the quality of the health sector deteriorated over time. Therefore, this study aims to compute the shortage of health facilities in Badin, Pakistan, per local health standards. The information related to available health institutes was obtained from the office of the Director-General Health Office with the help of a questionnaire. The current population was determined, and the same was projected up to the year 2035 with the help of a compound interest model. The linear model was executed and found to be significant, with the values of R = 0.996, R² = 0.991, and Sig. F-change = 0.000. The Badin sub-region needed 201 basic health units, 37 rural health centers, and 746 dispensaries. The public health institutes were found unavailable as per demographic standards. This research set a platform for local authorities to take certain actions in framing essential policies to curtail the shortage of health institutions. This study is significant, as it confers existing and futuristic health institute demands. This research can serve as a model for remote sub-regions to address primary healthcare issues, including the fight against diseases and viruses. This research may also contribute to sustainable goal number 3, i.e., Good Health and Well-being. Full article

Backgrounds: The pre-discharge conference (PDC) is crucial for ensuring care continuity based on patients’ preferences and goals. However, there is no quantitative on its effectiveness. We investigated the effectiveness of multidisciplinary PDC on the concordance rate between the preferred (PPEoLC) and actual place of end-of-life care and death. Methods: Overall, 551 older homebound patients (median age, 83.0 years; female, 49.4%; male, 50.6%) receiving continuous home medical care through clinics were enrolled in hospital ward admission from March 2011 to September 2018. Patient demographics, presence or absence of PDCs, statements from patients and their families regarding PPEoLC, and place of death of deceased patients were confirmed from the patients’ medical records, followed by concordance rate analyses between PPEoLC and place of death and a multivariate analysis of home mortality. We used the Mann–Whiney U test to assess attribute data, hypothesis testing to assess the difference in the population proportions, and binominal logistic regression analyses to evaluate the relationship between valuables. Results: In the conference group, the home mortality rate, patients’ and their families’ expression rates, and preferences for their home of PPEoLC were higher (p < 0.001) than those in the non-conference group. The place of death was significantly influenced by family preferences. Conclusions: PDC can affect the place of death of homebound patients, but family preferences rather than patient preferences influence the decision of the patient’s place of death. To better reflect the patient preferences, patient-centered decision support should be provided earlier in the disease process. Full article

Effective nursing leadership is critical for healthcare organizations’ sustainability as nurse leaders influence many organizational aspects, including staff retention, quality of care, resource management, and development. The aim of this study is to highlight the quality achievements and benefits that transformational leadership may have for healthcare organizations. An extensive literature search has been conducted through MEDLINE and Scopus. The 6-stage framework proposed by Arksey and O’Malley was applied, guided the scoping review process. Data extracted from the included studies were systematically charted. This approach allowed for a comprehensive understanding of the advantages of transformational leadership in healthcare organizations. Of the 1245 searched articles, 26 encountered the study’s inclusion criteria. Analysis of the studies led to the formulation of two thematic categories, namely, (a) transformational leadership and human resources and (b) transformational leadership and healthcare delivery. Results indicated that transformational nursing leadership can benefit healthcare organizations in terms of effective resource management, high quality of care, and sustainability. Visionary leaders support staff retention, innovation, and research and promote organizational status and development. Through continuous support and training, transformational nurse leaders can ensure nurses’ job satisfaction and engagement, patients’ satisfaction, the best therapeutic outcomes, and high levels of organizational achievement. Full article

Background: Adverse events are a prevalent occurrence across pediatric healthcare environments, and patient safety is intricately tied to nursing errors due to nurses’ consistent presence and interaction with patients, which surpasses that of any other healthcare professional. This research sought to explore the factors influencing errors as perceived by pediatric nurses in Greek hospital settings. Methods: Clinical pediatric nurses voluntarily and anonymously completed a specialized structured survey, utilizing the Taxonomy of Error, Root Cause Analysis, and Practice-responsibility (TERCAP) tool, which delineates the circumstances surrounding errors occurring during clinical practice. Results: Among the participants employed in the pediatric department, 80.8% (n = 84) reported experiencing an error at their workplace. Notably, in 48.7% (n = 38) of these instances, the error was attributed to themselves (personal responsibility), while in 78.9% (n = 56) of cases, it was linked to errors committed by other colleagues in the clinic. As reported by participants in pediatric departments, the primary factors contributing to potential error occurrence include the absence or inadequacy of orientation and training for new staff (43.2%), the absence of a standardized protocol for resolving disagreements (39%), insufficient ongoing training (38.3%), and breakdowns in interdisciplinary communication (21%). Conclusions: By classifying errors based on various criteria such as outcomes, processes, cognitive reasoning, ethical considerations, and importance, this study presents a holistic framework for examining pediatric nurses’ errors from diverse perspectives. Through this classification approach, the study establishes a foundation for tailored interventions targeting particular aspects of errors and their root causes in pediatric departments. Full article

