Forage Availability and Quality, and Feeding Behaviour of Indigenous Goats Grazing in a Mediterranean Silvopastoral System

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the feeding behaviour of indigenous goats and the selection drivers of different plant species in a Mediterranean forest rangeland. To achieve this goal, the seasonal variations in terms of forage availability and quality of ingested plant species were studied during three grazing seasons. In the same period, eight indigenous goats of Beni Arouss breed were selected to explore the seasonal changes in their browsing behaviour. Forage quality was determined by the hand-plucking technique. The results showed a wide seasonal variation in forage availability and quality, and feeding behaviour. Woody species were more selected independently of the season (p < 0.001). The crude protein content varied from 53.3 g/kg of dry mater (DM) for Erica arborea in summer to 197 g/kg DM for Calicotome villosa in autumn (p < 0.001). Despite the high condensed tannins content in selected shrubs, they were highly consumed. In vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) and metabolizable energy (ME) had recorded the highest contents in herbaceous during spring. Shrubs and trees contain the lowest levels of IVOMD (<500 g/kg) and ME (<7.2 MJ/kg) during autumn and summer. It is concluded that seasonal changes in forage availability and quality did not necessarily affect the indigenous goats’ preference. These findings could help goat herders to develop feeding and grazing systems while increasing the performance of goats in the Mediterranean silvopastoral system.

1. Introduction

Silvopastoral systems are an important component of extensive goat production in the Mediterranean region. In Morocco, these forest rangelands guarantee year-round feed resources for grazing goats. They provide 80% of diet requirements of grazing animals in mountainous areas (High Atlas and Northern Morocco). Four million heads of goats (i.e., approximately 70% of the national herd) graze on forest pasturelands [1]. The silvopastoral system contributes between 68% and 100% of the incomes of farmers, playing an essential socio-economic role [2].

In Northern Morocco, there is one indigenous goat breed named Beni Arouss, which was only recently officially recognized by the Moroccan Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (Official Journal of Morocco; N° 6, 430; 01/2016). The mountainous forest rangeland constitutes the exclusive feed resources of this indigenous goat breeds. The intense meat flavor of this indigenous goat is greatly appreciated by consumers. Their lactation lasts 120 days, averaging 0.504 kg/goat. In addition, this breed shows excellent tolerance to diseases [3]. Published works about this indigenous goat have only explored the aspects related to its genetic characteristics [4] and the effect of alternative feed resources’ incorporation on goat meat and milk production [5,6]. Domestic goats (Capra hircus) have shown better performance and adaptability in harsh environments than other domesticated ruminants [7], where they face complex feed sources dominated by heterogeneous woody species.

One of the main problems of the extensive livestock systems in Morocco is the lack of information on pasture quality and feeding behaviour of indigenous goats under grazing conditions. Despite various studies focused on the European Mediterranean countries [8,9,10,11,12,13,14], there is little information in the literature on the browsing behaviour of indigenous goats in the mountainous silvopastoral units. Understanding the seasonal variation of forage availability and quality, and feeding behaviour of indigenous goats is crucial to develop targeted decisions to improve feeding and grazing strategies for enhanced sustainability and performances of animal production system. In order to address this issue, this work was undertaken in a mountainous silvopastoral system of the Southern Mediterranean region (Northern Morocco) to study the seasonal variations in terms of forage availability and quality of ingested plant species and browsing behavior of indigenous grazing goats.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Experimental Forest Pasture

An experiment was carried out in a mountainous forest pastureland located at an altitude ranging between 250 and 550 m above sea level in the Beni Arouss region in Northern Morocco (35°18′ N, 5°34′ W) (Figure 1). The climate is Mediterranean, with an annual rainfall varying between 400 and 700 mm. Temperatures range from 3 to 14 °C in winter and from 18 to 38 °C in summer (minimum and maximum, respectively) [15]. The pastureland is a Mediterranean forest with vegetation units from low formations of Cistus spp. (inclusive of C. crispus L., C. monspeliensis L., and C. salviifolius L.) to oak groves. Vegetation includes Quercus spp. (inclusive of Q. coccifera L., Q. ilex L., and Q. suber L.) associated with shrublands dominated by Arbutus unedo L. and Cistus spp. [16].

2.2. Experimental Animals and Feeding Behaviour

Eight indigenous Beni Arouss meat goats (30 ± 2.6 kg liveweight and 36 ± 6 months of age) were chosen from a local goat flock composed of 79 animals browsing in the study area. The pasture is grazed by goats during all seasons, except winter when they are confined. During winter, forest rangelands’ access is very limited in the studied area, and during this time herders’ trim oak tree branches (Quercus spp.) as forage for goats. The average grazing time was estimated between 7 h and 12 h depending on grazing day and season. Goats’ feeding behavior was evaluated within the three seasons by the direct observation method [17]. This method seems to be better suited to recording data on diversified vegetation and at different time scales. The improved direct observation method developed by Agreil and Meuret [18] allowed for the continuous observation of the feeding behaviour of sheep and goats. The originality of this method results from its capacity to couple detailed and short-term measurements at bite scale with long-term intake balance. However, in a diversified grazing environment such as north Moroccan forest rangeland, where the number of eaten species is over twenty consumed per day, too many bite categories have to be defined, making it difficult to identify and record them in real-time. The direct observational methodology was chosen thanks to our skill of this technique. The observation procedure was realized during three consecutive grazing days over three seasons for one year: spring (green season), summer (dry season), and autumn. Data were collected by observing each experimental indigenous goat for 10 min, with an interval of 5 min, over the whole grazing days (morning, mid-day, and afternoon) [19]. Before starting the observation procedure, observers spent three days with goats to accustom them to the presence of an unfamiliar person, as detailed by Meuret and Provenza [20]. According to González-Pech et al. [21], the familiarization procedure was considered as successful when the observer could remain closer than 1 m from to the observed animal without disturbing their grazing activities. Trained observers recorded the selected plant species and the number of bites per consumed plant part, which allowed generating the total number of bites (TB). The percentage of bites per plant species (TBi, %) was calculated using the following equation: TBi = NBi/TB; where NBi is the number of observed bites of plant i. To determine the average mass per bite, the observer mimicked the bite mass (BM, g DM) for each plant species selected by goats (only the consumed parts of the plant) using the hand-plucking procedure (100 simulated plucks per plant per season) [22]. The hand-plucked samples were collected in special bags and taken to the laboratory in order to determine the average BM of each consumed species. This procedure allowed estimation of the intake rate (IR, g DM/min) and diet composition (DC, %). The DC was reported as the percentage of each consumed species in the diet according to the following equation: ${\mathrm{DC}}_i{=(\mathrm{NB}}_i{\times \mathrm{BM}}_i)/({\displaystyle \sum }_{i=1}^n(\mathrm{NB}\times \mathrm{BM}))$; where DCi is the proportion of the plant i in the diet, BMi is the mean bite mass of the plant i, and n is the number of plant species. The IR was calculated as IR = BR $\times$ BM; where BR is the bite rate (BR, n/min).

