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Endocrines, Volume 5, Issue 4 (December 2024) – 4 articles

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13 pages, 1369 KiB  
Article
Analytical Characteristics and Clinical Performance of Anti-Müllerian Hormone Immunoassay on the ADVIA Centaur® System: A Comparison with Other Chemiluminescent Methods
by Jelena Bogdanovic, Kaitlin Freeman, Chadwick Brown, Rachel Singleton, Millie Behera, Jeanne E. O’Brien, Edward Zbella and Robert H. Christenson
Endocrines 2024, 5(4), 516-528; https://doi.org/10.3390/endocrines5040037 - 5 Nov 2024
Viewed by 318
Abstract
Background: Serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels and antral follicle count are key in evaluating ovarian reserve (OR) for fertility. The performance of the Siemens Healthineers AMH assay was assessed on the ADVIA Centaur® System. Methods: Analytical characteristics, clinical performance, and method comparison [...] Read more.
Background: Serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels and antral follicle count are key in evaluating ovarian reserve (OR) for fertility. The performance of the Siemens Healthineers AMH assay was assessed on the ADVIA Centaur® System. Methods: Analytical characteristics, clinical performance, and method comparison studies were performed in a prospective cohort of 532 women at fertility clinics. Serum AMH levels were determined using ADVIA Centaur, Beckman Access®, and Roche Elecsys® assays. Results: The limit of quantitation for the ADVIA Centaur AMH assay was 0.030 ng/mL. Repeatability was ≤2.9% CV, within-lab repeatability was ≤3.2% CV, and reproducibility was ≤4.4% CV. Results using serum or lithium heparin sample types were equivalent. Diagnostic sensitivity across assays ranged from 77.3% to 90.2% and specificity ranged from 51.0 to 71.0%; corresponding positive and negative predictive values ranged from 66.6% to 74.3% and 74.2% to 83.0%, respectively. Receiver operating characteristic analyses demonstrated that the assays have a high probability for discriminating between diminished–normal and high OR. ADVIA and Beckman assays agreed according to ADVIA = 1.00 × Beckman + 0.014 ng/mL, τ = 0.909, while a more modest correlation of ADVIA = 1.41 × Roche − 0.024 ng/mL, τ = 0.777 was observed with Roche assay. Conclusions: The ADVIA Centaur assay demonstrates acceptable analytical characteristics and clinical performance comparable to the Roche AMH assay and is essentially interchangeable with the Beckman AMH assay for reliable OR assessment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Female Reproductive System and Pregnancy Endocrinology)
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15 pages, 869 KiB  
Review
The Interplay of the Mammalian Brain and Thyroid Hormones, and the Threat of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals
by Nuha Ahmad Dsouki, Bruno Fiorelini Pereira, Roberta Goes da Silva, Vinicius Gonçalves Rodrigues, Rafaella da Silva Brito, Marina Malta Letro Kizys, Maria Izabel Chiamolera, Rui Monteiro Maciel, Caroline Serrano-Nascimento and Gisele Giannocco
Endocrines 2024, 5(4), 501-515; https://doi.org/10.3390/endocrines5040036 - 25 Oct 2024
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Abstract
Introduction: During the formation of neural circuits, the developing brain demonstrates extraordinary plasticity, heavily influenced by hormones. These chemical messengers interact with specific receptors to regulate vital physiological functions. The thyroid gland plays a pivotal role in maintaining hormonal balance and guiding brain [...] Read more.
