Next Issue
Volume 5, March
Previous Issue
Volume 4, September
 
 

Electricity, Volume 4, Issue 4 (December 2023) – 6 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): The rapid growth of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) requires effective electric vehicle grid integration (EVGI) for charging coordination, crucial for grid stability and PEV user convenience. Successful EVGI, enabled by charging stations and smart charging solutions, turns PEVs into flexible grid assets. This study evaluates the UK’s 4G network's suitability for EVGI, using TCP and UDP protocols. An EVGI test bed with three charging lots for up to 64 PEVs was developed to assess network performance, focusing on data packet loss and latency. Results show 4G TCP generally outperforms UDP, achieving less than 1s latencies with over 90% confidence for single PEV cases. However, high PEV penetration significantly increases latency due to network queuing delays, highlighting challenges in maintaining efficient EVGI and grid asset utilization. View this paper
  • Issues are regarded as officially published after their release is announced to the table of contents alert mailing list.
  • You may sign up for e-mail alerts to receive table of contents of newly released issues.
  • PDF is the official format for papers published in both, html and pdf forms. To view the papers in pdf format, click on the "PDF Full-text" link, and use the free Adobe Reader to open them.
Order results
Result details
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:
17 pages, 618 KiB  
Article
Events Classification in Power Systems with Distributed Generation Sources Using an LSTM-Based Method with Multi-Input Tensor Approach
by Oswaldo Cortes-Robles, Emilio Barocio, Ernesto Beltran and Ramon Daniel Rodríguez-Soto
Electricity 2023, 4(4), 410-426; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity4040022 - 5 Dec 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1392
Abstract
In this paper, a long short-term memory (LSTM)-based method with a multi-input tensor approach is used for the classification of events that affect the power quality (PQ) in power systems with distributed generation sources. The considered events are line faults (one line, two [...] Read more.
In this paper, a long short-term memory (LSTM)-based method with a multi-input tensor approach is used for the classification of events that affect the power quality (PQ) in power systems with distributed generation sources. The considered events are line faults (one line, two lines, and three lines faulted), islanding events, sudden load variations, and generation tripping. The proposed LSTM-based method was trained and tested using the signals produced by the events simulated in a study system with distributed generation sources via PSCAD®. Then, noise with different levels was added to the testing set for a thorough assessment, and the results were compared with other well-known methods such as convolutional and simple recurrent neuronal networks. The LSTM-based method with multi-input proved to be effective for event classification, achieving remarkable classification performance even in noisy conditions. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

29 pages, 1596 KiB  
Article
Effect of a Large Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolyser on Power System Small-Signal Angular Stability
by Guy Wanlongo Ndiwulu, Eduardo Vasquez Mayen and Emmanuel De Jaeger
Electricity 2023, 4(4), 381-409; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity4040021 - 1 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1259
Abstract
The dynamics of electrical systems have changed significantly with the increasing penetration of non-conventional loads such as hydrogen electrolysers. As a result, detailed investigations are required to quantify and characterize these loads’ effects on the dynamic response of interconnected synchronous machines after being [...] Read more.
The dynamics of electrical systems have changed significantly with the increasing penetration of non-conventional loads such as hydrogen electrolysers. As a result, detailed investigations are required to quantify and characterize these loads’ effects on the dynamic response of interconnected synchronous machines after being subjected to a disturbance. Many studies have focused on the effects of conventional static and dynamic loads. However, the impact of hydrogen electrolysers on the stability of power systems’ rotor angles is rarely studied. This paper assesses the effect of proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysers on small-disturbance rotor-angle stability. Dynamic modelling and the control of a PEM electrolyser as a load are first studied to achieve this. Then, the proposed electrolyser model is tested in the Amercoeur plant, which is part of the Belgian power system, to study its effect on the small-signal rotor-angle stability. Two approaches are considered to examine this impact: an analytical approach and time-domain simulations. The analytical approach consists of establishing a state-space model of the Belgian test system through linearisation around an operating point of the non-linear differential and the algebraic equations of the synchronous generators, the PEM electrolyser, the loads, and the network. The obtained state-space model allows for the determination of the eigenvalues, which are useful to evaluate the effect of the PEM electrolyser on the small-signal rotor-angle stability. This impact is investigated by examining the movement of the eigenvalues in the left complex half-plane. The obtained results show that the PEM electrolyser affects the electromechanical modes of synchronous machines by increasing their oscillation frequencies. The results also show that the effect of the electrolyser on these modes can be improved by adjusting the inertial constant and the damping coefficient of the synchronous machines. These results are consolidated through time-domain simulations using the software Matlab/Simscape from the version MatlabR2022a-academic use from Mathworks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Power System Dynamics and Stability)
Show Figures

