The Thermochemical Conversion of Municipal Solid Waste by Torrefaction Process
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Torrefaction Experimental Setup and Procedure
2.3. Torrefaction Product Analysis
2.3.1. Elemental Analysis
2.3.2. Proximate Analysis
2.3.3. Heating Value
2.3.4. Thermogravimetric Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Mass and Energy Yield
3.2. Ultimate and Proximate Analysis
3.3. Energy Content
3.4. Fuel Ratio
3.5. Thermal Behavior of Biomass
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
DTG | Derivative thermogravimetric analysis |
EF | Enhancement factor |
EU | European Union |
EY | Energy yield |
FC | Fixed carbon |
FR | Fuel ratio |
GHG | Greenhouse gas emissions |
HHV | High heating value (MJ kg−1) |
MC | Moisture content |
MSW | Municipal solid waste |
MY | Mass yield |
RES | Renewable energy sources |
SURS | Statistical Biro of Slovenia |
VM | Volatile matter content |
TGA | Thermogravimetric analysis |
T | Temperature |
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Elemental Analysis (wt.%, Dry Basis) | |
---|---|
C | 43.2 ± 0.9 |
H | 8.1 ± 0.16 |
N | 0.78 ± 0.01 |
O | 47.9 ± 0.9 |
S | 0.03 ± 0.0 |
Proximate Analysis (wt.%, dry basis) | |
Moisture Content (MC) | 44.3 ± 0.9 |
Volatile Matter (VM) | 54.9 ± 1.09 |
Fixed Carbon Content (FC) | 6.7 ± 0.1 |
Ash Content (Ash) | 3.1 ± 0.06 |
Higher heating value (HHV, MJ/kg) | 24.3 ± 0.5 |
Theoretical higher heating value (HHVt, MJ/kg) | 19.6 ± 0.4 |
T (°C) | Elemental Analysis (wt.%, Dry Basis) | MC (wt.%, Dry Basis) | Proximate Analysis (wt.%, Dry Basis) | HHV (MJ/kg) | Theoretical HHV (MJ/kg) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | H | N | O | S | FC | VM | Ash | ||||
200 | 45.7 ± 0.9 | 7.9 ± 0.2 | 0.79 ± 0.0 | 45.6 ± 0.9 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 44.6 ± 0.9 | 7.3 ± 0.1 | 44.1 ± 0.9 | 3.9 ± 0.1 | 24.6 ± 0.5 | 20.4 ± 0.4 |
250 | 48.1 ± 0.9 | 7.3 ± 0.1 | 0.82 ± 0.0 | 43.6 ± 0.9 | 0.28 ± 0.00 | 41.8 ± 0.8 | 8.3 ± 0.2 | 44.6 ± 0.9 | 5.3 ± 0.1 | 24.6 ± 5 | 20.7 ± 0.4 |
300 | 52.9 ± 1.0 | 6.6 ± 0.1 | 0.85 ± 0.0 | 39.5 ± 0.8 | 0.21 ± 0.00 | 38.7 ± 0.7 | 10.1 ± 0.2 | 44.7 ± 0.9 | 6.6 ± 0.1 | 25.3 ± 0.5 | 22.0 ± 0.4 |
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Ivanovski, M.; Goričanec, D.; Urbancl, D. The Thermochemical Conversion of Municipal Solid Waste by Torrefaction Process. Thermo 2023, 3, 277-288. https://doi.org/10.3390/thermo3020017
Ivanovski M, Goričanec D, Urbancl D. The Thermochemical Conversion of Municipal Solid Waste by Torrefaction Process. Thermo. 2023; 3(2):277-288. https://doi.org/10.3390/thermo3020017
Chicago/Turabian StyleIvanovski, Maja, Darko Goričanec, and Danijela Urbancl. 2023. "The Thermochemical Conversion of Municipal Solid Waste by Torrefaction Process" Thermo 3, no. 2: 277-288. https://doi.org/10.3390/thermo3020017