2.3. Forage Availability and Diet Selection

Before starting the experiment, seasonal forage availability was estimated in order to calculate the seasonal diet selectivity [23,24]. Forage availability of each selected plants species was estimated on the basis of those effectively consumed by goats using the quadrat method [19,25]. Several numbers and sizes of quadrats were tested to obtain the most representative quadrat to minimize the effect of rangeland heterogeneity. Therefore, forty quadrats of 40 m² (4 m × 10 m) for woody species and forty quadrats of 1 m² for herbaceous species (each one embedded within one woody quadrat) were implemented seasonally in rangeland along the usual grazing paths [9]. The non-destructive method known as the reference module was used for shrubs and trees. For trees, we considered only the accessible and consumed plant parts for goats. For herbaceous, a destructive method was used, where all herbaceous biomass was cut. Biomass samples were oven-dried at 40 °C to constant weight to obtain the dry matter (DM).

Several indexes are employed to estimate diet selectivity [26]. The selectivity measures the selection of plant species in relation to their abundance or availability in the forest rangeland. Plant species that constitute a larger proportion of the diet than their availability are considered preferred; conversely those proportionately underrepresented in the diet are avoided. The most common measure is Ivlev selectivity index (SI) as follows [27]: SI = (% forage in the diet − % forage availability)/(% forage in the diet + % forage availability). According with its outcomes, diet selectivity could be classified into categories: very high (>0.5), high (0–0.5), low (−0.5–0), and very low (<−0.5) selectivity, based on goats’ preferences [28].

2.4. Forage Quality

To determine the nutritional quality of forage in each studied season, analyses were achieved on three different hand-plucked samples of each pastoral species selected by the experimental grazing goats. The collected samples were directly conducted to the laboratory to determine the chemical composition and the digestibility parameters. All analyses were made in triplicate. The nutritional quality of plant groups is the average of the composition of pastoral species selected according to their category (herbaceous, shrubs, or trees).

2.4.1. Chemical Composition

The collected samples were weighed before being dried until they reached a constant weight at low temperature (40 °C) to avoid changes in tannins content and activity [29]. The dried samples were milled with a sieve mesh size of 1 mm to evaluate the chemical composition. Organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), and ether extract (EE) analyses were performed according to the Association of Official Analytical Chemists [30]. The OM was determined after calcination in a muffle furnace for 12 h. Nitrogen (N) content was measured by the Kjeldahl method and the crude protein (CP) was calculated by multiplying N by 6.25. The EE were extracted by the Soxhlet method.

All fibers in the studied samples were estimated using ANKOM 200 Fiber Analyzer (ANKOM Technology, New York, NY, USA) inclusive of residual ash. The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) method was described by Mertens’ [31]. The method 973.18 of AOAC [32] was used to estimate acid detergent fiber (ADF). Lignin (ADL) content was evaluated according to Robertson and Van Soest’s [33] method by cellulose solubilization from ADF, using sulphuric acid. Condensed tannins (CT) were estimated by butanol-HCl and ferric reagents according to Porter et al. [34].

2.4.2. Digestibility and Metabolizable Energy

The methods for in vitro dry matter (IVDMD) and organic matter (IVOMD) digestibility are well described by Mabjeesh et al. [35]. They were determined using DAISYII Incubator (ANKOM Technology, New York, NY, USA), which tries to simulate ruminal digestion [36]. Briefly, 0.5 g of each sample was placed in ANKOM filter bags (F57) and was incubated at 39.5 °C in jars (24 bags/jar), which contained an inoculum. This inoculum was a mixture of 4/5 volume of artificial saliva and 1/5 of rumen liquor. After 48 h of incubation, IVDMD and IVOMD were calculated by weighing the residuals DM and OM comparing to initial incubated quantities. The used rumen liquor in the inoculum was collected from five goats at a local slaughterhouse as widely described by El Otmani et [37]. These goats grazed in a forest pastureland similar to the studied area.

The metabolizable energy (ME; MJ/kg DM) of the studied plants were predicted based on the digestibility results, according to the following formula suggested by AOAC [32]: $\mathrm{ME}=0.17\times \mathrm{DMD}-2$, where DMD is the dry matter digestibility in %.

2.5. Statistical Analysis

Data analyses were performed using SAS software v9.4 (SAS Inst. Cary, NC, USA). Before analyses, data expressed as percentage were arcsine-square root-transformed to normalize their distribution [38]. Bite mass was analyzed using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with either plant species (n = 15) or plant groups (i.e., herbaceous, shrubs and trees), seasons (i.e., spring, summer, and autumn), and their interaction. Forage availability and quality (chemical composition, digestibility, and metabolizable energy) were analyzed using a general linear model (GLM) procedure of SAS in a factorial structure. They were compared between plant species or plant groups and seasons and their interaction. Feeding behaviour data (selectivity, bite rate, intake rate, and diet composition) were analyzed according to the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS [39] with the daily observation on each goat as experimental unit. Differences in feeding behaviour were assessed considering the effects of plant species or plant groups, seasons and their interaction. The individual goat was considered as a random effect to prevent this variance from being incorporated in the error term of the analysis. Pearson correlation analysis was used to establish the relationships between chemical component variables, digestibility, intake, and selection. For all variables analyzed, the significance level was declared at p < 0.05. In case of significant effect, means were compared using the Tukey’s test.

3. Results

3.1. Forage Availability and Diet Selection

The season affected the average forage availability of the studied pasture (p < 0.001). The spring recorded the higher forage production significantly in comparison with the summer and autumn (Figure 2A).