Figure 1

45 pages, 515 KiB  
Review
Deep Reinforcement Learning for Resilient Power and Energy Systems: Progress, Prospects, and Future Avenues
by Mukesh Gautam
Electricity 2023, 4(4), 336-380; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity4040020 - 1 Dec 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3588
Abstract
In recent years, deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has garnered substantial attention in the context of enhancing resilience in power and energy systems. Resilience, characterized by the ability to withstand, absorb, and quickly recover from natural disasters and human-induced disruptions, has become paramount in [...] Read more.
In recent years, deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has garnered substantial attention in the context of enhancing resilience in power and energy systems. Resilience, characterized by the ability to withstand, absorb, and quickly recover from natural disasters and human-induced disruptions, has become paramount in ensuring the stability and dependability of critical infrastructure. This comprehensive review delves into the latest advancements and applications of DRL in enhancing the resilience of power and energy systems, highlighting significant contributions and key insights. The exploration commences with a concise elucidation of the fundamental principles of DRL, highlighting the intricate interplay among reinforcement learning (RL), deep learning, and the emergence of DRL. Furthermore, it categorizes and describes various DRL algorithms, laying a robust foundation for comprehending the applicability of DRL. The linkage between DRL and power system resilience is forged through a systematic classification of DRL applications into five pivotal dimensions: dynamic response, recovery and restoration, energy management and control, communications and cybersecurity, and resilience planning and metrics development. This structured categorization facilitates a methodical exploration of how DRL methodologies can effectively tackle critical challenges within the domain of power and energy system resilience. The review meticulously examines the inherent challenges and limitations entailed in integrating DRL into power and energy system resilience, shedding light on practical challenges and potential pitfalls. Additionally, it offers insights into promising avenues for future research, with the aim of inspiring innovative solutions and further progress in this vital domain. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 4957 KiB  
Article
Improved Transient Performance of a DFIG-Based Wind-Power System Using the Combined Control of Active Crowbars
by Muhammad Arif Sharafat Ali
Electricity 2023, 4(4), 320-335; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity4040019 - 14 Nov 2023
Viewed by 1112
Abstract
A significant electromotive force is induced in the rotor circuit of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) due to its high vulnerability to grid faults. Therefore, the system performance must be increased with appropriate control actions that can successfully offset such abnormalities in [...] Read more.
A significant electromotive force is induced in the rotor circuit of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) due to its high vulnerability to grid faults. Therefore, the system performance must be increased with appropriate control actions that can successfully offset such abnormalities in order to provide consistent and stable operations during grid disturbances. In this regard, this paper presents a solution based on a combination of an energy storage-based crowbar and a rotor-side crowbar that makes the effective transient current and voltage suppression for wind-driven DFIG possible. The core of the solution is its ability to restrict the transient rotor and stator overcurrents and DC-link overvoltages within their prescribed limits, thereby protecting the DFIG and power converters and improving the system’s ability to ride through faults. Further, the capacity of an energy storage device for transient suppression is estimated. The results confirmed that the proposed approach not only kept the transient rotor and stator currents within ±50% of their respective rated values in severe system faults but also limited the DC-link voltage variations under ±15% of its rated value, achieving transient control objectives precisely and maintaining a stable grid connection during the faults. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances toward Carbon-Neutral Power System)
Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 864 KiB  
Article
Impact of Communication System Characteristics on Electric Vehicle Grid Integration: A Large-Scale Practical Assessment of the UK’s Cellular Network for the Internet of Energy
by Mehdi Zeinali, Nuh Erdogan, Islam Safak Bayram and John S. Thompson
Electricity 2023, 4(4), 309-319; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity4040018 - 3 Nov 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1522
Abstract
The ever-increasing number of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) requires appropriate electric vehicle grid integration (EVGI) for charging coordination to maintain grid stability and enhance PEV user convenience. As such, the widespread adoption of electric mobility can be successful. EVGI is facilitated through charging [...] Read more.
The ever-increasing number of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) requires appropriate electric vehicle grid integration (EVGI) for charging coordination to maintain grid stability and enhance PEV user convenience. As such, the widespread adoption of electric mobility can be successful. EVGI is facilitated through charging stations and empowers PEV users to manage their charging demand by using smart charging solutions. This makes PEV grids assets that provide flexibility to the power grid. The Internet of Things (IoT) feature can make smooth EVGI possible through a supporting communication infrastructure. In this regard, the selection of an appropriate communication protocol is essential for the successful implementation of EVGI. This study assesses the efficacy of the UK’s 4G network with TCP and 4G UDP protocols for potential EVGI operations. For this, an EVGI emulation test bed is developed, featuring three charging parking lots with the capacity to accommodate up to 64 PEVs. The network’s performance is assessed in terms of data packet loss (e.g., the data-exchange capability between EVGI entities) and latency metrics. The findings reveal that while 4G TCP often outperforms 4G UDP, both achieve latencies of less than 1 s with confidence intervals of 90% or greater for single PEV cases. However, it is observed that the high penetration of PEVs introduces a pronounced latency due to queuing delays in the network including routers and the base station servers, highlighting the challenges associated with maintaining efficient EVGI coordination, which in turn affects the efficient use of grid assets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Future Electricity Network Infrastructures)
Show Figures

