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Article

Preliminary Identification of Mixtures of Pigments Using the paletteR Package in R—The Case of Six Paintings by Andreina Rosa (1924–2019) from the International Gallery of Modern Art Ca’ Pesaro, Venice

by
Teodora Raicu
1,
Fabiana Zollo
2,
Laura Falchi
1,
Elisabetta Barisoni
3,
Matteo Piccolo
3 and
Francesca Caterina Izzo
1,*
1
Sciences and Technologies for the Conservation of Cultural Heritage, Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155/b, 30173 Venice, Italy
2
Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155/b, 30173 Venice, Italy
3
Fondazione Musei Civici, MUVE—Galleria Internazionale d’Arte Moderna di Ca’ Pesaro, Santa Croce 2076, 30135 Venice, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Heritage 2023, 6(1), 524-547; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage6010028
Submission received: 30 November 2022 / Revised: 5 January 2023 / Accepted: 8 January 2023 / Published: 9 January 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Study and Characterization of Paintings: Materials, Artistic Techniques, and Conservation)
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Abstract

Frequently, the study of modern and contemporary paintings requires the taking of micro-samples to gain an in-depth understanding of the employed materials and techniques. However, since this procedure is characterized by its invasive nature, it must be carried out only if strictly necessary. This study aimed to evaluate the potentiality of K-means clustering to the corrected images of paintings to identify mixtures of pigments. This could assist in obtaining relevant preliminary information, facilitate the research process, and guide the sampling collection. Additionally, this method would be less expensive than the traditional multi-analytical approach as it would only require a modified digital camera, lenses, a color target and three computational resources for the processing of data (Imatest Master, Adobe Express—online, and R), out of which the latter two are freely available. The six paintings that have been selected for this study belong to the International Gallery of Modern Art Ca’ Pesaro in Venice (Italy) and have been depicted by Andreina Rosa (1924–2019), a Venetian artist. The artworks were thoroughly investigated mainly through non-invasive analytical techniques (FORS, RAMAN, ER-FTIR, EDXRF). Using cluster analysis, simulating mixtures, and calculating the color differences, it was possible to infer the existence of color mixtures of two/three detected primary colors from the examined images, which could be validated by the analytical results. Hence, it was concluded that samples taken from mixtures might suffice, since primary colors would be concomitantly analyzed.
Keywords: cultural heritage; Andreina Rosa; painting materials; mixtures; image analysis; K-means clustering; palette; color correction; colorimetry; multi-analytical approach cultural heritage; Andreina Rosa; painting materials; mixtures; image analysis; K-means clustering; palette; color correction; colorimetry; multi-analytical approach

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MDPI and ACS Style

Raicu, T.; Zollo, F.; Falchi, L.; Barisoni, E.; Piccolo, M.; Izzo, F.C. Preliminary Identification of Mixtures of Pigments Using the paletteR Package in R—The Case of Six Paintings by Andreina Rosa (1924–2019) from the International Gallery of Modern Art Ca’ Pesaro, Venice. Heritage 2023, 6, 524-547. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage6010028

AMA Style

Raicu T, Zollo F, Falchi L, Barisoni E, Piccolo M, Izzo FC. Preliminary Identification of Mixtures of Pigments Using the paletteR Package in R—The Case of Six Paintings by Andreina Rosa (1924–2019) from the International Gallery of Modern Art Ca’ Pesaro, Venice. Heritage. 2023; 6(1):524-547. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage6010028

Chicago/Turabian Style

Raicu, Teodora, Fabiana Zollo, Laura Falchi, Elisabetta Barisoni, Matteo Piccolo, and Francesca Caterina Izzo. 2023. "Preliminary Identification of Mixtures of Pigments Using the paletteR Package in R—The Case of Six Paintings by Andreina Rosa (1924–2019) from the International Gallery of Modern Art Ca’ Pesaro, Venice" Heritage 6, no. 1: 524-547. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage6010028

APA Style

Raicu, T., Zollo, F., Falchi, L., Barisoni, E., Piccolo, M., & Izzo, F. C. (2023). Preliminary Identification of Mixtures of Pigments Using the paletteR Package in R—The Case of Six Paintings by Andreina Rosa (1924–2019) from the International Gallery of Modern Art Ca’ Pesaro, Venice. Heritage, 6(1), 524-547. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage6010028

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