Three distinct groups of plant species dominated the forest vegetation and composed the goats’ diet, namely: herbaceous plants (mainly Anthemis cotula L., Brachypodium distachyon L., Bromus rigidus Roth, Calamintha nepeta (L.) Kuntze, Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Eryngium tricuspidatum L., Lythrum junceum Banks and Sol., Rumex bucephalophorus L.), shrubs (Arbutus unedo L., Calicotome villosa (Poir.) Link, Cistus spp., Erica arborea L., Lavandula stoechas L., Myrtus communis L., Phillyrea media L., Pistacia lentiscus L., and Rubus ulmifolius Schott.), and trees (Quercus spp. and Olea europaea subsp. O. europaea L. var. sylvestris (Mill) Lehr).

The seasonal variation of forage availability and selectivity towards shrubs, trees, and plant groups of indigenous grazing goats are detailed in

Table 1. Seasonal variation of forage availability, feeding behaviour, and selectivity towards shrubs of indigenous goats grazing in a Mediterranean forest rangeland of Northern Morocco.

	Availability (%)	Selectivity Index	Bite Mass (g DM/Bite)	Total Bites (%)	Diet Composition (%)
Spring
Arbutus unedo	31.4 c	−0.983 n	0.119 j	0.619 mno	0.234 lmno
Cistus crispus	12.9 de	0.549 c	0.340 a	26.1 a	25.9 a
Cistus monspeliensis	13.9 de	0.255 d	0.323 b	23.6 b	23.9 b
Cistus salviifolius	18.3 d	0.045 e	0.349 a	21.8 cd	24.3 b
Calicotome villosa	1.55 ij	−0.919 lmn	0.110 jk	0.185 no	0.064 no
Erica arborea	16.6 e	−0.784 jkl	0.222 ef	4.43 l	2.74 i
Lavandula stoechas	3.45 ghi	0.757 b	0.319 b	22.2 cd	22.5 b
Myrtus communis	0.033 kl	0.650 b	0.080 mn	0.319 no	0.078 no
Pistacia lentiscus	1.72 ijk	−0.822 klmn	0.091 lm	0.505 no	0.146 mno
Phillyrea media	0.034 kl	0.672 b	0.070 n	0.255 no	0.057 no
Rubus ulmifolius	0.010 l	−0.984 n	0.050 o	0.006 o	0.001 o
SEM	0.057	0.025	0.004	0.402	0.043
Summer
Arbutus unedo	12.02 gh	−0.470 h	0.220 ef	12.8 i	14.6 e
Cistus crispus	10.5 ef	−0.904 lmn	0.110 jk	1.29 mno	0.75 kl
Cistus monspeliensis	26.8 c	−0.957 mn	0.101 kl	1.01 mno	0.529 klm
Cistus salviifolius	42.7 a	−0.961 mn	0.110 jk	1.32 mn	0.760 k
Calicotome villosa	2.11 hi	0.618 bc	0.170 gh	9.33 j	8.25 g
Erica arborea	1.71 ijk	−0.139 de	0.179 g	16.7 gh	15.7 e
Lavandula stoechas	3.27 ghi	−0.810 jklm	0.100 kl	1.28 mno	0.673 kl
Myrtus communis	0.338 jkl	0.974 a	0.260 c	17.5 g	23.6 c
Pistacia lentiscus	0.197 jkl	0.734 b	0.242 d	18.7 f	23.4 c
Phillyrea media	0.040 jkl	0.969 a	0.147 i	12.7 i	7.26 g
Rubus ulmifolius	0.329 jkl	0.740 b	0.120 j	7.32 k	4.54 h
SEM	0.075	0.029	0.002	2.57	0.031
Autumn
Arbutus unedo	30.7 bc	−0.200 fg	0.215 f	17.3 e	18.9 d
Cistus crispus	2.77 ghi	−0.890 lmn	0.093 lm	1.64 m	0.788 kl
Cistus monspeliensis	5.89 fg	−0.962 lm	0.090 lm	1.01 mno	0.470 klmn
Cistus salviifolius	12.5 de	−0.971 mn	0.105 jkl	1.09 mno	0.552 klm
Calicotome villosa	0.218 jkl	0.600 bc	0.165 gh	0.902 mno	0.725 klm
Erica arborea	41.8 ab	−0.265 g	0.167 gh	20.3 bc	18.0 d
Lavandula stoechas	2.91 ghi	−0.518 hi	0.090 lm	3.66 l	1.68 j
Myrtus communis	0.150 jkl	0.978 a	0.242 d	19.3 d	23.5 c
Pistacia lentiscus	3.00 ghi	0.762 b	0.233 de	20.1 cd	23.3 c
Phillyrea media	0.078 jkl	0.947 a	0.163 h	13.6 h	11.2 f
Rubus ulmifolius	0.037 kl	0.093 e	0.144 i	1.13 nm	0.831 kl
SEM	0.069	0.028	0.002	0.328	0.035
p-Value
Season	0.005	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.002
Plant species	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Season × Plant species	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001

SEM, standard error of the mean. Within a column, values with different letters are significantly different (p < 0.05).

,

Table 2. Seasonal variation of forage availability, feeding behaviour, and selectivity towards trees of indigenous goats grazing in a Mediterranean forest rangeland of Northern Morocco.

	Availability (%)	Selectivity Index	Bite Mass (g DM/bite)	Total Bites (%)	Diet Composition (%)
Spring
Olea europaea	9.48 c	−0.655 de	0.071 g	13.1 d	23.6 b
Quercus coccifera	20.9 b	−0.929 f	0.071 g	2.09 f	3.52 e
Quercus ilex	28.6 b	−0.793 ef	0.060 h	10.1 e	16.0 cd
Quercus suber	40.9 a	−0.464 d	0.029 i	74.8 a	56.9 a
SEM	4.95	0.027	0.002	2.66	0.271
Summer
Olea europaea	9.46 c	0.979 a	0.191 c	26.6 c	20.6 b
Quercus coccifera	19.1 b	0.868 ab	0.139 f	10.8 e	18.2 c
Quercus ilex	25.2 b	0.619 c	0.139 f	16.9 d	9.60 d
Quercus suber	46.2 a	0.906 ab	0.282 a	45.6 b	51.6 a
SEM	4.00	0.013	0.004	0.928	1.01
Autumn
Olea europaea	5.00 c	0.714 bc	0.205 b	15.6 d	14.9 cd
Quercus coccifera	24.3 b	0.572 c	0.171 d	18.6 cd	15.5 cd
Quercus ilex	24.5 b	0.652 c	0.153 e	23.9 c	18.2 c
Quercus suber	46.2 a	0.941 a	0.289 a	41.8 b	51.3 a
SEM	7.83	0.029	0.003	0.845	0.109
p-Value
Season	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Plant species	0.008	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Season × Plant species	0.956	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001

SEM, standard error of the mean. Within a column, values with different letters are significantly different (p < 0.05).

and

Table 3. Seasonal variation of forage availability, feeding behaviour, and selectivity towards plant groups of indigenous goats grazing in a Mediterranean forest rangeland of Northern Morocco.

