High-Resolution Urban Flood Susceptibility Mapping in Miami-Dade County: An AHP-Based GIS and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis Approach

Urban flooding is prevalent in low-lying, coastal regions, where subtle topographic variation, shallow groundwater, and impervious surfaces govern inundation dynamics. This study evaluates urban flood susceptibility across Miami-Dade County by integrating flood-conditioning factors, including elevation, slope, rainfall, land use/land cover, distance to roads and open water, stream power index (SPI), topographic wetness index (TWI), groundwater depth, and flow accumulation within an Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)-based weighted overlay framework. The AHP-derived weights demonstrated strong consistency (consistency ratio = 0.022) and were applied to reclassify each conditioning factor into five flood susceptibility classes—very low to very high. The model performance was evaluated using the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) flood zone, and the findings demonstrated that the AHP-based framework effectively differentiates flood susceptibility at a fine urban scale, achieving strong predictive performance; area under the Curve (AUC) = 0.85. The results also reveal pronounced spatial variability in flood susceptibility, with northeastern urbanized areas, particularly in Hialeah, Miami Gardens, Miami Lakes, and Downtown Miami, exhibiting higher susceptibility compared to the northwestern Everglades region. Overall, this study presents a robust urban flood susceptibility framework that supports improved flood risk assessment and decision-making in complex urban coastal environments.