Introduction: During the formation of neural circuits, the developing brain demonstrates extraordinary plasticity, heavily influenced by hormones. These chemical messengers interact with specific receptors to regulate vital physiological functions. The thyroid gland plays a pivotal role in maintaining hormonal balance and guiding brain development. However, emerging threats like endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can interfere with this intricate system. EDCs are exogenous substances that can mimic, enhance, or block the actions of endogenous hormones, disrupting hormonal signaling in the brain at various developmental stages. Exposure can impair cognitive function and behavior due to disruptions in thyroid function. Studies indicate that mixtures of EDCs negatively impact brain development, leading to lower IQ and behavioral problems. Reducing EDC exposure through regulations and public awareness is crucial, and further research is needed to elucidate their mechanisms. Conclusions: Protecting vulnerable populations, such as pregnant women and children, is essential through prompt regulatory measures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Endocrines: 2024)
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23 pages, 454 KiB  
Review
The Bidirectional Link between Major Depressive Disorder and Type 2 Diabetes: The Role of Inflammation
by Alexandra M. Bodnaruc, Mathilde Roberge, Isabelle Giroux and Céline Aguer
Endocrines 2024, 5(4), 478-500; https://doi.org/10.3390/endocrines5040035 - 9 Oct 2024
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Abstract
Background/Objectives: There is a bidirectional relationship between major depressive disorder (MDD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D), as MDD increases the risk of T2D by 38% to 67%, and T2D increases the risk of MDD by 15% to 33%. Many factors contribute to [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: There is a bidirectional relationship between major depressive disorder (MDD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D), as MDD increases the risk of T2D by 38% to 67%, and T2D increases the risk of MDD by 15% to 33%. Many factors contribute to the occurrence of comorbid MDD and T2D, including converging pathophysiological pathways like inflammation. The objective of this review was to comprehensively summarize available evidence on the relationship between MDD, T2D, and inflammation. Results: Although the precise mechanisms linking T2D and MDD are still not fully understood, shared inflammatory mechanisms likely contributes to the heightened risk of developing this comorbidity. To date, the evidence supports that chronic low-grade inflammation is a feature of both MDD and T2D and has been shown to interact with pathways that are relevant to the development of both chronic disorders, including the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, neuroplastic processes, gut microbiome, insulin resistance, and adipose tissue dysfunction. Through their impact on inflammation, dietary and physical activity interventions can play a role in the risk and management of MDD and T2D. Conclusions: Deepening our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the augmented inflammatory responses observed in individuals with the MDD and T2D comorbidity is essential for tailoring appropriate therapeutic strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Endocrines: 2024)
13 pages, 2005 KiB  
Review
Human Stem Cell Therapy for the Cure of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1D): A Hurdle Course between Lights and Shadows
by Riccardo Calafiore, Giovanni Luca, Francesco Gaggia and Giuseppe Basta
Endocrines 2024, 5(4), 465-477; https://doi.org/10.3390/endocrines5040034 - 5 Oct 2024
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Abstract
Background: T1D is a severe metabolic disorder due to selective autoimmune pancreatic islet β-cell killing, which results in complete abrogation of endogenous insulin secretion. The affected patients, once the disease is clinically overt, must immediately undertake insulin supplementation according to intensive therapy regimens [...] Read more.
Background: T1D is a severe metabolic disorder due to selective autoimmune pancreatic islet β-cell killing, which results in complete abrogation of endogenous insulin secretion. The affected patients, once the disease is clinically overt, must immediately undertake insulin supplementation according to intensive therapy regimens to prevent the onset of acute and chronic complications, some of them potentially lethal. Replacement of the destroyed β-cells with fresh and vital pancreatic endocrine tissue, either of the whole organ or isolated islets transplantation, started a few decades ago with progressively encouraging results, although exogenous insulin withdrawal was obtained in a minor cohort of the treated patients. The restricted availability of donor organs coupled with general immunosuppression treatment of recipients to avoid graft immune rejection may, at least partially, explain the limited success achieved by these procedures. Results: The introduction of pluripotent stem cells (either of human embryonic origin or adult cells genetically induced to pluripotency) that can be differentiated toward insulin secretory β-like cells could provide an indefinite resource for insulin-producing cells (IPCs). Conclusions: Because the use of human embryos may encounter ethical problems, employment of adult multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) extracted from several tissues may represent an alternative option. MSCs are associated with strong immunoregulatory properties that can alter early stages of β-cell-directed autoimmunity in T1D, other than holding the potential to differentiate themselves into β-like cells. Lights and shadows of these new strategies for the potential cure of T1D and their advancement state are reviewed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Endocrine Immunology, Cytokines and Cell Signaling)
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