	Availability (%)	Selectivity Index	Bite Mass (g DM/bite)	Total Bites (%)	Diet Composition (%)
Spring
Herbaceous	8.49 c	0.079 b	0.361 a	8.10 d	10.7 d
Shrubs	90.10 b	−0.383 d	0.188 c	88.9 a	88.9 a
Trees	1.41 de	−0.710 e	0.058 f	2.99 e	0.37 f
SEM	3.74	0.018	0.007	2.70	2.78
Summer
Herbaceous	8.91 c	−0.466 d	0.110 e	3.12 e	1.66 e
Shrubs	89.02 b	−0.019 c	0.160 d	67.9 b	63.6 b
Trees	2.07 d	0.843 a	0.188 c	28.9 c	34.7 c
SEM	3.66	0.038	0.002	1.84	1.74
Autumn
Herbaceous	2.56 d	−0.037 c	0.105 e	5.56 de	1.86 e
Shrubs	96.84 a	−0.165 d	0.155 d	69.1 b	67.7 b
Trees	0.600 e	0.720 a	0.204 b	25.4 c	30.4 c
SEM	4.12	0.029	0.003	0.467	1.87
p-Value
Season	0.335	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Plant groups	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Season × Plant groups	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001

SEM, standard error of the mean. Within a column, values with different letters are significantly different (p < 0.05).

, respectively.

Forage availability varied with the season (p < 0.01), species, or plant groups (p < 0.01) and their interaction (p < 0.001), except for the effects of the interaction of season and species on tree species availability (p = 0.956) and the season effect on plant group availability (p = 0.335). Shrubs were the most available forage, with C. salviifolius (42.7%) in summer, E. arborea (41.8%) in autumn, and A. unedo (31.4%) in spring.

Diet selection was affected by season, species or plant groups and their interaction (p < 0.001). The shrubs M. communis and P. media were highly selected across all seasons. C. villosa, P. lentiscus, and R. ulmifolius were mostly selected in summer and autumn. The same tendency was observed for the selectivity of each tree species (Quercus spp. and O. europaea). Cistus spp. and L. stoechas had high selectivity only in spring. E. arborea was highly selected only during the summer. All plant groups had low selectivity in all three seasons, apart from herbaceous in spring and the tree group in summer and autumn.

3.2. Feeding Behaviour

The season affected the average of bite and intake rates (p < 0.05; Figure 2B,C). On the one hand, the higher biting rate was recorded equally during summer and autumn (about 22 bites/min). On the other hand, the higher intake rate was recorded during spring (5.57 g DM/min).

Data on the seasonal variation of feeding behaviour (bite mass, total bites, and diet composition) towards shrubs, trees, and plant groups of indigenous grazing goats are detailed in Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3, respectively. All measured parameters were affected by season (p < 0.01), species, or plant groups (p < 0.001), and their interaction (p < 0.001). Overall, during summer and autumn, the highest values of feeding behaviour parameters driving intake rates (BM, TB, and DC) were recorded on A. unedo, M. communis, and P. lentiscus for shrubs and on O. europaea and Q. suber for trees. During spring, the highest values were observed on Cistus spp. and L. stoechas.

The trees group registered the largest values of BM in autumn (0.204 g DM/bite) and summer (0.188 g DM/bite), and the smallest values in spring (0.058 g DM/bite). During spring, the highest BM was observed in herbaceous (0.361 g DM/bite). For the shrubs group, the BM varied from 0.155 to 0.188 g DM/bite, and the total percentage of bites varied from 67.9 to 88.9%. The DC of shrubs ranged from 63.6 to 88.9% across all studied seasons.

3.3. Forage Quality

The outcomes for the seasonal variation in the chemical composition, IVOMD, and ME of selected plant groups by indigenous grazing goats are presented in

Table 4. Seasonal variation in the chemical composition (g/kg DM), IVOMD (g/kg), and ME (MJ/kg DM) of selected plant groups by indigenous Beni Arouss goats grazing a Mediterranean forest rangeland of Northern Morocco.

	DM	OM	CP	EE	NDF	ADF	ADL	CT	IVOMD	ME
Spring
Herbaceous	472 bc	915 b	169 a	20.5 a	529 ab	344 ab	61.3 c	2.67 b	823 a	12.2 a
Shrubs	466 bc	940 ab	109 b	45.3 a	402 c	274 b	145 ab	65.4 ab	575 d	8.10 d
Trees	548 ab	959 a	95.2 bc	39.5 a	511 ab	349 ab	164 a	42.6 ab	547 de	7.86 d
SEM	15.6	4.19	4.41	4.27	11.3	8.99	6.92	8.26	14.0	0.23
Summer
Herbaceous	628 a	878 c	86.6 bc	23.1 a	581 a	382 a	79.9 bc	3.70 b	652 c	9.60 c
Shrubs	557 ab	947 ab	89.7 bc	47.8 a	453 bc	304 ab	187 a	86.6 a	460 f	6.29 e
Trees	597 a	947 ab	77.1 bc	47.9 a	508 ab	340 ab	162 a	55.7 ab	459 f	6.52 e
SEM	13.7	5.24	4.54	4.69	12.9	10.3	10.8	9.14	10.4	0.18
Autumn
Herbaceous	537 abc	847 d	66.4 c	21.4 a	455 bc	281 b	64.2 c	3.30 b	724 b	10.8 b
Shrubs	429 c	942 ab	90.3 bc	37.2 a	449 bc	311 ab	179 a	78.6 a	458 f	6.33 e
Trees	563 ab	951 a	78.1 bc	36.2 a	489 b	338 ab	164 a	49.7 ab	496 ef	7.15 de
SEM	15.3	4.62	4.79	3.18	10.3	10.3	9.72	8.51	11.4	0.20
p-Value
Season	0.003	0.020	<0.001	0.669	0.089	0.295	0.582	0.809	<0.001	<0.001
Plant groups	<0.001	<0.001	0.039	0.093	<0.001	0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Season × Plant groups	0.230	0.036	0.023	0.983	0.065	0.150	0.577	0.993	0.119	0.162

ADF, acid detergent fiber; ADL, acid detergent lignin; CP, crude protein; CT, condensed tannins; DM, dry matter; EE, ether extract; IVOMD, in vitro organic matter digestibility; ME, metabolizable energy; NDF, neutral detergent fiber; OM, organic matter; SEM, standard error of the mean. Within a column, values with different letters are significantly different (p < 0.05).