Figure 1

32 pages, 8697 KiB  
Article
Energy Conversion Optimization Method in Nano-Grids Using Variable Supply Voltage Adjustment Strategy Based on a Novel Inverse Maximum Power Point Tracking Technique (iMPPT)
by Lucian Nicolae Pintilie, Horia Cornel Hedeșiu, Călin Gheorghe Rusu, Petre Dorel Teodosescu, Călin Ignat Mărginean, Sorin Ionuț Salcu, Vasile Mihai Suciu, Norbert Csaba Szekely and Alexandru Mădălin Păcuraru
Electricity 2023, 4(4), 277-308; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity4040017 - 10 Oct 2023
Viewed by 1576
Abstract
This paper introduces a novel power supply voltage adjustment strategy that can determine the optimum voltage value based on the amount of absorbed power. The novel automatic voltage adjustment technique was called inverse maximum power point tracking (iMPPT). The proposed control strategy consists [...] Read more.
This paper introduces a novel power supply voltage adjustment strategy that can determine the optimum voltage value based on the amount of absorbed power. The novel automatic voltage adjustment technique was called inverse maximum power point tracking (iMPPT). The proposed control strategy consists of a modified maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm (more precisely the P&O method). In this case, the modified MPPT technique establishes the minimum value of the input absorbed power of a consumer load served by a switched-mode power supply (SMPS). The iMPPT adjusts the input power by modifying the input voltage of the main power supply. The served loads are connected to the variable power supply via an interfacing power electronics converter that performs the automatic voltage regulation function (AVR). The optimal value of the input voltage level can be achieved when the input power of the automatic voltage regulation converter is at a minimum. In that case, the energy conversion efficiency ratio is at a maximum, and the overall losses related to the front-end power stage are at a minimum. The proposed technique can also be considered a Maximum Efficiency Tracking (MET) method. By performing the inverse operation of a maximum power point tracking algorithm on the input demanded power of a switched mode power supply (SMPS), the optimum input voltage level can be determined when the maximum energy conversion ratio (related to a given load level) is achieved. The novel proposed iMPPT method can improve the energy conversion ratio from 85% up to approximately 10% in the case of an output power level of 800 W served by a synchronous buck converter at the input voltage level of 350 V. The total amount of recovered power in this situation can be approximately 100 W. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

Previous Issue
Next Issue
Back to TopTop