Introduction: With the passage of the Physician Payment Sunshine Act, there has been increased transparency regarding the industrial financial relations that physicians have. Orthopedic surgeons have been highly studied in this domain with approximately 50% of all orthopedic surgeons engaging in industrial financial relationships. Furthermore, an increasing number of orthopedic surgeons are seeking fellowship training with pediatric fellowship programs gaining popularity in recent years. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact various pediatric orthopedic fellowship programs have on industry earnings and academic productivity. Methods: Pediatric orthopedic fellowship programs were identified via the Orthopedic Society of North America (POSNA) website. Information on individual fellowship programs was obtained from their respective websites. Academic productivity was measured via an aggregate of all employed physicians’ H-index at a specific fellowship as found on the Scopus website. The Open Payments Database (OPD) website was used to assess lifetime industry earnings. Other variables such as Newsweek or Doximity ranking were taken directly from relevant websites. Statistical analysis was performed using a Kruskal–Wallis test with Bonferroni correction and Mann–Whitney U-test. Results: A total of 43 pediatric orthopedic surgery fellowships in the United States were identified with a total of 392 physicians as fellowship faculty. Complete OPD and H-index information were available for 336 of those physicians (85.7%). On average, there were 7.81 ± 5.18 physicians and 1.56 ± 0.93 fellows per program. The mean combined physician H-index was 117.23 ± 122.51, and the mean combined physician lifetime supplemental earnings in dollars was $646,684.37 ± $1,159,507.17. There was no significant relationship between region of pediatric orthopedic fellowship, Newsweek ranking of affiliated hospital, Doximity ranking of affiliated hospital, presence of MBA program, type of program (public, private, mixed), and the lifetime industry earnings or academic productivity of program graduates. Conclusions: Despite the observed lack of statistical significance, there were clear trends observed with fellowship programs in the northeast and west coast regions being the highest earning and fellowship programs with top 10 Newsweek ranking of affiliated hospital having by far the greatest industry earnings. Sample size limitations likely prevented the detection of statistical significance. Future studies should examine if any relation exists when accounting for type of industry payment received and case volume per fellowship program. Full article

Post-injury confusional state is a common phenomenon following acquired brain injury. A multi-faceted approach for decreasing confusion is recommended, but there is a paucity of research related to non-pharmacological management. The main objective was to present a conceptual model of multi-faceted approaches for confusion, and secondly to investigate the rehabilitation outcome following these approaches. The setting is a specialized ward for rehabilitation of patients with severe cognitive difficulties following acquired brain injury. The conceptual model encompasses neurobehavioral strategies, pharmacological treatment, engagement in meaningful occupations, next of kin involvement, organizational demands, the physical environment, along with differential diagnostics. Patient cases are provided to illustrate the impact of each approach. A total of 141 of 281 patients were in a confusional state at admission. At discharge, 62% had emerged from the confusional state. Patients in a confusional state due to traumatic brain injury and subarachnoid hemorrhage had clinically important differences of >22 points in the functional independence measure from admission to discharge, following rehabilitation efforts based on the conceptual model. No clinically important difference was seen in patients with non-SAH stroke and patients with other types of brain injuries. The proposed conceptual model should be further evaluated in complex intervention studies. Full article

[Background] Intermediate care is a limited-time service founded on patient-centered care (PCC) that ensures continuity and quality of care during the transition between home and acute care services, promotes recovery, and restores independence and confidence. In Japan, systematic education on intermediate care for care providers is lacking. [Method] The present study explored the relationship between a Japanese scale used to evaluate individualized discharge support skills, a Japanese version of a tool for evaluating intermediate care based on PCC, and a tool that measures the shared decision making of care providers, which is the pinnacle of PCC. [Results] Clear correlations were found between the concepts evaluated using these three tools. Some concepts were not correlated between the Japanese scale that evaluated individualized discharge support skills and intermediate care based on PCC. [Conclusions] Elucidating the perspectives that help expand discharge care to intermediate care based on PCC will contribute to future education on intermediate care for Japanese care providers and to enriching patient-centered intermediate care. Full article

Neurology holds a unique perspective that embodies the art of capturing a patient’s story. Despite medical advancements, many neurological conditions leave patients permanently impaired. This sudden loss of independence can be demoralizing and, in most cases, directly changes a person’s identity. It is therefore a necessary part of a neurologist’s trade to know their patient’s history—their story. Their tales reveal intimate details of their personality changes, memory loss, sensory deprivation, and movement disorders. A true neurologist is a person that remains vulnerable through their willingness to take a history—the story of their patient—and remain curious, vulnerable, and compassionate through their journey to heal and comfort the patient. To understand the patient’s illness experience in neurology, the underlying themes of patient recovery (compassion, determination, and patience) are explored with regard to the neurological patient’s experience. These themes are then expanded to include the neurology patient’s mental perceptions of themselves, and their illness’ influences over their identity, recovery, and daily life. In addition to the patient’s experience, the neurologist’s awareness and emotional response to the patient’s illness experience can provide an opportunity to develop a strong therapeutic bond with their patient and improve patient outcomes. Given that their neurological impairment causes a loss of independence and control over their identity and self-worth, neurologists can incorporate the patient’s experience into their management and treatment, to better address their emotional and spiritual needs as they come to terms with their identity. Full article

This essay focuses on so-called obstetric violence, i.e., the medical malpractice consisting of disrespect and/or abuses to the detriment of women during their labor or when they give birth, as well as during health care services concerning the sexual and reproductive sphere. The main goal is to start a debate on a topic already considered by foreign lawmakers, also for punishment purposes. After an empirical-criminological survey of the cases and the misconduct to be labelled as “obstetric violence”, this essay analyses the legal tools available in Italy. From a law reform perspective, the author reflects on the (non-criminal) strategies to prevent distortions of the doctor–patient relationship as well as on the harm to women’s self-determination and dignity, particularly in respect of the rules on informed consent. Full article