. The detailed nutritive quality of plant groups in the three seasons shows that half of the parameters were affected by season (DM, OM, CP, IVOMD, and ME; p < 0.05), except for EE, fibers, and CT (p > 0.05). Additionally, as expected, the forage quality differed according to the plant group even if for the EE concentrations only tended to differ (p = 0.093). The significant interaction effects of season and plant groups were obtained only for OM (p = 0.036) and CP (p = 0.023) contents. The DM level was higher for all plant groups in the summer. The OM content was lower in herbaceous during the three seasons compared to shrubs and trees. The lowest and the highest CP contents were recorded in herbaceous during autumn (66.4 g/kg DM) and spring (169 g/kg DM), respectively. The EE levels of all plant groups were below 48 g/kg DM. Shrubs recorded the lowest concentrations of NDF (402 g/kg DM) and ADF (274 g/kg DM) during spring while they had the highest levels of ADL (187 g/kg DM) during the summer. Herbaceous had the highest ADF content (382 g/kg DM) in summer and the lowest ADL (61.3 g/kg DM) in spring. The CT levels showed a wide variation, ranging from 2.67 g/kg DM in herbaceous plants in spring to 86.6 g/kg DM in shrubs in summer. Both IVOMD and ME had recorded the highest contents in herbaceous during spring (823 g/kg and 12.2 MJ/kg, respectively). Shrubs and trees registered the lowest levels of IVOMD (less than 500 g/kg) and ME (less than 7.2 MJ/kg) during autumn and summer. Generally, herbaceous group had the highest IVOMD and ME independently of the season compared to other plant groups.

Information for the seasonal variation in the chemical composition, IVOMD, and ME of selected shrub species by indigenous grazing goats is presented in

Table 5. Seasonal variation in the chemical composition (g/kg DM), IVOMD (g/kg), and ME (MJ/kg DM) of selected shrub species by indigenous Beni Arouss goats grazing a Mediterranean forest rangeland of Northern Morocco.

	DM	OM	CP	EE	NDF	ADF	ADL	CT	IVOMD	ME
Spring
Arbutus unedo	572 efg	961 abcde	77.8 jklmn	71.8 b	348 no	248 klmnop	112 hij	92.5 hij	638 b	9.14 b
Cistus crispus	415 pq	954 abcde	112 cde	15.9 k	303 p	267 jklm	107 hijk	16.4 pq	696 a	9.92 a
Cistus monspeliensis	583 def	900 hi	97.7 efgh	55.9 c	372 mn	217 pqr	205 de	43.7 no	593 cd	8.38 cd
Cistus salviifolius	489 m	878 ij	105 def	23.2 ijk	412 ijkl	252 klmno	150 fg	24.3 op	620 bc	8.66 bc
Calicotome villosa	227 t	918 efghi	188 a	28.8 ghi	529 bc	429 bc	104 hijk	3.42 q	553 de	7.90 def
Erica arborea	567 efgh	979 ab	82.3 hijkl	96.1 a	437 ghi	337 fg	244 c	114 efg	499 fghi	6.74 ghij
Lavandula stoechas	293 s	947 abcdef	105 def	90.9 a	413 ijkl	256 klmno	172 f	2.73 q	717 a	10.4 a
Myrtus communis	556 fghi	956 abcde	92.2 fghij	44.3 de	382 klmn	229 pqr	119 hij	103 ghi	506 fgh	7.20 efgh
Pistacia lentiscus	542 ghij	956 abcde	96.8 efghi	28.6 ghi	451 fgh	293 hij	124 ghi	173 b	533 ef	7.42 efg
Phillyrea media	522 jkl	961 abcde	110 de	25.1 hijk	398 jklm	271 jkl	177 ef	3.23 q	527 efg	7.46 efg
Rubus ulmifolius	363 r	925 defgh	135 b	17.7 jk	378 lmn	214 qr	79.9 klm	144 c	441 lmno	5.81 klmn
SEM	20.9	5.43	5.19	4.94	10.1	10.6	8.52	10.5	14.7	0.24
Summer
Arbutus unedo	662 ab	967 abcd	54.8 op	93.6 a	464 efg	328 fg	246 c	133 cde	556 de	7.75 def
Cistus crispus	537 hij	952 abcdef	62.8 nop	24.9 hijk	247 q	236 mnopq	216 cd	69.5 klm	443 klmno	5.88 klmn
Cistus monspeliensis	691 a	943 bcdefg	82.8 ghijkl	90.4 a	493 cde	266 jklm	171 f	64.4 lm	408 op	5.33 mn
Cistus salviifolius	440 op	849 j	81.5 hijklm	51.9 cd	502 bcd	352 ef	245 c	85.8 ijk	443 klmno	6.03 jklm
Calicotome villosa	496 ml	987 a	190 a	25.8 hijk	616 a	464 a	112 hij	2.47 q	470 hijkl	6.29 ijkl
Erica arborea	656 b	969 abc	53.3 p	91.7 a	536 b	403 cd	373 a	119 defg	360 q	4.41 p
Lavandula stoechas	476 mn	944 bcdefg	87.4 ghijk	36.2 efg	468 defg	313 gh	226 cd	3.51 q	501 fghi	6.84 ghi
Myrtus communis	535 ijk	946 abcdef	73.4 klmn	39.7 ef	366 mno	233 nopq	95.4 ijkl	129 cdef	566 de	7.93 cde
Pistacia lentiscus	619 c	948 abcdef	99.5 defg	23.8 hijk	486 def	263 jklmn	178 ef	206 a	454 jklmn	6.53 hijk
Phillyrea media	612 cd	966 abcd	85.7 ghijk	27.0 ghij	434 ghij	268 jklm	127 gh	2.57 q	417 nop	5.80 klmn
Rubus ulmifolius	405 q	944 bcdefg	115 cd	20.8 ijk	372 mn	218 pqr	72.1 lm	138 cd	438 lmno	6.38 ijk
SEM	16.4	6.42	6.45	5.03	16.6	13.2	14.7	11.2	10.5	0.17
Autumn
Arbutus unedo	447 no	952 abcdef	64.6 mnop	72.1 b	495 cde	380 de	232 cd	124 cdef	395 pq	5.22 no
Cistus crispus	340 r	927 cdefgh	74.7 klmn	17.4 jk	375 mn	255 klmno	173 f	58.1 mn	510 fgh	7.16 fgh
Cistus monspeliensis	369 r	936 cdefgh	66.7 lmnop	86.0 a	436 ghi	307 ghi	228 cd	79.3 jkl	508 fgh	6.92 ghi
Cistus salviifolius	348 r	903 ghi	67.8 lmnop	39.6 ef	485 def	293 hij	230 cd	51.5 mn	464 ijklm	6.34 ijk
Calicotome villosa	295 s	955 abcde	197 a	24.8 hijk	594 a	446 ab	126 gh	2.09 q	359 q	4.57 op
Erica arborea	506 klm	968 abc	68.0 lmnop	42.9 def	584 a	459 ab	323 b	117 efg	426 mnop	5.56 lmn
Lavandula stoechas	405 q	912 fghi	70.5 klmno	33.7 fgh	436 ghi	294 hij	211 d	1.93 q	526 efg	7.40 efg
Myrtus communis	434 opq	946 abcdefg	80.5 ijklm	22.5 ijk	334 op	243 lmnopq	92.1 jkl	111 fgh	492 ghij	7.33 efg
Pistacia lentiscus	591 cde	952 abcdef	98.4 defgh	22.5 ijk	419 hijk	279 ijk	168 f	195 a	483 hijk	6.75 ghij
Phillyrea media	575 ef	963 abcd	78.3 jklmn	28.5 ghi	425 hij	266 jklm	123 ghi	2.93 q	427 mnop	5.93 klmn
Rubus ulmifolius	411 pq	944 bcdefg	127 bc	19.7 ijk	361 no	199 r	61.2 m	122 defg	451 jklmn	6.47 hijk
SEM	16.1	3.80	6.77	3.80	14.3	14.0	12.8	10.5	9.01	0.16
p-Value
Season	<0.001	0.071	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Plant species	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Season × Plant species	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001

