Canada Lynx (Lynx canadensis) as Potential Reservoirs and Sentinels of Toxoplasma gondii in Northern Canada
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Locations and Lynx Sampling
2.2. Serological Analysis
2.3. Molecular Analysis
2.3.1. Detection of DNA of T. gondii in Tissue Samples
2.3.2. Detection of DNA of T. gondii in Fecal Samples
2.4. Fecal Flotation
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Analysis
3.2. Cut-off Values and Best-Performing Serological Assay
3.3. Association between serological and molecular tests
3.4. Prevalence and Potential Risk Factors Associated with T. gondii
3.5. Quantification of Infection Intensity and Risk Factors
3.6. CoproPCR and DNA Sequencing
3.7. Fecal Flotation
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Seroprevalence 1 | Tissue-Prevalence 2 | Prevalence 3 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | % (95% CI); P/T | OR (95% CI) | p Value | % (95% CI); P/T | OR (95% CI) | p Value | % (95% CI); P/T | OR (95% CI) | p Value |
Sex Female 4 | 19 (13–26); 27/145 | 16 (11–23); 23/145 | 20 (14–27); 29/145 | ||||||
Male | 29 (23–35); 62/215 | 1.8 (1.1–3) | 0.029 | 23 (18–29); 49/215 | 1.6 (0.9–2.7) | 0.11 | 30 (24–36); 64/215 | 1.7 (1.0–2.8) | 0.039 |
Age-class Juvenile 4 | 8 (4–18); 5/60 | 7 (3–16); 4/60 | 8.3 (4–18); 5/60 | ||||||
Adult | 59 (42–74); 20/34 | 15.7 (5.0–49.2) | <0.001 | 44 (29–61); 15/34 | 11.1 (3.3–37.4) | <0.001 | 59 (42–74); 20/34 | 15.7 (5.0–49.2) | <0.001 |
BCI Low 4 | 13 (8–21); 12/92 | 11 (6–19); 10/92 | 13 (8–21); 12/92 | ||||||
Med | 19 (14–26); 36/186 | 1.6 (0.8–3.2) | 14 (10–20); 27/186 | 1.4 (0.6–3.0) | 20 (15–26); 37/186 | 1.7 (0.8–3.4) | |||
High | 32 (17–52); 8/25 | 3.1 (1.1–8.8) | 0.094 | 20 (9–39); 5/25 | 2.1 (0.6–6.7) | 0.468 | 32 (17–52); 8/25 | 3.1 (1.1–8.8) | 0.091 |
Region Eastern | 41 (30–52); 28/69 | 32 (22–44); 22/69 | 41 (30–52); 28/69 | ||||||
Labrador, NL | 33 (14–61); 4/12 | 33 (14–61); 4/12 | 33 (14–61); 4/12 | ||||||
Abitibi, QC | 36 (24–50); 18/50 | 24 (14–37); 12/50 | 36 (24–50); 18/50 | ||||||
Kuujjuaq, QC | 86 (49–97); 6/7 | 86 (49–97); 6/7 | 86 (49–97); 6/7 | ||||||
Region Western 4 Yukon | 20 (16–25); 69/340 | 2.7 (1.6–4.6) | <0.001 | 17 (13–21); 57/340 | 2.3 (1.3–4.2) | 0.004 | 22 (17–26); 73/340 | 2.4 (1.4–4.3) | 0.001 |
Total | 24 (20–28); 97/409 | 19 (16–23); 79/409 | 25 (21–29); 101/409 |
Variables (n = 360) | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | Female 1 | 0.021 | ||
Male | 1.83 | 1.096–3.055 | ||
Region | Western 1 | 0.002 | ||
Eastern | 2.49 | 1.409–4.404 |
Model | β (SE) | 95% Wald CI | Wald Chi-Squared | df | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex, female | 0.345 (0.241) | −0.128 0.818 | 2.039 | 1 | 0.153 |
Region, eastern | − 0.710 (0.251) | −1.202 −0.218 | 7.991 | 1 | 0.005 * |
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Bouchard, É.; Sharma, R.; Hernández-Ortiz, A.; Jung, T.S.; Harms, N.J.; Willier, C.N.; Boonstra, R.; Majchrzak, Y.N.; Peers, M.J.L.; Gouin, G.-G.; et al. Canada Lynx (Lynx canadensis) as Potential Reservoirs and Sentinels of Toxoplasma gondii in Northern Canada. Zoonotic Dis. 2023, 3, 6-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/zoonoticdis3010002
Bouchard É, Sharma R, Hernández-Ortiz A, Jung TS, Harms NJ, Willier CN, Boonstra R, Majchrzak YN, Peers MJL, Gouin G-G, et al. Canada Lynx (Lynx canadensis) as Potential Reservoirs and Sentinels of Toxoplasma gondii in Northern Canada. Zoonotic Diseases. 2023; 3(1):6-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/zoonoticdis3010002
Chicago/Turabian StyleBouchard, Émilie, Rajnish Sharma, Adrián Hernández-Ortiz, Thomas S. Jung, N. Jane Harms, Caitlin N. Willier, Rudy Boonstra, Yasmine N. Majchrzak, Michael J. L. Peers, Géraldine-G. Gouin, and et al. 2023. "Canada Lynx (Lynx canadensis) as Potential Reservoirs and Sentinels of Toxoplasma gondii in Northern Canada" Zoonotic Diseases 3, no. 1: 6-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/zoonoticdis3010002