Exposure to Brucella spp. in Goats and Sheep in Karenga District, Uganda Diagnosed by Modified Rose Bengal Method
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Location
2.2. Study Samples and Data
2.3. Laboratory Analysis
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Animal Characteristics
3.2. Brucella Seropositivity
3.3. Univariate Analysis of Probable Risk Factors for Brucella Seropositivity in the Karenga District
3.4. Multivariate Analysis of Risk Factors for Brucella Seropositivity in the Karenga District
4. Discussion
5. Study Limitations
6. Conclusions and Recommendations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Animal Species | Number Tested | Number Positive | Proportion of Seropositive Animals (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Ovine | 81 | 1 | 1.23 |
Caprine | 332 | 13 | 3.92 |
Total | 413 | 14 | 3.39 |
Variable | Number Tested | Number Positive | Prevalence (%) | 95% CI | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Animal Species | 1.33 × 10−5 *** | ||||
Ovine | 81 | 1 | 1.23 | 0.03–6.69 | Ref |
Caprine | 332 | 13 | 3.92 | 2.10–6.60 | 0.258 |
Age category | 4.66 × 10−8 *** | ||||
<1year | 47 | 1 | 2.13 | 0.05–11.29 | 0.953 |
1–2 years | 101 | 2 | 1.98 | 0.24–6.97 | Ref |
>2 years | 265 | 11 | 4.15 | 2.09–7.31 | 0.327 |
Sex | 1.12 × 10−5 *** | ||||
Male | 84 | 1 | 1.19 | 0.03–6.456 | Ref |
Female | 329 | 13 | 3.95 | 2.12–6.66 | 0.24 |
Herd structure | 2.33 × 10−14 *** | ||||
Goat only | 193 | 4 | 2.07 | 0.57–5.22 | Ref |
Mixed herd | 220 | 10 | 4.55 | 2.20–8.20 | 0.177 |
Herd size | 2.92 × 10−7 *** | ||||
Medium | 172 | 1 | 0.58 | 0.02–3.19 | Ref |
Large | 241 | 13 | 5.39 | 2.90–9.05 | 0.0289 * |
Location | 0.995 | ||||
Karenga Town Council | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0.00–2.65 | Ref |
Lobalangit | 79 | 1 | 1.27 | 0.03–6.85 | 0.996 |
Karenga Subcounty | 71 | 1 | 1.41 | 0.04–7.59 | 0.996 |
Kapedo | 36 | 4 | 11.11 | 3.11–26.06 | 0.996 |
Kawalakol | 90 | 6 | 6.67 | 2.49–13.95 | 0.996 |
Sangar | 45 | 2 | 4.44 | 0.54–15.15 | 0.996 |
Lokori | 80 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00–4.51 | 1 |
Variable | Odds Ratio | Std. Error | 95% CI | z Value | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Animal Species | |||||
Ovine | Ref | ||||
Caprine | 6.01 | 1.052 | 1.1–8.2 | 1.705 | 0.0881 |
Sex | |||||
Male | Ref | ||||
Female | 3.6 | 1.053 | 2.3–17.9 | 1.208 | 0.2270 |
Herd size | |||||
Medium herd (50–100) | Ref | ||||
Large herd (more than 100) | 3.3 | 1.046 | 2.3–16.4 | 2.383 | 0.0172 * |
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Akwongo, C.J.; Kakooza, S. Exposure to Brucella spp. in Goats and Sheep in Karenga District, Uganda Diagnosed by Modified Rose Bengal Method. Zoonotic Dis. 2022, 2, 163-171. https://doi.org/10.3390/zoonoticdis2030015
Akwongo CJ, Kakooza S. Exposure to Brucella spp. in Goats and Sheep in Karenga District, Uganda Diagnosed by Modified Rose Bengal Method. Zoonotic Diseases. 2022; 2(3):163-171. https://doi.org/10.3390/zoonoticdis2030015
Chicago/Turabian StyleAkwongo, Claire Julie, and Steven Kakooza. 2022. "Exposure to Brucella spp. in Goats and Sheep in Karenga District, Uganda Diagnosed by Modified Rose Bengal Method" Zoonotic Diseases 2, no. 3: 163-171. https://doi.org/10.3390/zoonoticdis2030015