ADF, acid detergent fiber; ADL, acid detergent lignin; CP, crude protein; CT, condensed tannins; DM, dry matter; EE, ether extract; IVOMD, in vitro organic matter digestibility; ME, metabolizable energy; NDF, neutral detergent fiber; OM, organic matter; SEM, standard error of the mean. Within a column, values with different letters are significantly different (p < 0.05).

. Regarding shrubs, the quality of the forage was influenced by species, but also season and their interaction (p < 0.001), except for OM content which was not affected by season (p = 0.071). The DM ranged between 227 and 691 g/kg DM and the highest values were observed in the summer while the OM content recorded more than 848 g/kg DM. The CP level varied from 53.3 g/kg DM for E. arborea in summer to 197 g/kg DM for C. villosa in autumn, which also had the higher CP content (>187 g/kg DM) among all consumed shrub species in spring and summer. The lowest and highest contents of EE were observed during spring in C. crispus (15.9 g/kg DM) and in E. arborea (96.1 g/kg DM), respectively. Concerning fibers, the highest NDF and ADF contents were recorded in C. villosa during the three seasons and the highest ADL content in E. arborea during the summer. Although, the lowest concentrations of ADF and ADL were noted in R. ulmifolius during autumn, while the lowest NDF content was in C. crispus during the three seasons. The CT content ranged between 1.93 g/kg DM in L. stoechas (autumn) and 206 g/kg DM in P. lentiscus (summer). The C. villosa in autumn was the less digestible species with IVOMD of 359 g/kg and L. stoechas in spring was the more digestible with 717 g/kg. Overall, the highest values of IVOMD were observed in spring. E. arborea had the lowest ME with 4.41 MJ/kg DM in the summer. However, the highest energy level was observed in L. stoechas in spring with 10.4 MJ/kg DM.

Data on the seasonal variation in the chemical composition, IVOMD (g/kg), and ME of selected tree species by indigenous grazing goats could be seen in

Table 6. Seasonal variation in the chemical composition (g/kg DM), IVOMD (g/kg), and ME (MJ/kg DM) of selected tree species by indigenous Beni Arouss goats grazing a Mediterranean forest rangeland of Northern Morocco.

	DM	OM	CP	EE	NDF	ADF	ADL	CT	IVOMD	ME
Spring
Olea europaea	466 g	958 a	78.7 cde	97.4 b	419 g	317 d	161 cd	4.20 f	511 c	7.04 ef
Quercus coccifera	567 f	957 a	105 a	18.3 e	489 f	343 cd	132 f	18.4 e	613 a	8.93 a
Quercus ilex	576 f	952 a	109 a	18.7 e	548 bc	349 c	191 a	29.3 c	515 c	7.33 de
Quercus suber	584 ef	970 a	88.4 bc	23.4 de	589 a	386 ab	174 abc	119 b	549 b	8.13 b
SEM	14.5	4.42	3.91	10.1	19.6	7.64	6.64	13.5	12.6	0.227
Summer
Olea europaea	436 h	914 b	91.6 b	121 a	444 g	255 f	150 de	2.57 f	525 bc	8.08 b
Quercus coccifera	693 a	963 a	66.6 e	25.4 d	552 b	389 ab	172 bc	21.4 de	429 ef	5.74 h
Quercus ilex	611 cd	951 a	71.2 de	19.3 e	532 bcd	353 c	182 ab	61.2 c	421 f	5.83 h
Quercus suber	648 b	959 a	79.0 cde	27.0 d	502 ef	363 bc	144 ef	138 a	460 de	6.43 g
SEM	29.4	5.97	2.93	2.93	12.5	15.6	4.98	15.6	12.6	0.285
Autumn
Olea europaea	422 h	916 b	81.1 bcd	77.2 c	443 g	286 e	179 abc	2.77 f	521 bc	7.81 bc
Quercus coccifera	629 bc	967 a	71.0 de	23.0 de	522 cde	401 a	175 abc	16.8 e	463 d	6.50 g
Quercus ilex	600 de	963 a	70.8 de	18.8 e	503 def	347 c	170 bc	54.6 c	477 d	6.73 fg
Quercus suber	602 de	957 a	89.4 bc	25.9 d	488 f	317 d	134 ef	125 b	525 bc	7.58 cd
SEM	24.9	6.49	2.58	7.21	8.78	13.0	5.63	14.3	8.40	0.168
p-Value
Season	<0.001	0.023	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.016	0.507	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Plant species	<0.001	<0.001	0.144	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Season × Plant species	<0.001	0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001

ADF, acid detergent fiber; ADL, acid detergent lignin; CP, crude protein; CT, condensed tannins; DM, dry matter; EE, ether extract; IVOMD, in vitro organic matter digestibility; ME, metabolizable energy; NDF, neutral detergent fiber; OM, organic matter; SEM, standard error of the mean. Within a column, values with different letters are significantly different (p < 0.05).

. All measured parameters depended significantly to the season (p < 0.05), species (p < 0.001) and their interaction (p < 0.001), except for CP and ADL contents which were similar between species (p = 0.144) and seasons (p = 0.507), respectively. The O. europaea had the highest moisture content compared to the other trees in all studied seasons. However, the highest DM was in Q. coccifera during summer. The OM levels varied from 914 to 970 g/kg DM. The CP concentration ranged from 66.6 g/kg DM in Q. coccifera (summer) to 109 g/kg DM in Q. ilex (spring). The lowest level of EE content was 18.3 g/kg DM in Q. coccifera (spring) and the highest level was 121 g/kg DM in O. europaea (summer). The NDF, ADF and ADL registered the highest contents in Q. suber (589 g/kg DM; spring), Q. coccifera (401 g/kg DM; autumn), and Q. ilex (191 g/kg DM; spring), respectively. In the three seasons, O. europea had the lowest NDF and ADF contents. The ADL content was the lowest in Q. coccifera during spring. The CT content was lower and higher during summer in O. europaea and Q. suber, respectively. Both IVOMD and ME recorded the highest concentrations in Q. coccifera during spring. Generally, the summer recorded the lowest contents of IVOMD and ME, except for O. europaea that had the smallest values in spring.

The outcomes for the correlation between chemical components and digestibility with intake and selection are presented in

Table 7. Correlation coefficient between chemical component variables and digestibility with intake and selection.

		EE	NDF	ADF	ADL	CP	CT	IVDMD	IVOMD
Intake rate	Spring	0.029	−0.42 ***	−0.39 ***	−0.10 **	0.11 **	−0.38 ***	0.52 ***	0.57 ***
	Summer	0.036	0.04	0.02	−0.02	0.21 **	0.58 ***	0.09 **	0.07 *
	Autumn	−0.06	−0.03	0.09	0.06	0.08 *	0.63 ***	0.08 **	0.11
Selection	Spring	0.09 **	−0.25 ***	−0.27 ***	−0.15 **	0.19 **	−0.36 ***	0.51 ***	0.53 ***
	Summer	−0.22 ***	0.11 ***	−0.01	−0.45 ***	0.26 ***	0.10 ***	0.07 *	−0.03
	Autumn	−0.24 ***	−0.120 ***	−0.11 ***	−0.36 ***	0.07 *	0.13 ***	0.17 ***	0.09 **

EE, ether extract; NDF, neutral detergent fiber; ADF, acid detergent fiber; ADL, lignin; CP, crude protein; CT, condensed tannins; IVDMD, in vitro dry matter digestibility; IVOMD, in vitro organic matter digestibility. Significance level (*** < 0.001, ** < 0.01, and * < 0.05).

. The correlation of plants’ chemical components with intake rate showed no significant association of EE during all seasons and for fibers during summer and autumn. In spring, fibers and CT were negatively correlated with intake and selection (p < 0.01). During all seasons, CP was positively correlated with intake and selection (p < 0.05).

4. Discussion

4.1. Forage Availability and Diet Selection

The study revealed that shrubs, mainly A. unedo, Cistus spp., and E. arborea, formed the most available and prevalent forage species in the study area, which is in accordance with several authors [19,25], who studied the botanical composition of forest rangeland in Northern Morocco. The forage availability depended considerably on the season and the existing plant species. The low forage availability recorded in the summer and autumn could be due to the vegetation cycle and to the weather conditions more favorable to the growth of plants during spring. In the Mediterranean forests of Northern Morocco, Chebli et al. [19] also confirmed the strong seasonality of forage availability even for woody species that are usually less impacted by seasonal fluctuations.

According to Papachristou et al. [40], the bulk of the small ruminants’ diet includes a limited number of woody and herbaceous species, usually less than ten species. Some species despite their abundance in the pasture were negatively selected, and conversely. Similar results were announced by Baraza et al. [41] in the Mediterranean mountain forest of Spain and by Ventura-Cordero et al. [13] in a tropical deciduous forest of México. As reported by some studies [9,17], woody species were more selected by goats independently to the season. Despite the low availability of tree species (Quercus spp. and O. europaea) and some shrubs (M. communis, P. lentiscus, P. media, and R. ulmifolius) they were selected preferentially in summer and autumn. It could be supposed that goats select a wide range of mixed plant species in order to meet their foraging requirements. Likewise, Ventura-Cordero et al. [13] reported that diet selection was not necessarily correlated with the forage availability, but it appears more linked to satisfying the feed needs of goats. During spring, the great selectivity for herbaceous could be associated with their higher availability and quality. In Eastern and Northern Mediterranean rangelands, Papachristou [42] and Glasser et al. [11] also stated the higher selection of herbaceous during spring due to their high nutritive value and availability compared to the other seasons. According to Ferreira et al. [43], goats increase their preference for herbaceous species in spring due to their easy access, better flavor, and high digestibility. As described by Dziba et al. [44], the high elasticity of goats’ diet could be explained by their great ability to switch from one vegetation strata to another. Generally, goats have been considered as opportunistic grazers in forest pasture and marginal land [45,46].

4.2. Feeding Behaviour

The seasonality of feeding behaviour was confirmed by several studies conducted in the Monte desert of Argentina [47], South African woodland [48], and Greek woodland [14]. The results showed that woody species represented more than 90% of DC and TB in all seasons. The same trend of the feeding behaviour of goats was reported by Manousidis et al. [17]. Cistus spp. and L. stoechas were more grazed during spring compared to summer and autumn due to the presence of fresh leaves and new long-shoots. Aharon et al. [9] reported that goats spent more time browsing Cistus spp. during spring compared to other seasons despite the abundance of herbaceous species. On the opposite, Papachristou [42] reported that goats in Greek forest rangeland ingested mainly Cistus spp. during autumn. The high ingestion of trees, mainly Quercus spp., was observed during summer and autumn. This increase could be explained by intake reduction of some plants such as Cistus spp. species and herbaceous species. Similar findings were reported by Manousidis et al. [17] concerning the high contribution of Quercus spp. to the diet of goats’ in a similar Mediterranean woodland area. As expected, when herbaceous species were less abundant and dry, goats trended to more graze woody species [49]. In agreement with Barros et al. [23], goats recorded faster BR in the summer and autumn in order to maximize their IR. Papachristou [42] also signaled an increase of BR from spring to summer which is in accordance with our outcomes. Despite the high availability of A. unedo and E. arborea, they were avoided during all seasons. C. villosa, Quercus spp., M. communis, and P. lentiscus were highly consumed by goats mainly in the fall and summer regardless of their low availability. Cistus spp. and L. stoechas were selected proportionally to their abundance only during the spring.

4.3. Forage Quality: Chemical Composition, Digestibility and Metabolizable Energy

Chemical analyses of the hand-plucked samples appear to reflect the nutritive value of the diet consumed by grazing goats [16].

The analyses showed a wide variability of pasture quality, which is in accordance with previous grazing studies conducted in tropical deciduous forest [21], South African rangeland [48] and Mediterranean woodland [16]. The seasonal changes of feed quality could be explained by the chemical and physiological plant variations during the different growth stages [50]. The CP was higher during spring for all species because plants contain the maximum CP content during the vegetative stage [51]. The decrease of this parameter in the summer agrees with the literature [52,53] because it drops with physiological maturity stage of the plant [54]. The range of 60–70 g/kg DM of CP is the limit threshold for an efficient feed utilization; a lower CP content negatively affects feed intake and digestibility [55]. In the present work, all species but A. unedo and E. arborea during summer had higher CP values than this threshold. As reported by Dziba et al. [44], it could be assumed that due to its palatability and high content on CP, C. villosa was highly consumed in summer and autumn despite the presence of spines known for their negative effect on BR and IR. According to Min et al. [56], the CT concentration of 20–45 g/kg DM has a negative effect on protein digestibility and proteolytic bacteria, and more than 55 g/kg DM reduces the voluntary feed intake of grazing ruminants [57,58]. Thus, except for herbaceous, C. villosa, L. stoechas, P. media, and O. europaea, all pastoral species had CT content higher than this maximum level. However, even with a high content of CT, the shrubs group were highly consumed in spring and autumn. These finding are consistent with Fomum et al. [48] and Mkhize et al. [59], who reported no correlation between CT and feed intake of goats. The lack of CT effect on forage intake and selectivity could be explained by the ability of goat to balance their diet and dilute secondary compounds by consuming a mixture of plant species [60,61]. Further, animals exposed to a tannin-rich environment have the capacity to produce proline-rich proteins capable of irreversibly binding the CT [57,59]. Nevertheless, goats have a specificity compared to other ruminants that their ruminal microbiota is able to valorize feed with low nutritional values due to their cellulolytic bacteria and the tanninase activity [62]. The high values of digestibility in spring are attributed to its positive dependence on proteins and negative correlation with ADF and ADL [16]. In the summer, OM digestibility declines because of fibers increase [63] and cell wall lignification [64] which are considered as limiting factors for plant digestibility [65]. Most of the pastoral species had a low digestibility and consequently a low energy content (IVOMD< 550 g/kg; ME < 8 MJ/kg DM) except for herbaceous and some shrubs (A. unedo and Cistus spp.), which their values varied from medium (550–700 g/kg IVOMD; ME: 8–10 MJ/kg DM) to higher nutritional values (IVOMD > 700 g/kg; ME > 10) especially in spring [66]. As reported by Paton [63], ME depends mainly on IVOMD. The positive correlation between CP with intake and selection is consistent with Mkhize et al. funding [59]. Conversely, Fomum et al. [48] observed no correlation between intake and CP in both the dry and rainy seasons. During spring, condensed tannins affect negatively intake [67]. There was no significant correlation between condensed tannins and intake during dry and rainy seasons [48]. Overall, goats select species with high CP and digestibility, and low fibers contents basis in accord with the literature [40]. Goats selected successively shrubs, herbaceous, and trees in spring and shrubs, trees, and herbaceous in autumn. Their preference was based on the high content of CP and the availability of the selected plant groups. Emmans [68] reported that animal selects among available plant species, those with nutritional values nearest to its dietetic requirements. Barroso et al. [28] added that the diet of goats is rather related to many variables hardly measurable than just nutritional value. According to the literature, diet of goats depended mainly on their nutritional requirements, physical traits such as shoot morphology and leaf phenology [59], environmental circumstances [24], and on the specific flavor of each consumed species [69].

5. Conclusions

The results emphasized the importance of the Southern Mediterranean silvopastoral areas for indigenous goats. The dietary quality of ingested forage and feeding behaviour of goats are currently known. Most studied parameters vary across seasons. Woody species are the most selected species by the indigenous goats. Their intake did not necessarily depend on the forage availability and nutritional value of plant species; it could be rather related to ensuring they meet their feeding needs as best as possible. Overall, these findings could be used as the first guide for future studies and managers interested in feeding behaviour of grazing goats in the Mediterranean forest rangeland of northern Morocco. The goats’ ability to select tanniferous woody forage and a wide range of plant species could probably promote the floristic biodiversity of forest rangeland, only under rational use condition of forage resources.